Trivial Reason Research Articles

Reasons for high prevalence of contraceptive withdrawal in Tehran, Iran

This study explores reasons for withdrawal use that is highly prevalent in Iran. A face-to-face semi-structured survey questionnaire was designed and 79 married women aged 15–49, who were only using withdrawal when attending five primary healthcare centers in Tehran during September–October 2021 were interviewed. Results showed that withdrawal mostly was chosen by the couple (67%), and partly by the woman alone (19%) or by the husband alone (14%). Participants evaluated withdrawal positively that has no side effect and cost, is easy to use and accessible, and increases sexual pleasure and intimacy. Most women agreed that husbands use withdrawal to protect their wife's health (76%). Women obtained contraceptive information primarily from gynecologists (42%), the internet (21%), midwives in public health centers (19%), and social networks (18%). "Side effects of modern methods" (37%), "fear of side effects" (16%), and "reduction in sexual pleasure" (14%) were the major reasons reported for using withdrawal. While 'side effects' was given mostly by women who alone or with their husband chose withdrawal (52%, 38%), 'reduction in sexual pleasure' and 'fear of side effects' were mostly reported by women whose husband was the sole decision maker in choosing withdrawal (28%, 25%). The 'fear of side effects' was reported mostly by women who had lower education (21%), used the internet for contraceptive information (23%), and whose husband alone chose withdrawal (25%). Cost of modern methods was a trivial reason for using withdrawal. Most withdrawal users (75%) would not switch to modern methods even if they were freely accessible. More educated women and their husbands would be less likely to switch to modern methods even they were provided freely (OR 0.28, CI 0.10–0.80; OR 0.20, CI 0.07–0.59). However, women who were using modern methods before, and those who alone chose withdrawal would be more likely to switch to modern methods (OR 6.4, CI 2.0–20.2; OR 3.4, CI 1.1–11.2). Access to regular contraceptive counselling and public health campaigns could help women to deal with fears of side effects of modern methods, learn their proper use, and to receive education on how to use withdrawal more effectively to avoid unintended pregnancies.

The distributed delay rearranges the bimodal distribution at protein level

BackgroundIn bimodal distribution, we refer ON to the mode with a higher protein level and OFF to a lower protein level. The traditional wisdom of manipulating the population in each mode is done by adding an inducer or inhibitor to change the protein number. MethodsBy delay stochastic simulation algorithm, we applied transcriptional or translational delay to the gene expression system of toggle switches. We also incorporated distributed delay in the model. From a deterministic aspect, reaction delay does NOT alter the steady-state value. Thus, our approach is different from the conventional method. Significant FindingsThe transcriptional delay rearranged the bimodal distribution at the protein level and the influence of the translational delay is even higher. The increment of delay time pushes more cells to have the protein in the ON mode. Remarkably, the distributed delay of translation guides 98% of cells to have protein in the ON mode. We then displayed the time-course trajectories and discovered the cause leading to the rearrangement of bimodal distribution. We also exclude the possibility that rearrangement of bimodal distribution simply comes from the trivial reason, the change of the input distribution, and concluded that the change of dynamic stochastic processes is crucial.

INTERPRETATION OF TALAQ AS PER MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW

Women are the victims of misinterpretation of TALAQ,Talaq pronounced three times at a time has no validity The daughter is such a piece of father's care.When a father marries his daughter to his father-in- law,the father is the most helpless of all those present.Then the daughter who forgets everything goes into a different family environment.Where her husband is,the father entrusts his daughter to his son-in-law.At that time,the daughter also accepts the man as her husband and hands over everything to him. There comes a time when the same husband suddenly utters only three words to his wife for some trivial reason and talks of ending the birth-to-birth relationship. And on the other hand, the wife does not have the right to utter a single syllable,even if she speaks her mind… and the husband-wife relationship ends in an instant.Readers,I am talking about the three-time word talaq… talaq… talaq pronounced in Islam.Which is not just words but a woman's whole life can be just hell.

Glosa do wyroku Sądu Okręgowego we Wrocławiu z dnia 16 lutego 2018 r. (III KK 125/17)

<p>The current case law regarding the recognition of racially motivated offences as being undertaken without a reason or for an obviously trivial reason can raise serious doubts. It does not seem reasonable to assume the existence of a racial reason of the act of the perpetrator on the one hand, which is necessary for assigning an offence under Article 119 § 1 and Article 257 of the Criminal Code, and on the other hand, to recognise that the reason for the act of the perpetrator did not exist at all. Treating such reasons as trivial may also raise doubts on the juridical level.</p>

Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Białymstoku z dnia 30 października 2014 r. (II AKa 221/14, LEX nr 1602865)

The Court of Appeal in Bialystok in its judgment of 30 October 2014 (II AKa 221/14, LEX No. 1602865) stated that the use of violence, unlawful threat or insult solely on the grounds of someone’s national, ethnic, racial or religious affiliation can not find any rational and widely accepted explanation. This is in the meaning of Article 115 § 21 of Polish Criminal Code an action for no reason or, of course, a trivial reason. According to the court, the qualification of the act under Article 119 § 1 of Polish Criminal Code or from Article 257 of Polish Criminal Code does not preclude the application of the provision of Article 57a § 1 of Polish Criminal Code. The author explains the terms “reason”, “trivial reason” and “no reason”, as well as “motivation that deserves special condemnation”. The author critically refers to the submitted thesis, considering that the legislator, by making the mark of the type discussed for the reasons, considers it important. Lack of rationality in wrong-doer act cannot be identified with a inconsequential reason or lack of reason.

A Country Bumpkin in Cosmopolitan Shanghai

A Country Bumpkin in Cosmopolitan Shanghai

Fixed Parameter Undecidability for Wang Tilesets

Deciding if a given set of Wang tiles admits a tiling of the plane is decidable if the number of Wang tiles (or the number of colors) is bounded, for a trivial reason, as there are only finitely many such tilesets. We prove however that the tiling problem remains undecidable if the difference between the number of tiles and the number of colors is bounded by 43. One of the main new tool is the concept of Wang bars, which are equivalently inflated Wang tiles or thin polyominoes.

ANIMAL RIGHTS AND THEORIES OF ORIGINS: A PLEA FOR UNITY

AbstractA useful philosophical case against vivisection influential with the general public rests on the following three premises: (1) animals have interests as conscious beings; (2) it is unethical to cause pain and suffering to conscious beings for trivial reasons; and (3) animal models cannot be extrapolated to human beings, so vivisection is a trivial reason. Darwinian arguments have been used to back up each of the three premises above, and, furthermore it has been asserted by animal liberationists that those who do not hold to the evolutionary paradigm are more likely to support vivisection. Here, we present arguments that show why a belief in Darwinism (or in evolution generally) neither strengthens nor weakens the three anti-vivisectionist premises above. We also argue that there is no evidence to suggest that Darwinists are any less (or more) likely to support vivisection than those who hold views on biological origin that are further from the scientific mainstream. By leaving out arguments on origins, we hope that Darwinists, non-Darwinist evolutionists and creationists of all types can work together to make the world a better place for non-human animals.

Nonexistence of universal orders in many cardinals

AbstractOur theme is that not every interesting question in set theory is independent of ZFC. We give an example of a first order theory T with countable D(T) which cannot have a universal model at ℵ1; without CH; we prove in ZFC a covering theorem from the hypothesis of the existence of a universal model for some theory; and we prove—again in ZFC—that for a large class of cardinals there is no universal linear order (e.g. in every regular ). In fact, what we show is that if there is a universal linear order at a regular λ and its existence is not a result of a trivial cardinal arithmetical reason, then λ “resembles” ℵ1—a cardinal for which the consistency of having a universal order is known. As for singular cardinals, we show that for many singular cardinals, if they are not strong limits then they have no universal linear order. As a result of the nonexistence of a universal linear order, we show the nonexistence of universal models for all theories possessing the strict order property (for example, ordered fields and groups, Boolean algebras, p-adic rings and fields, partial orders, models of PA and so on).

Triptych Vision: Voyeurism and Screen Memories in Joyce's Portrait

The critical inclination to cite Joyce as an exemplary artist of sound and the word dates back at least to Robert McAlmon's contribution to Our Exagmination Round His Factification in 1929. This inclination can be supported by references to Joyce's works and is readily explained in biographical or other terms. The critical habit, however, bears an assumption that the bias toward the auditory marks Joyce's difference as a writer, his deviation from a cultural norm that privileges the visual over the auditory.1 In one sense that assumption is undoubtedly correct for the trivial reason that we habitually make it, which is to say that we are constituted as subjects predisposed to find meaning and pleasure in the visual, and whose characteristic perversion is voyeurism. To invert the hierarchy of sound and sight thus suggests a precarious negation—that is, to refuse the priority of the visual must make the visual a locus of conflict, where repression or disavowal must be repeatedly reinforced. The very title of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man evokes this conflict by positing a visual image as the privileged medium of meaning, while the fact that this is the title of a novel signifies appropriation of that privilege by the written text.

Agency, Attachment, and Difference

It is for no trivial reason that Kant's ethics is the standard model of an impartial ethical system. Persons have moral standing in virtue of their rationality, and the morally dictated regard we are to have for one another reflects this deep sameness: we are never to fail to treat one another as agents with autonomous rational wills. This yields impartial treatment of persons and impartial judgment across cases. Although these features of Kant's ethics have traditionally been a source of its appeal, in many recent discussions just this sort of impartiality has come to stand for a kind of vice-mostly a vice of theory.' To the extent, however, that persons embody the values of impartiality, it is sometimes thought to be in them, if not quite a vice, then a lack or limit or defect of moral sensibility.2 In this article I want to examine a cluster of criticisms of Kantian ethics associated with its impartiality. They arise from concern for the moral standing of relationships of attachment between persons and extend to claims for the nonrational nature of the moral agent and the moral relevance of difference. Each strand of criticism has the form: because of its commitment to impartiality (or one of the grounds of impartiality-e.g., rationality), Kantian ethics fails to make room for X, where X is something no acceptable moral theory can ignore. Without making a general argument in praise of impartiality, I want to look to see whether its Kantian instantiation really fails to accommodate things no moral theory can afford to omit.

Reflecting stationary sets and successors of singular cardinals

REF is the statement that every stationary subset of a cardinal reflects, unless it fails to do so for a trivial reason. The main theorem, presented in Sect. 0, is that under suitable assumptions it is consistent that REF and there is a κ which is κ+n -supercompact. The main concepts defined in Sect. 1 are PT, which is a certain statement about the existence of transversals, and the “bad” stationary set. It is shown that supercompactness (and even the failure of PT) implies the existence of non-reflecting stationary sets. E.g., if REF then for manyλ ⌝ PT(λ, ℵ1). In Sect. 2 it is shown that Easton-support iteration of suitable Levy collapses yield a universe with REF if for every singular λ which is a limit of supercompacts the bad stationary set concentrates on the “right” cofinalities. In Sect. 3 the use of oracle c.c. (and oracle proper—see [Sh-b, Chap. IV] and [Sh 100, Sect. 4]) is adapted to replacing the diamond by the Laver diamond. Using this, a universe as needed in Sect. 2 is forced, where one starts, and ends, with a universe with a proper class of supercompacts. In Sect. 4 bad sets are handled in ZFC. For a regular λ {δ ℵ1 then {α<+ : cfα<λ} is the union of λ sets on which there are squares.

Herodotos and Athens

When I first put to Mary White the argument which I shall be advancing this evening, she grinned in that engaging way she had and said something to the effect that I could get away with such absurdity. It was my ambition to persuade her that I could get away with it, sadly an ambition that cannot now be realised. That is only a trivial reason for missing Mary; there are more serious reasons. That we shall never be able to read her book on Tyranny, for example. But what we all miss far more is Mary herself, her pure, unselfish devotion to her subject, to scholarship in the practice of it, to honesty; to the pupils to whom she taught the subject and to the College which she loved so well and which allowed her to teach it. Above all her wry, dry, quizzical, sympathetic self, her great humanity. Mary had many adorable traits, one among them was that she was deeply attached to Oxford. Herodotos was similarly attached to Athens and it is this attachment that we now try to explore. Mary liked her Oxford College, she worshipped her tutor but she did not dislike other tutors or abominate other Colleges. Similarly it is ridiculous to suggest that Herodotos was pinned down to one particular political group in Athens. Herodotos could have dined one evening with Perikles, the next with Thucydides son of Melesias-I imagine that he did. But it does not follow from normal human, in his case superhuman, open-mindedness that there is a lack of political belief or of political inclination-Mary was polite to all but she was more inclined to be devoted to Theodore Wade-Gery than to some others.

Kinetochore structure and its role in chromosome orientation during the first meiotic division in male D. melanogaster

An electron microscopic investigation of kinetochore structure during the first meiotic division in male Drosophila melanogaster is presented. The data suggest that the structure that is responsible for initial microtubule attachment and chromosome orientation is a single, bilaminar hemisphere on each half-bivalent. Following the initial attachment this structure undergoes morphogenesis to a double-disc structure that reflects the underlying duality of sister chromatids in the half-bivalent. Thus these data support Darlington's idea that sister chromatids disjoin to the same spindle pole because they share a single kinetochore. Additionally, these data suggest that the meiotic mutations ord and mei-S332 sometimes cause premature “doubling” of the kinetochore region though, as discussed, possibly for a trivial reason.

Fluoride: Interaction with chemical mutagens in drosophil

Simultaneous feeding of sodium fluoride and some chemical mutagens to Drosophila has been reported to reduce the yield of induced mutations compared with feeding the mutagens alone. This observation has been interpreted as a genuine case of antimutagenesis in which fluoride specifically inhibits the induction of chromosome breaks. An alternative hypothesis is that the presence of fluoride inhibits the uptake of the mutagen solutions, producing the same effect of antimutagen, but for a trivial reason. We have tested this hypothesis using radioactive labelled sucrose to measure the uptake of test solutions. The results show that differential uptake can account for the “antimutagenic” effects reported in Drosophila. Comparison of recessive lethal frequencies induced by Trenimon and PDT do not support the hypothesis that fluoride has any genuine antimutagenic action. Antimutagenic effects of fluoride have been reported in other systems. We cannot exclude the possibility of some genuine effects but we consider that these reports should be critically re-examined in the light of our present findings.

The presence of actin in nuclei: a critical appraisal

To assess the significance of actin associations with nuclei, we have examined Amoeba proteus nuclei for the presence of labeled actin under a variety of circumstances without (in most instances) isolating nuclei or breaking up cytoplasms prior to the extraction of proteins. We first established that: the 42,000 dalton proteins (presumed to be actin) present in cytoplasm and non-isolated nuclei are identical electrophoretically; the putative actin of amebas has the same size and almost the same isoelectric point as rat muscle actin; and the peptide “fingerprints” of putative ameba actin and rat actin are very similar after tryptic digestion. We therefore concluded that the 42,000 dalton protein of ameba is actin. We determined that: the concentrations of actin in the cytoplasm and nucleus of amebas are the same; actin is readily lost from nuclei that are released from lysed cells; shortly after a 35S-labeled nucleus is transplanted into unlabeled cytoplasm, or an unlabeled nucleus is transplanted into 35S-labeled cytoplasm, the concentration of 35S-actin in nucleus and cytoplasm is the same; and when cells containing 35S-actin are subjected to long chase periods on unlabeled food, the concentrations of 35S-actin in nucleus and cytoplasm fall in parallel. These observations taken together suggest that actin is not tightly associated with nuclei. Rather, actin may associate with nuclei for the trivial reason that the nuclear envelope is no barrier to free movement of that protein between the two compartments. We conclude that the mere presence of actin in nuclei is insufficient grounds for assuming that it has any role in nuclear functions, such as, for example, chromosome condensation.

Hodge's general conjecture is false for trivial reasons

The startling title is somewhat misleading, as everybody will think about the part of the Hodge conjecture which is most generally remembered, namely the part concerned with a criterion for a cohomology class (on a projective smooth connected scheme X over C) to be “ algebraic “, i.e. to come from an algebraic cycle with rational? coefficients. This conjecture is plausible enough, and (as long as it is not disproved!) should certainly be regarded as the deepest conjecture in the “ analytic ” theory of algebraic varieties. However, in [6, p. 1841, Hodge gave a more general formulation of his conjecture in terms of filtrations of cohomology spaces, and the main aim of my note is to show that for a rather trivial reason, this formulation has to be slightly corrected.