Trollius Research Articles

Ecology suitability study of Trollius chinensis

Based on the distribution information of 110 samples and 55 environmental factors, Maxent model was used to predict the ecology suitability regions of Trollius chinensis. The study aims at providing theory basis for the cultivation of T. chinensis. The results showed that the Maxent model prediction result was good (AUC>0.9) and the main factors effecting the ecology suitability regions of T. chinensis were precipitation in July, standard deviation of seasonal variation of temperature, annual mean temperature, precipitation in August and altitude. The ecology suitable regions of T. chinensis mainly concentrated in Shanxi, Hebei, east of Inner Mongolia, west of Jilin and Liaoning, north of Shaanxi, south of Ningxia, east and south of Gansu, and east of Qinghai. The results indicated that except for traditional distribution regions, north of Shaanxi, south of Ningxia, east and south of Gansu, and east of Qinghai could selected as the regions for cultivation of T. chinensis. It provides theory basis for selecting suitable regions to cultivate T. chinensis.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Orientin from Trollius chinensis in Rabbits

Abstract Objective To study the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tissue distribution of orientin in rabbits. Methods The high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of orientin in rabbit plasma and tissues. The PK characteristics of orientin in rabbits were compared by three kinds of administration, iv, im, and ip injection, using 3P97 pharmacokinetic software to examine the PK parameters. Results The elimination half-life ( t ½β ) of three kinds of administration was higher than the distribution half-life ( t ½α ). The PK of orientin eliminating in rabbit fitted the two compartment model. Orientin was mainly eliminated in rabbit. The distribution of orientin in tissue after iv injection was investigated, and the order of orientin AUC in each group was kidney > liver > lung > spleen > heart > brain. Conclusion Orientin is distributed extensively in tissues such as kidney, liver, and lung. It is difficult for orientin to cross the blood brain barrier.

FLOWER SPECIES USED IN AQUATIC LANDSCAPE DESIGN

The modern landscape designs are un-conceived without aquatic landscape design. The aquatic plants are essential for assuring a success ful and attractive landscape, conferring life and color even to the smallest landscape designs. The a ttractively part and mystery of water made landscape designs is not always due to the water mi rrors. It’s also due to aquatic species that reveal the beauty of the aquatic landscape design. We can compare this kind of aquatic specie like a „floating island of green”. Constantly the aquati c landscape design is related to the natural aspect of the water designs in the nature. This how we can find the most suitable plants for the aquatic landscape design. The aquatic landscape designs can be made by using some flower species that are adapted to this kind of environmental conditions. The plants c an be chosen not only by their ornamental value but for their need of water and environmental condi tions; witches are more important factors (the type of water landscape designs ‐ lakes, ponds, etc ). After plant habit and biological characteristics the aquatic plants are classified as: natant specie s, submerse species, plasters species, oxygen made species, water lily species. After their origin and placement area, the aquatic species can be classified as: species for humid and swamp areas, s pecies for areas with water depth between (1040 cm depth), water lily area for plant floating (d epth of 50 cm even more). For each place in the aquatic design there is neede d specie, each plant has its own space. In the water lily area ( Nymphaea sp.) can be planted Ranunculus aquatilis , Aponogeton distachyos , floating species ( Pistia stratioides , Eichhornia crassipes , Hydrocharis morsus-ranae , Stratioides aloides ) submerse species ( Myriophyllum spicatum , Ceratophyllum demersum �.a.), before their decorative effect this kind of plants improve the w ater content in oxygene reducing the development of alga in the water. In areas with small depth water it’s recommended species like: Sparganium erectum , Orontium aquaticum , Polygonum amphibium , Butomus umbelatus , Pontederia cordata . In the swamp area are recommended species like: Acorus calamus , Lythrum salicifolium , Iris pseudacorus , Darmera peltata , Lychnis floscuculi . In the humid area : Iris laevigata , Myosotis palustris , Lysichiton americanus , Primula pulverulenta . On the river borders: Carex elata , Polemonium coeruleum , Trollius europaeus , Tradescantia sp., Hosta sp. and ferns. Due to different types of aquatic landscape designs more and more public gardens are choosing this kind of landscapes.

Germination ecology of the polycarpic grassland perennials Primula veris and Trollius europaeus

The seed germination behaviour of Primula veris and Trollius europaeus, both perennial, polycarpic grassland plants was compared The species have similar‐sized seeds that are dormant at dispersal Seeds buried in soil and exhumed at regular intervals showed that for both species, primary seed dormancy was overcome by cold‐stratification Hence, their germination in the field should occur in spring, following dispersal, or later Seeds of P veris became dormant again in the late spring/early summer, and dormancy was broken again in the second winter Seeds of T europaeus did not exhibit such changes in dormancySeeds of P veris did not germinate in darkness This suggests that P veris can accumulate a persistent seed bank because buried seeds are prevented from germinating Trollius europaeus, on the other hand, germinated equally well in darkness and in light which suggests that seeds might germinate even when they are too deep in the soil for seedlings to emerge Two lines of evidence confirm this difference in seed bank behaviour (1) Primula veris was detected in the persistent seed bank of a grassland site, whereas T europaeus was not (n) After 16 months burial, 85% of the P veris seeds but only 8% of the T europaeus seeds remained viable