Catappa Research Articles

Perception of health workers and assessment of tree spp. Composition in adeoyo general hospital, ibadan, oyo state

Trees as a crucial component of forest play a vital role in providing a wide range of products and services including health benefits. The lack of information on tree species composition and diversity around public health care facilities in Ibadan may hinder comprehensive understanding of the ecological value and potential benefits that trees provide to the surrounding environment and public health care facilities. This study assessed the perceptions of health workers and evaluation of trees within the premises of Adeoyo General Hospital, Ibadan. Forty-nine (49) Structured questionnaire was used to derive the perceptions, while total enumeration of all the trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than or equal to 10 cm were identified and enumerated in the study area. Tables and percentages were used to analyze the perception of the health workers while data collected on dbh (cm) and total height (m) were used to compute basal area (m2) and volume (m3). The analysis of socio-demographic data revealed a higher representation of female health workers (61.2%), a concentration of professionals in the 30 to 39 age group (46.9%), and a predominant presence of married individuals with tertiary education. Examining health workers' perceptions, a significant consensus emerges on the positive effects of tree exposure. Workers believed that exposure to trees improve patient clinical outcomes, speeds up recovery, and boosts the immune system (42.9%). There is also recognition of the role of trees in reducing stress levels and enhancing focus for both patients and healthcare workers. The positive correlation between trees around healthcare facilities and increased staff satisfaction is noteworthy. In the study area, Azadirachta indica was the dominant tree species constituting 42.2% of the total population. Terminalia catappa and Gliricidia sepium are also of great significance. Mean diameter, height, basal area, and volume suggest a diverse forest with a wide range of tree sizes. Meliaceae dominated the families with 42.2% while other families like Fabaceae and Combretaceae also contributed to biodiversity and ecological significance. In DBH, Delonix regia had the highest value of 198.3cm while Newbouldia laevis had 15.1 cm as the lowest value. Antiaris africana and Azadirachta indica both had the maximum values of 19.8 m and 51.8 m3 in height and basal area respectively. Species diversity indices indicated a diverse forest ecosystem with 13 identified taxa and 64 individuals. The diversity index (Shannon-Wienner) of 1.89 - though it is low- is within the general limit for tropical forests. It is therefore recommended that integration and management of green spaces in healthcare facility design, development of employee wellness programs, promoting nature exposure, educational initiatives on the benefits of nature and economic valuation studies should be greatly considered.

In thermotolerance tests of tropical tree leaves, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter Fv/Fm measured soon after heat exposure is not a reliable predictor of tissue necrosis.

Tropical rainforests are hot and may be particularly sensitive to ongoing anthropogenic global warming. This has led to increased interest in the thermotolerance of tropical trees. Thermotolerance of leaves of two tropical tree species, Terminalia catappa and Coccoloba uvifera, was determined by exposing leaf samples to 15-min heat treatments, followed by measurements of potential photosystem II quantum yield (dark-adapted value of variable/maximum chlorophyll a fluorescence, Fv/Fm) after 24 h and 14 days, and visible damage (necrosis) after 14 days. T50 (24 h), the temperature at which Fv/Fm declined by 50% 24 h after heat treatments, was associated with only ~10% leaf area damage in C. uvifera and no damage in T. catappa. In neither species was leaf necrosis observed at T5 (24 h), the temperature at which Fv/Fm declined by 5%. In both species, temperatures significantly higher than T50 (24 h) were required for 50% leaf area necrosis to occur. T50 (14 days) was a better proxy of visible leaf damage than T50 (24 h). The relationship between heat-induced Fv/Fm decline and tissue necrosis varies among species. In species surveys of leaf thermal tolerances, calibration of the Fv/Fm assay against the necrosis test is recommended for each species under investigation. Fv/Fm measurements soon after heat exposure do not reliably predict irreversible heat damage and may thus not be suitable to model and predict the thermostability of tropical forest trees.

Influence of silica and alumina nanoparticles on the wear and mechanical behavior of Indian almond fiber reinforced natural composites

Natural composites are valued for their lightweight, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits, but they often fall short in performance compared to conventional materials. To enhance their properties, nanoparticles are added. This study focused on natural composites made from Indian almond fiber, with alumina and silica nanoparticles incorporated. The scope of this research was to develop the Indian almond based materials as industry ready by enhancing its strength with nano-fillers. Four composites were created: C0 (Epoxy/Indian almond), C1 (Epoxy/Indian almond/Silica), C2 (Epoxy/Indian almond/Alumina), and C3 (Epoxy/Indian almond/Silica/Alumina), using a resin-to-fiber ratio of 70:30 and 3 wt% nanoparticles. The inclusion of nanoparticles improved composite performance, with C2 demonstrating superior mechanical and wear properties. Specifically, C2 achieved high tensile strength (84 MPa), flexural strength (122 MPa), impact strength (7.31 kJ/m2), and hardness (86 shore D), along with smallest wear and friction coefficient. HIGHLIGHTS Natural fiber based material was prepared by means of Indian almond fiber in addition to epoxy resin Silica and alumina nano-additives were added for further strengthening of composite Indian almond/Silica/Alumina composite’s functioning was investigated Indian almond/Alumina composite exhibited better tensile, flexural and impact strengths Indian almond/Alumina composite showed high hardness, slightest wear plus low friction coefficient

Composite adsorbent of Terminalia catappa fruit shell‐derived activated carbon and chitosan for enhanced removal of chromium(VI): kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and adsorption mechanism

Composite adsorbent of <scp><i>Terminalia catappa</i></scp> fruit shell‐derived activated carbon and chitosan for enhanced removal of chromium(VI): kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium and adsorption mechanism

The Potential Benefits and Mechanism of Action of Tropical Nuts Against Metabolic Syndrome: A Literature Review

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a significant risk factor for both type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, with a high prevalence in Asia Pacific, particularly in Indonesia. To reduce its prevalence, several studies have recommended the use of tropical nuts, which can be developed as functional foods and complementary treatment. In this context, the bioactivities of tropical nuts can largely be attributed to their rich content of monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fiber, minerals, vitamins, phytosterols, and polyphenols. Objectives: This literature review aims to evaluate the potential benefits and mechanism of action of tropical nuts against metabolic syndrome. Methods: The study design was a literature review of several articles from 3 online databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Discussions: The results showed that tropical nuts (peanut, sacha inchi, cashew, tropical almond, and Brazil nut) had several biologically active components, such as arginine, fiber, fatty acid, mineral, vitamin, phenolic compounds, resveratrol, and phytosterol. The test samples were reported to have the ability to modulate Nrf2, SOD, MDA, GSH, GPx, and CAT due to their antioxidant activity. In inflammation, tropical nuts had a significant effect on NF-κB, NLRP3, TNF-ɑ, IL-8, IL-1ꞵ, IL-6, and IL-10. The results also showed their ability to enhance lipid synthesis, nitric oxide production, advanced glycation end-product, prostaglandin, SIRT3, homocysteine, protein kinase C, adhesion molecules, platelet aggregation, GLP-1, PYY, AGRP, PPARɑ/ꞵ/δ, GLUT4, and insulin receptor. Conclusions: Tropical nuts had beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome due to their bioactivities, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-dyslipidemia, and cardioprotective.

Green synthesis of CdFe2O4 by Terminalia catappa leave extract for photodegradation methyl red dye by response surface methodology

Green synthesis using plant extracts is an eco-friendly approach that reduces the hazards associated with chemical usage. This study aimed to synthesize a CdFe2O4 ferrite compound utilizing Terminalia catappa leaves extract and evaluate its photocatalytic efficiency in degrading Methyl red dye. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the synthesis of CdFe2O4, which has a crystallite size mean of 18.10 nm. The composite exhibits magnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 28.34 emu/g, a band gap of 1.78 eV, and a BET surface area of 84.23 m2/g. The optimal photodegradation process was determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on an experiment with Central Composite Design (CCD). The variables examined included the solution pH, the initial concentration of the dye, and the irradiation time. The interplay of three variables demonstrated their reciprocal influence on photodegradation efficiency. The quadratic model is appropriate for modeling the photodegradation of Methyl red dye. The photodegradation efficiency of 96.56% is achieved under optimal conditions, which include a pH of 6.33, an initial dye concentration of 39.93 mg/L, and an irradiation time of 52.26 min. Empirical investigations on the reusability of CdFe2O4 have shown remarkable stability. Experimental kinetics confirm that the pseudo-first-order model is a suitable description for the photodegradation of Methyl red dye by CdFe2O4.

A Systematic Review of Medicinal Plants and Their Compounds Validated as Agents for the Management of Sickle Cell Disease

Some plants used in traditional medicine to manage sickle cell disease have been validated pharmacologically to ascertain their anti-sickling properties. However, there is no global systematic review of the evidence in support of their use for sickle cell management. This research aimed to conduct a systematic review of the pharmacological evidence to highlight species, genera, and some phytochemicals which could be primed for novel anti-sickling medications. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Articles in English, published from 2000 to 2022 were included in the analysis. The literature search covered 411 publications of which 82 were found to be eligible. More than half (53.65%) of the articles were published from 2016 to 2022. Anti-sickling research from Africa accounted for 86.58% of the publications, with more than half coming from Nigeria, 12.20% from Asia and only 1.22% from Europe. The Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Annonaceae were the top three plant families whereas Zanthoxylum and Terminalia were the most reported genera. Carica papaya and Terminalia catappa were the most reported species. Sickling reversal ( n = 33/82) and hemoglobin polymerization studies ( n = 29/82) were the most reported assays. Benzoic acid derivatives, butyl stearate, ellagic acid derivatives, and some pentacyclic triterpenoids were the only plant derived compounds validated for anti-sickling activities. A total of 117 plant species with anti-sickling activities were documented. Studies on secondary metabolites with anti-sickling properties to serve as scaffolds for novel drug development for sickle cell management were limited.

Effect of layering sequence and jujube fruit seed addition on the mechanical, water absorption and bio-degradation properties of Indian almond/peepal hybrid composites

Hybrid composite comprised fibers like peepal and Indian almond was fabricated, with the addition of natural filler such as jujube fruit seed particles aimed at enhancing composite performance. The impact of jujube fruit seed particles and layering sequence on the mechanical properties, water absorption and bio-degradation of the composites was investigated. Initially, two composite types, IA/P/IA (Indian almond/Peepal/Indian almond) and P/IA/P (Peepal/Indian almond/Peepal), were produced using hand layup practice, altering layering sequence of fibers. Based on tensile test results, the P/IA/P composite emerged as the optimal choice due to the denser packing of high-strength peepal fiber. Subsequently, jujube fruit seed particles were incorporated into the P/IA/P composite at varying weight percentages ranging from 2.5 to 10 with a step size of 2.5. The effect of jujube fruit seed particles on the performance of the P/IA/P composite was examined. The P/IA/P/7.5 wt% jujube composite demonstrated superior tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties, recording values of 82 MPa, 98 MPa, 5.2 kJ m−2, and 86 shore-d, respectively. These values were 15.4%, 22.5%, 20.9%, and 4.8% higher than those of the P/IA/P composite. The P/IA/P/10 wt% jujube composite demonstrated minimal water absorption, with only 8% recorded over a 12-day period, as well as limited mass loss, totaling 27% over 60 days. Consequently, this research suggests that the P/IA/P/7.5 wt% composite holds promise for industrial applications.

Development Issues and Carbon Stock of Street Trees in the City of Brazzaville

The issue of street trees in urban planning is being addressed in Brazzaville, Congo. The aim is to improve urban space, in particular resilience for the well-being of city dwellers, by making the most of trees. As little attention has been paid to spatiotemporal research into the place of avenue trees in urban planning, the study targets ecosystem services rendered to society, once the paving of communication arteries is effective. The methodology is based on the inventory and enumeration of arborescent woody plants d1.30 ≥ 10 cm, present in 32 arteries, meeting precise criteria. Notwithstanding the measurement of d1.30 and tree height, the data collected includes the distance between trees and roadways, the area reserved for the plant and an assessment of the damage caused. The inventory lists 1,866 woody plants grouped into 41 species, 30 genera and 15 families. The allochthonous-dominated flora cohort includes several senescent individuals. Urban resilience and well-being are underpinned by above-ground biomass (81.68 t/ha/year) and sequestered carbon (40.84 t/ha/year). The carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestered would be 386.69 tones. In terms of infrastructure destruction, Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia catappa come out on top.

Quality Assessment and Sensory Evaluation of Complementary Food from Orange Flesh Sweet Potato (OFSP), Soybean, and Tropical Almond Seed Composite Flour

Childhood malnutrition especially vitamin A deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition are widely prevalent in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries due to the high cost of commercial infant food. Complementary food from OFSP, Soybean and Tropical Almond Seed Flour was produced to improve the nutritional content of locally made infant food. The study evaluated the quality and sensory attributes of complementary food. A commercial sample was used as a reference standard. The sample formulations were in the ratios; 100:0:0, 90:5:5, 80:15:5, 70:25:5. The anti-nutrient composition ranged thus: alkaloid (0.122-0.961%), trypsin inhibitor (0.003-0.455%), tannin (0.036-0.321%), oxalate (0.017-0.049%). The total essential and total non-essential amino acid composition respectively ranged thus in the samples; 14.12-59.55 g/100g of protein and 30.21-41.65 g/100g of protein. Sensory evaluation results showed that all the complementary food samples were generally accepted by the panellists. The composite flour herein produced significantly (p&lt;0.05) increased the nutritional, amino acid, and sensory attributes of the complementary food in contrast to the control sample.

Effect of extraction method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa (L.) leaves

The potential for encountering free radicals poses a significant concern. Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) is a plant with antioxidant properties due to secondary metabolites, specifically phenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ketapang leaves through the utilization of several extraction techniques. The extraction of Ketapang leaves is conducted using various methods, namely maceration, stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with 1:10 solid-solvent ratio. The total phenolic content of the Ketapang leaf extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique and quantified using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 782nm. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity measurements were carried out using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and measured at a wavelength of 516nm. The study investigated the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ketapang leaf extract using the maceration method of stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), respectively, were 68.495%+2.891, 75.709%+0.106, 84.269%+0.159, and 65.065%+3.965 mgGAE/g and 20.891, 17.569, 15.427, and 21.353 µg/mL. The findings of this study indicate that the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique exhibits the greatest overall phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Keywords: antioxidant, Terminalia catappa, total phenolic content, ultrasound-assisted extraction

The Effectiveness of Public Green Open Space Capabilities in Reducing Flooding

The Palopo City watershed could not accommodate the high discharge of rainfall that had fallen previously. The Green Open Space (GOS) had an ecological function by absorbing rainwater. Urban green open spaces absorbed surface flow water in the past, reducing the risk of flooding. In the past, this research measured the effectiveness of three green open spaces (Islamic Center, Pancasila Field, and Salubulo Field) in reducing flooding in Palopo City. We collected data on vegetation types, infiltration capacity, and runoff discharge. Data analysis involved the analysis of infiltration capacity (F), runoff discharge (Q), and green open space effectiveness. In the three green space locations, the following vegetation types were found: Katapang (Terminalia catappa), Palm (Dypsis lutescens), Trambesi (Samanea Saman), and Grass (Cyperus rotundus). The highest total infiltration capacity in the Salubulo Field Green Space resulted in 155 m3/hour (fast category). In the past, the most significant runoff discharge's total value was GOS Pancasila Field: 713.4 mm3/minute. The study concluded that the Salubulo Field Green Space had the highest infiltration capacity (160 m3/hour) and runoff discharge (69 mm3/minute), making it the most effective in reducing flooding in Palopo City in the past. This was &gt; 1 (effectiveness criteria achieved), and the space was dominated by vegetation (trees and grasses).

The Potential of Talisay-Dagat (Terminalia catappa L.) for Phytoremediation in Langihan Lagoon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines

The study aims to determine the potential of Talisay-dagat (Terminalia catappa L.) for phytoremediation and to examine its influence on reducing concentrations of heavy metals in the soil of Langihan Lagoon, Butuan City. Soil, roots, and leaves were collected and brought to the Regional Soils Laboratory using microwave-assisted aqua-regia digestion and determination through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer. The study made use of mathematical computations such as translocation factor (TF), bioconcentration factor (BCF), and enrichment factor (EF) to determine whether the tree is a hyperaccumulator, excluder, or indicator. In the TF results, T. catappa was a hyperaccumulator for Ni and Cu, considering that the concentration exceeds one (1) while demonstrating as a possible excluder for Cr. There was also an emphasis on limited absorption of heavy metals, as evidenced by the BCF and EF value of less than 1. The results show that based on TF, BCF, and EF values, only TF shows the effectivity of restricting the root-shoot ratio translocation of Ni and Cu (TF &gt; 1). Regression analysis found that the absorption of T. catappa was not influenced by the amount of heavy metal in the soil within the studied condition. This insight was crucial in understanding the plant’s absorption and could guide further research or practical applications in environmental management and phytoremediation. Keywords: bioconcentration factor, hyperaccumulator, phytoremediation, Terminalia catappa, translocation factor

Polyphenols of four medicinal plants extracts and relation with antifungal activities through in vitro and in silico studies

Several medicinal plant´s extracts contain phenolic compounds with antifungal properties useful in pharmaceutical formulations. This study selected species from Cocó River State Park in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, and compare their efficiency as antifungal products. To achieve this goal phenolic profile and anticandidal actions of extracts were evaluated, main constituents were characterized and correlated with antifungal properties through in vitro and in silico studies. Anacardium occidentale, Myracrodruon urundeuva, Laguncularia racemosa, and Terminalia catappa were chosen. The plant parts were collected in accordance with folk medicine recommendation. The main compounds present in the extracts were gallic acid, epicatechin, ellagic acid, isoquercitrin, quercetin and rutin, detected by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The anticandidal activity of extracts varied from high to moderate, and A. occidentale present the best activity followed by L. racemosa. The in silico studies revealed that affinity energy (∆G) for ellagic acid (-9.4), isoquercitrin (-9.3) and rutin (-9.0) kcal moL-1 were better in relation to secreted aspartic proteinase 5 (Sap5) from Candida albicans, nevertheless ellagic acid and isoquercitrin act in different places in relation to the active site of Sap5 and could act in synergism with fluconazole.

Valorization of Tropical Almond (&lt;i&gt;Terminalia catappa&lt;/i&gt;) Leaves into Iron-Containing Activated Carbon for Rapid Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue with Hydrogen Peroxide

Valorization of Tropical Almond (&lt;i&gt;Terminalia catappa&lt;/i&gt;) Leaves into Iron-Containing Activated Carbon for Rapid Catalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue with Hydrogen Peroxide

Inhibitory effect of polyphenols from sumac, pomegranate and Indian almond on urease producing bacteria and jack bean urease activity

Urinary tract infection caused by Klebsiella, Proteus and Streptococcus is a urease dependent process, hence treatment of these infections by antibacterial compounds lies in inhibition of their virulence factors. The crude methanolic extracts derived from sumac fruit, pomegranate peel and Indian almond leaves were separated into anthocyanin and non-anthocyanin fractions using solid phase cartridges. The inhibitory effect of these fractions was determined on the growth of urease producing species and jack bean urease activity. Known compounds in the fractions were also docked with ureases of different biological origins viz. K. pneumoniae (PDB ID: 8HCN), K. aerogenes (PDB ID: 2KAU), Helicobacter pylori (PDB ID:8HC1)and Canavalia ensiformis (jack bean) (PDB ID: 3LA4) to determine their binding affinities and interaction with the enzyme. All the fractions showed significant inhibition growth for P. mirabilis, S. epidermidis and K.pneumoniae. Among the samples, sumac showed greatest inhibition against all (MIC 6-25 mg.mL−1) while among the fractions, anthocyanin was found to be most active (MIC 6-12 mg/mL). Likewise, all fractions inhibited urease with lowest ICs50 shown by sumac fractions (21-116 μg.mL−1). Out of 39 compounds docked, 27 showed interaction with movable flaps and/or active site of ureases which explains their mode of inhibition.

Effects of Flour Extract of Leaves of Terminalia catappa (L) on Aeromonas Motile Septicemia in Cyprinus carpio (L) Larvae

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Terminalia catappa (L) leaf flour extract in controlling Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) disease caused by A. hydrophila in common carp larvae. The research method used in this study is an experimental method using a complete randomized design (RAL). This research consists of 2 stages; in vitro and in vivo tests using T. catappa leaf extract. In vitro test, T. catappa leaf extract consists of 5 different doses; The treatments consisted of 0 (negative control), 20, 40, 80, and 100 g L-1 T. catappa leaf flour extract and Stroptomycinsulphate 0.005 g (positive control). In vivo test, 3 best doses were selected based on the diameter zone of inhibition; 60, 80, and 100 g L-1, with positive (using Stroptomycinsulphate 0.005 g and untreated sample (without T. catappa leaf flour extract), each with 3 replicates. The results showed that using T. catappa leaf flour extract can significantly increase the fish's immune response, resistance, and survival. Duncan's further test showed that the 100 g L-1 dose treatment revealed an increase in immune response and survival rate compared to the F and G treatments.

THE HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF JAVAN LUTUNG (Trachypithecus auratus) IN BANDEALIT COASTAL FOREST AT MERU BETIRI NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Javan lutung (Trachypithecus auratus) is an endemic primate species which mostly occurs in protected areas, such as the Bandealit Resort of Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP), East Java, Indonesia. However, scientific information related to the habitat characteristics of T. auratus in this resort is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the habitat characteristics of T. auratus based on the vegetation stratification in the Bandealit coastal forest of MBNP. This research was conducted in March, April, May, and September 2022 using the scan sampling methods at two sites, including Site I (Camping Ground Block) and Site II (Wisma Block). The data on tree species was collected using a plot method (40 m x 20 m). Furthermore, we used the Spatially Explicit Individual-based Forest Simulator (SexI-FS) version 2.1.0 to construct the stratification profile. Based on the results, there were 17 individuals of T. auratus found in two sites along the observation. This species is recorded as occupying seven tree species, including Alstonia scholaris, A. spectabilis, Calophyllum inophyllum, Dracontomelon sp., Pongamia pinnata, Syzigium sp. and Terminalia catappa. According to stratification, T. auratus was found in Stratum B (21-30 m) to Stratum C (5-20 m) at all sites. Furthermore, this species was widely distributed in Stratum C for locomotion, foraging, social activities and self-protection. Meanwhile, T. auratus was observed using A. spectabilis in Stratum B as a sleeping tree in the afternoon and evening. These results can be the basis for in-situ conservation strategies for T. auratus species in MBNP, particularly for habitat management based on occupied vegetation.

FTIR characterization analysis of BaTiO3 nanoparticles synthesized using Terminalia catappa leaf extract

Ferroelectric materials are materials that are in great demand in high-density memory applications, such as ferroelectric random access memory, ferroelectric field effect transistors, negative capacitance field effect transistors, and ferroelectric tunnel junctions. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a lead-free ferroelectric material with a high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. The method used is sol gel for the synthesis of BaTiO3 solution, extract for ketapang (Terminalia catappa) leaves, and characterized by FTIR. The FTIR spectrum synthesized with ketapang leaf extract displays several characteristic peaks in the mid-infrared region (4000 – 400 cm-1). These peaks can be determined by the specific vibration mode of the structure and organic compounds contained in the ketapang leaf extract. BaTiO3 has a cubic perovskite structure with a peak wave number of 600 cm-1. Ketapang leaf extract is incorporated into the BaTiO3 structure. BaTiO3 has a Ti–O functional group. Ketapang leaf extract has C–O, C=O, C–H, and O–H functional groups.

Exploration and Investigation of Antifungal Activity of Plant Leaf Extracts on Growth of Scletorium rolfsii Sacc.

Botanical fungicides are fungicides derived from plants that produce chemical compounds that potentially inhibit microbial growth. These fungicides are safe because to its not harmful to humans and the environment. In the present study, the plant materials used often compete with plant materials used for food and medicine such as galangal rhizomes and betel leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to explore materials derived from plants that have not been widely utilized. So the research was conducted to determine the effect of leaf extracts from several plants on the growth of Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. the fungus that causes wilt disease in plants and determines the level of antifungal activity. This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD). The leaf extracts used were from the plants Muntingia calabura, Terminalia cattapa, Syzygium oleina, Morinda citrifolia, Dimocarpus longan, and Artocarpus altilis with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 0% as control. The data obtained were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT). The results showed that all treatments used could inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii Sacc because they were significantly different from the control. It was determined that antifungal activity in leaf extracts of M. calabura, T. cattapa, S. oleina, and D. longan was very strong, and also A. altilis had a strong antifungal activity, while M. citifolia had a moderate antifungal activity.