This article explores to which extent the algebro-geometric theory of rational descendant Gromov-Witten invariants can be carried over to the tropical world. Despite the fact that the tropical moduli-spaces we work with are non-compact, the answer is surprisingly positive. We discuss the string, divisor and dilaton equations, we prove a splitting lemma describing the intersection with a ``boundary'' divisor, and we prove general tropical versions of the WDVV, respectively, topological recursion equations (under some assumptions). As a direct application, we prove that, for the toric varieties $\PP ^1$, $\PP ^2$, $\PP ^1 \times \PP ^1$ and with $\Psi $-conditions only in combination with point conditions, the tropical and classical descendant Gromov-Witten invariants coincide (which extends the result for $\PP ^2$ in \cite {MR08}). Our approach uses tropical intersection theory and unifies and simplifies some parts of the existing tropical enumerative geometry (for rational curves).