Triticum Compactum Research Articles

Origin and historic path of the triticum compactum (Binkel) in alpine and pre-alpine agriculture

Origin and historic path of the triticum compactum (Binkel) in alpine and pre-alpine agriculture

Origin and historic path of the triticum compactum (Binkel) in alpine and pre-alpine agriculture

Origin and historic path of the triticum compactum (Binkel) in alpine and pre-alpine agriculture

Creation and analysis of the starting material obtained by hybridisation of Triticum spelta L. × Triticum compactum Host.

In the conducted studies, as a result of the hybridisation of Triticum spelta L. × Triticum compactum Host. several new forms were obtained that differ in morphobiological and economically valuable traits. The research aims to expand the genetic diversity of spelt wheat and to obtain new introgressive forms with a high level of manifestation of economically valuable traits. The following methods were used: field, laboratory, hydrological analysis, and statistical analysis. As a result of the research, new source material was obtained and valuable genotypes with a unique combination of genetic material of the source species were identified. An intermediate type of inheritance of plant morphology traits (plant height, ear length and density, grain weight per ear) in F1 hybrids was established. In F2 hybrids, a split of 3:1, indicates the dominant monogenic nature of inheritance. The shape of the ear is inherited monogenically by the type of incomplete dominance. The analysis of transgressive variability in F3-4 hybrids Triticum spelta L. × Triticum compactum Host. shows that the highest proportion of positive transgressions was recorded for the number of spikelets (28.1-28.5%) and grains (23.4-51.0%) in the ear and grain weight per spikelet (20.3-32.1%). The analysis of stability and adaptability indices allowed us to distinguish line 201, characterised by high stability (S2 di=0.027), homeostasis (Hom=193.3) and breeding value (Sc=3.9), and line 206, combining high yield (5.11 t/ha) with high homeostasis (Hom=182.3) and breeding value (Sc=3.9). The introgressive hybridisation with Triticum compactum Host. identified new genetic sources characterised by the presence of deficient traits for breeding and of great practical importance for further breeding and genetic improvement of spelt, as they can enrich the existing gene pool of the crop

Varijabilnost pokazatelja tehnološkog kvaliteta genotipova pšenice u različitim mikroklimatskim uslovima

Wheat (Triticum sp.) is one of the most widely consumed grains in human nutrition, and bread is its primary product, the quality of which is dependent on grain technology. When processing wheat into flour, it's important to understand the basic chemical composition components that are direct indications of wheat grain technological quality, such as water, starch, protein, dietary fiber, and fat. As a result, experiments conducted in various microclimatic conditions aid in determining the impact of genotypes and environmental factors, as well as their interaction, on total protein content, sedimentation value, and amylolytic activity, all of which are important indicators of wheat technological quality. Microclimatic growth circumstances had a statistically significant impact on measures of grain technological quality in genotypes of three types of wheat (Triticum aestivum, Triticum spelta and Triticum compactum). The stable reactivity of genotypes with the external environment was examined through a more extensive analysis, and genotypes that would serve as suitable parental components in the wheat breeding program with better technological quality were selected.

Evaluating technological quality of cultivated Triticum species, interspecific, and intergeneric hybrids for wheat-based products and breeding programs

Wheat genotypes such as landraces, old cultivars, wheat species, intergeneric and interspecific wheat hybrids from the gene pools nowadays offer an alternative for new wheat products and breeding programs. The present study was carried out to evaluate the grain technological quality parameters in those kinds of wheat species and hybrids under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The results of the study showed that the neglected wheat species, Triticum petropavlovskyi having the highest sedimentation index (SI), swelling index of glutenin (SIG), macro sodium dodecyl sulfate (MSDS), and Zeleny sedimentation (ZSED) values (4.9 and 4.8; 4.7 and 4.4; 77.3 and 71.0 ml; 51.0 and 44.7 ml, respectively) in rainfed and irrigated conditions, and as well as the GlutoPeak aggregation energy (AGGEN), gluten rheological index (GRI), torque before maximum (AM) values under rainfed conditions (1589.2 cm2, 68.1 and 43.0 GPU, respectively) had remarkable high gluten strength. Among the species, Triticum ispahanicum had the highest MSDS, SI, AM, and GRI values in rainfed and irrigated conditions (48.3 and 39.3 ml; 3.0 and 2.6; 37.3 and 25.7 GPU; 56.5 and 37.7, respectively). Aegilotriticum, Triticum sphaerococcum, Triticum dicoccum had also strong gluten quality. Triticum aestivum cv. Köse 220/39 possessed better gluten quality than other old cultivars and a landrace. All those genotypes can be suggested for bread-making. On the other hand, Triticum compactum and Triticum monococcum with their weak gluten strength and soft endosperm texture could be used in soft biscuit wheat breeding programs.

“Space” Pea Pisum sativum L. and Wheat Triticum compactum Host. Plants as Objects of Cytogenetic Studies

The peculiarities of meiosis, C-heterochromatin (C-HC) distribution, and the activity of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) of the chromosomes were studied in the Pisum sativum L. pea and Triticum compactum Host. club wheat grown from the seeds obtained in Lada space greenhouse on the board of RS ISS. It was noted that the analysis of meiosis detected no significant violations in the “space” plant cells, and the total amount of C-HC did not differ significantly from the control, despite the polymorphism of the chromosome C-banding pattern. Paracentric inversion on the chromosome 4A was found for the first time in the T. compactum, while no additional active NOR chromosomes were found.

Floristic composition of weeds, morphological and productive characteristics of different wheat genotypes of alternative small grains in organic production

This study was aimed at assessing the floristic composition of weeds, studying properties of different wheat genotypes of alternative small grains (stem height, last internode length and spike length, thousand-grain weight, grain yield) and the relationship between the studied traits and dry weight of weeds in an organic production system. Testing was carried out in a randomized block design with four replications, in a two-year period (2009/2010?2010/2011). The study included one variety of durum wheat Triticum durum (Dolap, G1), the compact wheat Triticum compactum (Bambi, G2) and spelt Triticum spelt (Nirvana, G3). A treatment for maintaining the increase in the biological soil fertility included two different fertilisation variants: T1 ? fertilisation only with microbiological fertiliser as a top dressing (5.0 l ha-1); T2 ? biohumus fertilisation (3.0 t ha-1) and microbiological fertiliser as a top dressing (5.0 l ha-1); T0 ? control ? without the use of fertilisers. The results have shown that the genotype and treatment, as studied factors, very significantly affected the dry weight of weeds, stem height, last internode length and spike length, as well as the yield of different wheat genotypes of alternative small grains, while the effect of their interaction was lower. In terms of the lowinput system, a highly significant negative correlation (r=-0.58) was observed between the stem height and the dry weight of weeds. In addition, a significant negative correlation was noticed between the grain yield and the dry weight of weeds (r=-0.44). These results showed that proper selection of the genotypes with the application of fertilisers could have a significant effect on the weeds and could lead to establishing a stable production in the organic production system.

Microsatellite mapping of the gene conferring compact spike in Japanese “Gumbai” landraces of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The “Gumbai” wheat landraces of are a distinctive group of Japanese common wheat landraces. They originated in the Yamanashi region of Japan and are characterized by compact spikes, which were called “Gumbai” in the Japanese language. It is well known that the spikes of club wheat (Triticum compactum Host, 2n = 6x = 42, BBAADD genome) are governed by the dominant allele of the compactum (C) locus. We were interested to determine if the compact spike trait in “Gumbai” landraces is controlled either by the gene on chromosome 2D or by an orthologous gene. Five F2 hybrid populations of ‘Novosibirskaya 67’ (N67)/“Gumbai” landraces segregated in 3 compact spike: 1 normal ratios. We tentatively designated the gene C g (Compact spike of Gumbai) for “Gumbai” landraces. The C g gene was not allelic to the C locus on chromosome 2D, or the Cp locus on chromosome 5A. In an F2 population of N67/‘Nakate Gumbai’, there was linkage among C g and microsatellite loci Xgwm47, Xhbg410 and Xhbg440. Deletion mapping, showed that Xhbg410 and Xhbg440 were located across bins 2BL-7 0.48–0.69 and 2BL-1 0.69–0.89. These results indicated that the C g gene governing compact spike lies near breakpoint 0.69 in chromosome arm 2BL. The C g gene was located in the orthologous region of a spike compactness QTL in chromosome arm 2AL of wild emmer.

The New Wheat Vernalization Response Allele Vrn-D1s is Caused by DNA Transposon Insertion in the First Intron

Vernalization requirement in hexaploid wheat is largely controlled by a series of homoeologous VERNALIZATION (Vrn) genes, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1. The sequence of the promoter area and first intron of Vrn-D1 were analysed in 77 hexaploid accessions, representing five wheat species (Triticum compactum, Triticum sphaerococcum, Triticum spelta, Triticum vavilovii, and Triticum macha) sampled from different ecogeographic areas within 35 countries. Polymorphism was detected in the Vrn-D1 promoter, resulting in a new Vrn-D1 haplotype (named here, Hap-8T). Analysis of Vrn-D1 intron-1 sequences revealed a novel insertional mutation in a subset of T. spelta and T. compactum accessions. This mutant allele was designated Vrn-D1s. Analysis of the 844 bp insertion revealed it to be a novel transposable DNA element (named DTA_Chimera_KF800714) not previously described in Triticum, belonging to the hAT superfamily. Finally, we describe a PCR-based assay that discriminates the wild-type vrn-D1 allele from the Vrn-D1s allele. Collectively, the work described here highlights the potential of utilizing minor hexaploid wheat species for the identification of novel alleles of agronomic importance.

Selected items of wheat variation - from palaeobotany to molecular biology

The usefulness of data on ecotypes of wheat as well as of information about distribution of genes of hybrid necrosis for an interpretation of some questionable detections of fossil materials is emphasized. Variability of contemporary wheats is illustrated by means of morphology of lodicules, anatomical structure of caryopsis, morphology of embryo and features of epidermis of inflorescence bracts. These structures exhibit often a trend dependent on ploidy level. Discrimination of similar grains of fossil <em>Triticum compactum</em> and <em>T. sphaerococcum</em> is possible when traits of embryo are used. Wheat genomes are changed by numerous translocations and are spatially separated. This status may be detected by means of in situ hybridization of the genomic DNA. With such a spatial arrangement of the genomes the dominance of a caryopsis trait complex in hybrids between tetraploid wheats may be correlated. It may also create a part of new variation in wheat.

Analysis of spike productivity traits in near-isogenic lines of the common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29 carrying alien marker genes

Six near-isogenic lines of the wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29 carrying five marker genes from different species (Triticum compactum L., T. polonicum L., T. petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch., Aegilops elongatum Host. and Secale cereale L.) were studied. It was shown that the introduced marker genes of taxonomic significance, C and P, have strong pleiotropic effects on quantitative traits of the spike productivity.

Identification of Maize Low Phytic Acid Inbred Lines and Primary Study of Its Genetic Mechanism

It is well known that the phytic acid (myo-inositol-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexakisphosphate or Ins P6) in maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum compactum), rice (Oryza sativa), and soybean (Glycine max) is an anti-nutritional factor in grains, phytic acid typically represents approximately 80% of maize seed total phosphorus. The identification of mutants with low phytic acid (lpa) is a possible solution to solve the problem. In this study, the content of inorganic phosphorus of twenty maize inbred lines were analyzed by col- orimetric reagent, the inorganic phosphorus content of Qi 319 was about 0.93 μg mg?1, which was higher than that of control material (0.15 μg mg?1), further investigation of phytic acid based on standard curve indicated that the content of phytic acid in Qi 319 grains was 1.31 μg mg?1, close to the maize lpa241/lpa241 mutant (1.20 μg mg?1) identified by Nielsen’s laboratory in 2003, which was significantly lower than that of Lpa241/Lpa241 wild type and control maize inbred lines (2.8 μg mg?1). F1 seeds derived from Qi 319 and wild type Lpa241/Lpa241 crossing showed low inorganic phosphorus, indicated that the gene controlling low phytic acid of Qi 319 was recessive, homozygous low phytic acid seed was identified from Qi 319 ×/Lpa241/lpa241 F1 seeds suggested that lpa loci of Qi 319 may allelic to lpa241/lpa241. To investigate the mechanism of lpa in Qi 319, the content of myo-inositol-3-phophate synthase (MIPS) was assayed Western blot by using anti-MIPS antibody derived from Arabidopsis MIPS protein, according to se quence analysis, the similarity of amino acid between maize and Arabidopsis MIPS protein is 88%. In contrast with the low content of MIPS in lpa241/lpa241, the expression of MIPS in Qi 319 increased significantly, suggesting that both mutants are related to MIPS, but their mechanism is different from each other. It is worthwhile to point out that the agronomic behavior of reported lpa mutant is not satisfying for breeding applications, while Qi 319 is a wildly used inbred line with several combinations in production. This dis- covery will broaden its application and provide a novel resource for lpa breeding program.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Triticum spp. and Aegilops spp. using AFLP markers

Genetic diversity among some wild relatives of wheat was estimated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and morphological markers. Thirty one Triticum and Aegilops genotypes including twenty-four Triticum and Aegilops accessions belonging to five diploid (Triticum baeoticum, Triticum monococcum, Aegilops umbellulata, Aegilops caudata and Aegilops tauschii), five tetraploid (Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum dicoccum, Aegilops crassa (4x), Aegilops cylindrica, Aegilops triuncialis) and two hexaploid (Triticum compactum, A. crassa (6x)) species sampled from different ecogeographical regions of Iran; a durum wheat cultivar 'Langdon', a local wheat cultivar 'Roshan', a wheat cultivar 'Chinese spring' and four synthetic hexaploid wheats were evaluated. Genetic diversity among wheat accessions was estimated using 14 PstI:MseI primer pair combinations. Of the approximately 414 detected AFLP markers, 387 (93.5%) were polymorphic with 28 bands per used primer pair. Cluster analysis of 31 accessions belonging to the 15 species by UPGMA cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity estimates for AFLP data divided all accessions into two major clusters reflecting almost their genome composition. The first one included wheat species having A and AB genomes, while second cluster included wheat species having C, D, AB, CD, UC, DM, DDM and ABD genomes. The genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.12 between Ae. glabra and accession number 3 of T. monococcum and 0.57 between A. crassa (6x) and Ae. crassa (4x-6x). Two Aegilops species of A. umbellulata and A. caudata were ranked as the second most related species.

Genetic diversity revealed by genomic-SSR and EST-SSR markers among common wheat, spelt and compactum

In this study, two SSR molecular markers, named genomic-SSR and EST-SSR, are used to measure the genetic diversity among three hexaploid wheat populations, which include 28 common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 13 spelt (Triticum spelta L.), and 11 compactum (Triticum compactum Host.). The results show that common wheat has the highest genetic polymorphism, followed by spelt and then compactum. The mean genetic distance between the populations is higher than that within a population and similar tendency is detected for individual genomes A, B and D. Therefore, spelt and compactum can be used as potential germplasms for wheat breeding, especially for enriching the genetic variation in genome D. As compared with spelt, the genetic diversity between common wheat and compacturn is much smaller, indicating a closer consanguine relationship between these two species. Although the polymorphism revealed by EST-SSR is lower than that by genomic-SSR, it can effectively differentiate diverse genotypes as well. Togeth...

HMW and LMW glutenin alleles among putative tetraploid and hexaploid European spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.) progenitors.

The allelic compositions of high- and low-molecular-weight subunits of glutenins (HMW-GS and LMW-GS) among European spelt ( Triticum spelta L.) and related hexaploid and tetraploid Triticum species were investigated by one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). A total of seven novel glutenin alleles (designated A1a*, B1d*, B1g*, B1f*, B1j*, D1a* at Glu-1 and A3h at the Glu-3 loci, respectively) in European spelt wheat were detected by SDS-PAGE, which were confirmed further by employing A-PAGE and CE methods. Particularly, two HMW-GS alleles, Glu-B1d* coding the subunits 6.1 and 22.1, and Glu-B1f* coding the subunits 13 and 22*, were found to occur in European spelt with frequencies of 32.34% and 5.11%, respectively. These two alleles were present in cultivated emmer (Triticum dicoccum), but they were not observed in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The allele Glu-B1g* coding for 13* and 19* subunits found in spelt wheat was also detected in club wheat (Triticum compactum L.). Additionally, two alleles coding for LMW-GS, Glu-A3h and Glu-B3d, occurred with high frequencies in spelt, club and cultivated emmer wheat, whereas these were not found or present with very low frequencies in bread wheat. Our results strongly support the secondary origin hypothesis, namely European spelt wheat originated from hybridization between cultivated emmer and club wheat. This is also confirmed experimentally by the artificial synthesis of spelt through crossing between old European emmer wheat, T. dicoccum and club wheat, T. compactum.

Phytosiderophore release in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum species under zinc and iron deficiencies.

Using three diploid (Triticum monococcum, AA), three tetraploid (Triticum turgidum, BBAA), two hexaploid (Triticum aestivum and Triticum compactum, BBAADD) wheats and two Aegilops tauschii (DD) genotypes, experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution (i) to study the relationships between the rates of phytosiderophore (PS) release from the roots and the tolerance of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats and AE: tauschii to zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies, and (ii) to assess the role of different genomes in PS release from roots under different regimes of Zn and Fe supply. Phytosiderophores released from roots were determined both by measurement of Cu mobilized from a Cu-loaded resin and identification by using HPLC analysis. Compared to tetraploid wheats, diploid and hexaploid wheats were less affected by Zn deficiency as judged from the severity of leaf symptoms. Aegilops tauschii showed very slight Zn deficiency symptoms possibly due to its slower growth rate. Under Fe-deficient conditions, all wheat genotypes used were similarly chlorotic; however, development of chlorosis was first observed in tetraploid wheats. Correlation between PS release rate determined by Cu-mobilization test and HPLC analysis was highly significant. According to HPLC analysis, all genotypes of Triticum and AE: tauschii species released only one PS, 2'-deoxymugineic acid, both under Fe and Zn deficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rates of PS release in tetraploid wheats averaged 1 micromol x (30 plants)(-1) x (3 h)(-1), while in hexaploid wheats rate of PS release was around 14 micromol x (30 plants)(-1) x (3 h)(-1). Diploid wheats and AE: tauschii accessions behaved similarly in their capacity to release PS and intermediate between tetraploid and hexaploid wheats regarding the PS release capacity. All Triticum and Aegilops species released more PS under Fe than Zn deficiency, particularly when the rate of PS release was expressed per unit dry weight of roots. On average, the rates of PS release under Fe deficiency were 3.0, 5.7, 8.4, and 16 micromol x (30 plants)(-1) x (3 h)(-1) for AE: tauschii, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, respectively. The results of the present study show that the PS release mechanism in wheat is expressed effectively when three genomes, A, B and D, come together, indicating complementary action of the corresponding genes from A, B and D genomes to activate biosynthesis and release of PS.

Club and Common Wheat Yield Component and Spike Development in the Pacific Northwest

The superior end‐use qualities and reputation for emergence in poor seed bed conditions has maintained club wheat (Triticum compactum Host) as an important, though small class, of wheat in the Pacific Northwest. Our objectives were to determine yield component development in two agronomic zones representative of the fallow/wheat growing region of the Pacific Northwest and to characterize and compare yield component and spike development in two club and two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experiments were conducted at Moro and Pendleton, OR, in 1988 and 1989, where data were collected on yield components and on spike and kernel characters of identified culms. Yields were significantly higher at Pendleton than Moro. Lower floret fertility at Pendleton resulted in fewer and heavier seeds. Kernel weight was apparently the yield component associated with the yield advantage at Pendleton. Early tiller development at Pendleton also favored the development of spikes with greater capacity for yield component compensation. Differences were identified for yield component development in the cultivars Tres, OR8218, Hill 81, and Stephens; however, total grain yield was not significantly different. Although club spikes were one‐half the length of common spikes, spikelet number was not different between classes. Moreover, the number of fertile spikelets and the percentage of fertile spikelets per spike was significantly greater in club genotypes compared with common genotypes. The club genotypes produced more kernels in 1989 than the common genotypes. Kernel weight was consistently less for club lines. These differences were found in the mainstem and tillers T1 to T4. Kernel weight may play an important role in the early seedling establishment in regions where soil moisture is inadequate at planting.

Metabolism of indole‐3‐acetic acid and indole‐3‐methanol in wheat leaf segments

Indole‐3‐methanol is a product of indole‐3‐acetic acid metabolism in wheat leaves (Triticum compactum Host., cv. Little Club). It leads either to the production of the corresponding aldehyde and carboxylic acid, to the production of a polar glucoside which releases indole‐3‐methanol on β‐glucosidase treatment, or to an unidentified apolar product on mild alkaline hydrolysis in aqueous methanol. With reference to a published pathway of indole‐3‐acetic acid degradation, the results provide evidence for a prominent role of indole‐3‐methanol and also for the occurrence of co‐oxidation processes in wheat leaves involving indole‐3‐acetic acid and phenolic cosubstrates.

Metabolic Changes Associated with Vernalization of Wheat. I. Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Patterns

A spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and an obligate winter wheat (Triticum compactum) variety were each grown for 5 weeks in controlled environments at 2 degrees and 25 degrees . The threshold for flower induction in the winter wheat was 4 to 5 weeks at 2 degrees , whereas the spring wheat had no low temperature requirement for flowering. Changes in the levels of carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions in the wheat leaves were determined during their growth in the cold and warm environments. There was an enhanced accumulation of the 5 carbohydrate fractions in both wheat varieties grown at 2 degrees compared to 25 degrees . Highly significant differences in the levels of sucrose, oligosaccharides, and starch were found between the spring and winter varieties grown at 2 degrees . The winter wheat seedlings grown at 2 degrees accumulated much more of these carbohydrates than the corresponding spring wheat. The carbohydrate patterns in both varieties grown at 25 degrees were nearly identical except for the final 2 weeks of growth.The level of nitrogenous substances in the tissues grown at 2 degrees was much higher than in the corresponding tissues grown at 25 degrees . The only significant difference between the spring and winter varieties was in the soluble protein fraction. This fraction rose nearly 3-fold in the winter variety grown at 2 degrees , whereas it remained nearly constant in the similarly grown spring wheat. Most of the changing chemical patterns observed in relation to the vernalization treatment appear to be metabolic alterations associated with low temperature rather than alterations directly related with the vernalization response.

EFFECT OF RUST-INHIBITING COMPOUNDS ON THE METABOLISM OF WHEAT LEAVES

Healthy leaves of Little Club wheat (Triticum compactum Host.) and leaves infected by leaf rust (Puccinia recondita Rob. ex. Desm. race 5) were detached and floated for 3 days on solutions containing 10 p.p.m. canavanine, 0.1% azathymine, 0.125% dulcitol, and 0.1% methionine. Leaf samples were fed with uniformly labelled glucose for 24 hours, fractionated, and the C14-content of each fraction was determined. Compared with controls, canavanine slightly reduced the amount of C14in amino acids, nucleic acids, and proteins while 6-azathymine markedly reduced the amount of C14in nucleic acids and proteins. Treatment with dulcitol resulted in a lower recovery of C14from all fractions other than sugars while methionine had little effect on the distribution of C14from glucose. Quantitative analyses showed a marked increase in amino acids after canavanine, 6-azathymine, and methionine treatments and a reduced level of nucleic acids after treatment with canavanine and azathymine.Canavanine had no effect on the incorporation of arginine and glutamic acid into leaf proteins while 6-azathymine inhibited the incorporation of adenine into nucleic acids. It was not possible to relate the changes that occurred following these treatments to the in vivo metabolism of the rust fungus.