Triplet Pattern Research Articles

Approach for Efficient Triple Pattern Extraction Information Retrieval in Ontology

E-learning is an effective tool for education than what is currently provided by any of the available computer aided tutoring, or learning management systems. Semantic Web is a collection of information that is linked to each other and process by machine in global scale. It can be seen as globally connected database. Here we proposed a combined methodology for better information retrieval by using similarity measurement and visiting frequency and triplet pattern extraction. The primary intention of this paper is to improve the learning capability. triple patterns extraction is essential to convert the incoming learners query to Ontology browsing query (SPARQL).After extracting the triple patterns from the input query is used to build the query for receiving exact information in the ontology content.

Von Willebrand Factor Multimer Formation Contributes to Immunothrombosis in Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Prevention and therapy of immunothrombosis remain crucial challenges in the management of coronavirus disease 2019, since the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that endothelial damage may lead to substantially increased concentrations of von Willebrand factor with subsequent relative deficiency of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13). Prospective controlled cross-over trial. Blood samples of patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 and healthy controls were obtained in three German hospitals and analyzed in a German hemostaseologic laboratory. Seventy-five patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 of mild to critical severity and 30 healthy controls. von Willebrand factor antigen, ADAMTS13, and von Willebrand factor multimer formation were analyzed. von Willebrand factor antigen was 4.1 times higher in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy controls (p < 0.0001), whereas ADAMTS13 activities were not significantly different (p = 0.18). The ADAMTS13/von Willebrand factor antigen ratio was significantly lower in COVID-19 than in the control group (24.4 ± 20.5 vs 82.0 ± 30.7; p < 0.0001). Fourteen patients (18.7%) undercut a critical ratio of 10 as described in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Gel analysis of multimers resembled a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura pattern with loss of the largest multimers in 75% and a smeary triplet pattern in 39% of the patients. The ADAMTS13/von Willebrand factor antigen ratio decreased continuously from mild to critical disease (analysis of variance p = 0.026). Furthermore, it differed significantly between surviving patients and those who died from COVID-19 (p = 0.001) yielding an area under the curve of 0.232 in receiver operating characteristic curve curve analysis. COVID-19 is associated with a substantial increase in von Willebrand factor levels, which can exceed the ADAMTS13 processing capacity resulting in the formation of large von Willebrand factor multimers indistinguishable from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The ADAMTS13/von Willebrand factor antigen ratio is an independent predictor of severity of disease and mortality. These findings provide a rationale to consider plasma exchange as a therapeutic option in COVID-19 and to include von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in the diagnostic workup.

CtDNA analysis reveals different molecular patterns upon disease progression in patients treated with osimertinib

BackgroundSeveral clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of osimertinib in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there is significant unexplained variability in treatment outcome.MethodsObservational prospective cohort of 22 pre-treated patients with stage IV NSCLC harboring the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) p.T790M resistance mutation and who were treated with osimertinib. Three hundred and twenty-six serial plasma samples were collected and analyzed by digital PCR (dPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS).ResultsThe median progression-free survival (PFS), since the start of osimertinib, was 8.9 [interquartile range (IQR): 4.6–18.0] months. The median treatment durations of sequential gefitinib + osimertinib, afatinib + osimertinib and erlotinib + osimertinib treatments were 30.1, 24.6 and 21.1 months, respectively. The p.T790M mutation was detected in 19 (86%) pre-treatment blood samples. Undetectable levels of the original EGFR-sensitizing mutation after 3 months of treatment were associated with superior PFS (HR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.7). Likewise, re-emergence of the original EGFR mutation, alone or together with the p.T790M mutation was significantly associated with shorter PFS (HR: 8.8, 95% CI: 1.1–70.7 and HR: 5.9, 95% CI: 1.2–27.9, respectively). Blood-based monitoring revealed three molecular patterns upon progression to osimertinib: sensitizing+/T790M+/C797S+, sensitizing+/T790M+/C797S–, and sensitizing+/T790M–/C797S–. Median time to progression in patients showing the triplet pattern (sensitizing+/T790M+/C797S+) was 12.27 months compared with 4.87 months in patients in whom only the original EGFR sensitizing was detected, and 2.17 months in patients showing the duplet pattern (sensitizing+/T790M+). Finally, we found that mutations in exon 545 of the PIK3CA gene were the most frequent alteration detected upon disease progression in patients without acquired EGFR-resistance mutations.ConclusionsDifferent molecular patterns identified by plasma genotyping may be of prognostic significance, suggesting that the use of liquid biopsy is a valuable approach for tumor monitoring.

Alternative 3′ splice site selection of intron 5 within the prmt8 gene results in a novel variant widely distributed in vertebrates and specifically abundant in Aves

PRMT8 is a neuron-specific protein arginine methyltransferase in vertebrates. From data mining, we found a novel prmt8e6+43 splicing variant with a 43-nucleotide (nt) extension at the 5′ of exon 6 in chicken. RT-PCR analyses confirmed the existence of two splicing variants but also detected a third upper signal. The triplet pattern detected in chicken suggests that one strand from the prmt8e6+43 transcript and one strand from the regular splicing products form a heteroduplex with a bulb conformation and the two transcripts are of similar abundance. One short plus one faint upper heteroduplex signal detected in mouse and human indicate that the level of the variant is much less than the normal one in mammals. The relative expression of the normal and prmt8e6+43 variants in different species can be inferred from the reads of intron 5 that contains the 43-nt extension or not in the RNA-seq data of NCBI Gene database. The results of the analyses showed that the prmt8e6+43 variant is relatively abundant in birds but much less or even not detected in mammalian species. As conserved intron 5 sequences and evidences of alternative splicing (AS) are detected in elephant shark, a cartilaginous fish with the slowest-evolving genome, we propose that the prmt8e6+43 variant is present in the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. The prmt8e6+43 variant includes a premature termination codon and thus should encode a truncated PRMT8 with deletion from the dimerization arm. Western blot analyses showed very weak low-molecular-weight signals in chicken, which might be the C-terminal truncated PRMT8. Why avian species maintain high RNA but not protein levels of the prmt8e6+43 variant and whether the evolutionary conserved sequence and AS might regulate PRMT8 expression require further investigation.

Jaw Elevator Muscle Coordination during Rhythmic Mastication in Primates: Are Triplets Units of Motor Control?

The activity of mammal jaw elevator muscles during chewing has often been described using the concept of the triplet motor pattern, in which triplet I (balancing side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; working side posterior temporalis) is consistently activated before triplet II (working side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid; balancing side posterior temporalis), and each triplet of muscles is recruited and modulated as a unit. Here, new measures of unison, synchrony, and coordination are used to determine whether in 5 primate species (Propithecus verreauxi, Eulemur fulvus, Papio anubis, Macaca fuscata,and Pan troglodytes)muscles in the same triplet are active more in unison, are more synchronized, and are more highly coordinated than muscles in different triplets. Results show that triplet I muscle pairs are active more in unison than other muscle pairs in Eulemur, Macaca, and Papio,buttriplet muscle pairs are mostly not more tightly synchronized than non-triplet pairs. Triplet muscles are more coordinated during triplet pattern cycles than non-triplet cycles, while non-triplet muscle pairs are more coordinated during non-triplet cycles than triplet cycles. These results suggest that the central nervous system alters patterns of coordination between cycles, recruiting triplet muscles as a coordinated unit during triplet cycles but employing a different pattern of muscle coordination during non-triplet cycles. The triplet motor pattern may simplify modulation of rhythmic mastication by being one possible unit of coordination that can be recruited on a cycle-to-cycle basis.

An empirical study of factors affecting cross-project aging-related bug prediction with TLAP

Software aging is a phenomenon in which long-running software systems show an increasing failure rate and/or progressive performance degradation. Due to their nature, Aging-Related Bugs (ARBs) are hard to discover during software testing and are also challenging to reproduce. Therefore, automatically predicting ARBs before software release can help developers reduce ARB impact or avoid ARBs. Many bug prediction approaches have been proposed, and most of them show effectiveness in within-project prediction settings. However, due to the low presence and reproducing difficulty of ARBs, it is usually hard to collect sufficient training data to build an accurate prediction model. A recent work proposed a method named Transfer Learning based Aging-related bug Prediction (TLAP) for performing cross-project ARB prediction. Although this method considerably improves cross-project ARB prediction performance, it has been observed that its prediction result is affected by several key factors, such as the normalization methods, kernel functions, and machine learning classifiers. Therefore, this paper presents the first empirical study to examine the impact of these factors on the effectiveness of cross-project ARB prediction in terms of single-factor pattern, bigram pattern, and triplet pattern and validates the results with the Scott-Knott test technique. We find that kernel functions and classifiers are key factors affecting the effectiveness of cross-project ARB prediction, while normalization methods do not show statistical influence. In addition, the order of values in three single-factor patterns is maintained in three bigram patterns and one triplet pattern to a large extent. Similarly, the order of values in the three bigram patterns is also maintained in the triplet pattern.

Spatial information extraction from travel narratives: Analysing the notion of co-occurrence indicating closeness of tourist places

Recent advancements in social media have generated a myriad of unstructured geospatial data. Travel narratives are among the richest sources of such spatial clues. They are also a reflection of writers’ interaction with places. One of the prevalent ways to model this interaction is a points of interest (POIs) graph depicting popular POIs and routes. A relevant notion is that frequent pairwise occurrences of POIs indicate their geographic proximity. This work presents an empirical interpretation of this theory and constructs spatially enriched POI graphs, a clear augmentation to popularity-based POI graphs. A triplet pattern, rule-based spatial relation extraction technique SpatRE is proposed and compared with standard relation extraction systems Ollie and Stanford OpenIE. A travel blogs data set is also contributed containing labelled spatial relations. The performance is further evaluated on SemEval 2013 benchmark data sets. Finally, spatially enriched POI graphs are qualitatively compared with TripAdvisor and Google Maps to visualise information accuracy.

Auditory Streaming and Prediction in Tinnitus Sufferers

The aim of this study was to determine whether auditory streaming (segregation of incoming sounds into separate sound sources) and the ability to anticipate future auditory events are affected in tinnitus sufferers compared with nontinnitus controls with matched levels of hearing. It was hypothesized that tinnitus would result in abnormal electroencephalography responses to tone deviants and tone omissions compared to controls for frequencies near the pitch of tinnitus, and this should correspond with increased levels of cortical γ and θ oscillatory rhythms. Sixteen individuals with tinnitus (10 men and 6 women; age, 53.44; SD, 12.92 years) and 14 control participants (8 men and 6 women; age, 50.25; SD, 18.54 years) took part in the study. A modified version of the ABA streaming paradigm, with repeating triplet pattern of two frequencies (A and B) presented as A-B-A, was used to examine deviant-related prediction error. Omission-related prediction errors were examined using a modified version of a tone-omission paradigm. Regions of interest were frontocentral, left frontal, right frontal, and temporal lobes. A larger N1c waveform was elicited in the absence of any tone deviation within the left primary auditory cortex of tinnitus participants. No differences were present between groups for omissions. The only difference in oscillatory band activity between the two groups in this study was in response to tones 7 semitones different from tinnitus pitch, with significantly lower β-2 band activity present for the tinnitus group, correlating most with activity within the right inferior occipital gyrus. The findings from this study imply that cortical-level auditory stream segregation is altered among individuals with tinnitus.

Automatic underwater moving object detection using multi‐feature integration framework in complex backgrounds

Moving object detection in a video sequence is one of the leading tasks of marine scientists to explore and monitor applications. The videos acquired in the underwater environment are usually degraded due to the physical properties of water medium as compared with images acquired in the air and that affects the performance of feature descriptors. In this study, a new feature descriptor, multi‐frame triplet pattern (MFTP) is proposed for underwater moving object detection. The MFTP encodes the structure of local region based on three sets of frames, which are calculated by considering local differences in intensities between the centre pixel and its nine neighbours. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed method is increased by integrating it with colour and motion features. The performance of the proposed framework is tested by conducting seven experiments on Fish4Knowledge database for underwater moving object detection applications. The results of the proposed method show a significant improvement as compared with state‐of‐the‐art techniques in terms of their evaluation measures.

Correlation of vapor phase infrared spectra and regioisomeric structure in synthetic cannabinoids

The twelve 1-n-pentyl-2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-(1- and 2-naphthoyl)-indoles each have the same substituents attached to the indole ring, identical elemental composition (C24H23NO) yielding identical nominal and accurate masses. These twelve isomers cover all possible positions of carbonyl bridge substitution for both indole (positons 2–7) and naphthalene rings (positions 1 and 2). Regioisomeric compounds can represent significant challenges for mass based analytical methods however, infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool for the identification of positional isomers in organic compounds. The vapor phase infrared spectra of these twelve uniquely similar compounds were evaluated in GC-IR experiments. These spectra show the bridge position on the indole ring is a dominating influence over the carbonyl absorption frequency observed for these compounds. Substitution on the pyrrole moiety of the indole ring yields the lowest CO frequency values for position 2 and 3 giving a narrow range from 1656 to 1654cm−1. Carbonyl absorption frequencies are higher when the naphthoyl group is attached to the benzene portion of the indole ring yielding absorption values from 1674 to 1671cm−1.The aliphatic stretching bands in the 2900cm−1 region yield a consistent triplet pattern because the N-alkyl substituent tail group remains unchanged for all twelve regioisomers. The asymmetric CH2 stretch is the most intense of these three bands. Changes in positional bonding for both the indole and naphthalene ring systems results in unique patterns within the 700 wavenumber out-of-plane region and these absorption bands are different for all 12 regioisomers.

Neuromechanistic Model of Auditory Bistability.

Sequences of higher frequency A and lower frequency B tones repeating in an ABA- triplet pattern are widely used to study auditory streaming. One may experience either an integrated percept, a single ABA-ABA- stream, or a segregated percept, separate but simultaneous streams A-A-A-A- and -B---B--. During minutes-long presentations, subjects may report irregular alternations between these interpretations. We combine neuromechanistic modeling and psychoacoustic experiments to study these persistent alternations and to characterize the effects of manipulating stimulus parameters. Unlike many phenomenological models with abstract, percept-specific competition and fixed inputs, our network model comprises neuronal units with sensory feature dependent inputs that mimic the pulsatile-like A1 responses to tones in the ABA- triplets. It embodies a neuronal computation for percept competition thought to occur beyond primary auditory cortex (A1). Mutual inhibition, adaptation and noise are implemented. We include slow NDMA recurrent excitation for local temporal memory that enables linkage across sound gaps from one triplet to the next. Percepts in our model are identified in the firing patterns of the neuronal units. We predict with the model that manipulations of the frequency difference between tones A and B should affect the dominance durations of the stronger percept, the one dominant a larger fraction of time, more than those of the weaker percept—a property that has been previously established and generalized across several visual bistable paradigms. We confirm the qualitative prediction with our psychoacoustic experiments and use the behavioral data to further constrain and improve the model, achieving quantitative agreement between experimental and modeling results. Our work and model provide a platform that can be extended to consider other stimulus conditions, including the effects of context and volition.

Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer of 2,5-bis(5-ethyl-2-benzoxazolyl)-hydroquinone and its OH/OD-isotopomers studied in supersonic jets

The Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) reactions of dually fluorescent 2,5-bis(5-ethyl-2-benzoxazolyl)-hydroquinone (DE-BBHQ) and its isotopomers have been studied in the supersonic jet applying laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and fluorescence-depletion (F-D) spectroscopy. LIF-spectra measured at photo-tautomeric (red) fluorescence exhibit a characteristic triplet pattern of vibronic bands, which gradually collapses upon successive deuteration. Complementary TDDFT calculations indicate the possibility of 2 consecutive ESIPT reactions yielding an excited state diketo-tautomer. However, concerning this matter the present experimental results are not unambiguous and could be also rationalized without assuming the formation of an additional photo-tautomer.

MAGIC: an automated N-linked glycoprotein identification tool using a Y1-ion pattern matching algorithm and in silico MS² approach.

Glycosylation is a highly complex modification influencing the functions and activities of proteins. Interpretation of intact glycopeptide spectra is crucial but challenging. In this paper, we present a mass spectrometry-based automated glycopeptide identification platform (MAGIC) to identify peptide sequences and glycan compositions directly from intact N-linked glycopeptide collision-induced-dissociation spectra. The identification of the Y1 (peptideY0 + GlcNAc) ion is critical for the correct analysis of unknown glycoproteins, especially without prior knowledge of the proteins and glycans present in the sample. To ensure accurate Y1-ion assignment, we propose a novel algorithm called Trident that detects a triplet pattern corresponding to [Y0, Y1, Y2] or [Y0-NH3, Y0, Y1] from the fragmentation of the common trimannosyl core of N-linked glycopeptides. To facilitate the subsequent peptide sequence identification by common database search engines, MAGIC generates in silico spectra by overwriting the original precursor with the naked peptide m/z and removing all of the glycan-related ions. Finally, MAGIC computes the glycan compositions and ranks them. For the model glycoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and a 5-glycoprotein mixture, a 2- to 31-fold increase in the relative intensities of the peptide fragments was achieved, which led to the identification of 7 tryptic glycopeptides from HRP and 16 glycopeptides from the mixture via Mascot. In the HeLa cell proteome data set, MAGIC processed over a thousand MS(2) spectra in 3 min on a PC and reported 36 glycopeptides from 26 glycoproteins. Finally, a remarkable false discovery rate of 0 was achieved on the N-glycosylation-free Escherichia coli data set. MAGIC is available at http://ms.iis.sinica.edu.tw/COmics/Software_MAGIC.html .

NON-RADIAL OSCILLATIONS IN M-GIANT SEMI-REGULAR VARIABLES: STELLAR MODELS AND KEPLER OBSERVATIONS

The success of asteroseismology relies heavily on our ability to identify the frequency patterns of stellar oscillation modes. For stars like the Sun this is relatively easy because the mode frequencies follow a regular pattern described by a well-founded asymptotic relation. When a solar like star evolves off the main sequence and onto the red giant branch its structure changes dramatically resulting in changes in the frequency pattern of the modes. We follow the evolution of the adiabatic frequency pattern from the main sequence to near the tip of the red giant branch for a series of models. We find a significant departure from the asymptotic relation for the non-radial modes near the red giant branch tip, resulting in a triplet frequency pattern. To support our investigation we analyze almost four years of Kepler data of the most luminous stars in the field (late K and early M type) and find that their frequency spectra indeed show a triplet pattern dominated by dipole modes even for the most luminous stars in our sample. Our identification explains previous results from ground-based observations reporting fine structure in the Petersen diagram and sub ridges in the period-luminosity diagram. Finally, we find `new ridges' of non-radial modes with frequencies below the fundamental mode in our model calculations, and we speculate they are related to f modes.

Prevention of SQL Injection by Self Generating Triplet Patterns

The paper is focused with the new prevention method for SQL injection as it is always the top threat to any web site or web application. The paper focus generation of the pattern from the training query to prevent the SQL injection for the new query by forming triplet pattern. The new concept of matching pattern ratio has been introduced in the paper. In the last section advantages and the disadvantages of the method is discussed. General Terms Web security, SQL injection, prevention techniques, triplet pattern for SQL injection queries

Singlet–triplet reactions of optical vortices in Gaussian beams

A general complex scalar wavefield in two dimensions contains singularities of phase,namely vortices, saddles and extrema. As an external control parameter is changed,reactions occur between the singularities. We examine here the reaction whereby a singlevortex splits into three, and several models that display this phenomenon are discussed.The reaction is essentially the same in all of them, but attention is focused on a model inwhich two coaxial Gaussian beams of different waist sizes and amplitudes are superposed inantiphase. The saddles are arranged in a pattern that has some interesting features. At themoment of triplet formation a saddle passes through the central vortex and twonew saddles are formed below the new flanking vortices. The vortices are nearlydegenerate, but not completely so. This property is associated with a factor of 2 intheir rate of circulation of phase that is in addition to the primary circulation of2π around a vortex. It suggests a new integer that characterizes such near-degenerate vortices,and it results in a factor of 2 in the vortex–saddle separations. As the waist of the narrowerbeam is reduced to less than a wavelength, an unusual reaction occurs in which a newpair of saddles is created apparently from nothing; however, the intervention ofphase extrema as catalysts ensures that the Poincaré index remains conserved. Thefinal result after this event is a complete inversion of the original triplet pattern,a feat that is accomplished without the saddles passing through the vortices.

Application of MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and collision‐induced dissociation for the identification of disulfide‐bonded peptides

This paper describes a method for the fast identification and composition of disulfide-bonded peptides. A unique fragmentation signature of inter-disulfide-bonded peptides is detected using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry and high-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID). This fragmentation pattern identifies peptides with an interconnected disulfide bond and provides information regarding the composition of the peptides involved in the pairing. The distinctive signature produced using CID is a triplet of ions resulting from the cleavage of the disulfide bond to produce dehydroalanine, cysteine or thiocysteine product ions. This method is not applicable to intra-peptide disulfide bonds, as the cleavage mechanism is not the same and a triplet pattern is not observed. This method has been successfully applied to identifying disulfide-bonded peptides in a number of control digestions, as well as study samples where disulfide bond networks were postulated and/or unknown.

Microscopic Phase-Field Simulation for Correlations of Ni3Al Precipitates in Ni-Al Alloys

Abstract The effect of Al concentration on the correlations of Ni3Al precipitates (γ′) in Ni-Al alloys was studied based on the microscopic phase-field kinetic model and the microelasticity theory. The simulation results show that γ′ precipitates are arranged along the [001] and [010] directions regarding alloys with all concentration, but there exists different correlations. For the alloy with lower Al concentration, γ′ precipitates are independent each other; for the alloy with medium Al concentration, there are mainly four types correlations among the γ′ precipitates: L-shaped pattern, doublet pattern, triplet pattern and quartet pattern; for the alloy with higher Al concentration, the correlation of γ′ precipitates is mainly doublet pattern.

Synchrony‐asynchrony discrimination of audio‐visual signals in auditory streaming

Temporal synchrony is a critical condition for integrating information presented in different sensory modalities. In this study, the effect of tonal organization on synchrony‐asynchrony discrimination was examined. The auditory sequences were four repetitions of a triplet pattern comprising a low‐frequency tone (L) and a high‐frequency tone (H). The frequency difference (ΔF) between L and H was either approximately 1/12, 1/6, 1/3, 1/2, or 1 octave, centered at 1 kHz. Each tone was of 33.2 ms duration including rising and falling raised‐cosine ramps of 5 ms. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of adjacent tones was randomized between 33.2 and 332 ms. The tone sequences were presented diotically via headphones at 65 dB SPL. The visual stimulus was a luminance‐modulated Gaussian blob presented on a CRT monitor. The visual stimulus duration was 8.3 ms. Synchrony‐asynchrony discrimination thresholds of visual‐auditory stimulus onsets were measured using the 2IFC paradigm with a 2‐up 1‐down method under six ΔF conditions. The results demonstrated that synchrony‐asynchrony discrimination improved for audio‐visual pulse trains at ΔF between L and H greater than 1/3 octave, suggesting that audio‐visual synchrony perception is influenced by the build‐up of auditory streaming.

Masticatory motor patterns in ungulates: a quantitative assessment of jaw‐muscle coordination in goats, alpacas and horses

We investigated patterns of jaw-muscle coordination during rhythmic mastication in three species of ungulates displaying the marked transverse jaw movements typical of many large mammalian herbivores. In order to quantify consistent motor patterns during chewing, electromyograms were recorded from the superficial masseter, deep masseter, posterior temporalis and medial pterygoid muscles of goats, alpacas and horses. Timing differences between muscle pairs were evaluated in the context of an evolutionary model of jaw-muscle function. In this model, the closing and food reduction phases of mastication are primarily controlled by two distinct muscle groups, triplet I (balancing-side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid and working-side posterior temporalis) and triplet II (working-side superficial masseter and medial pterygoid and balancing-side posterior temporalis), and the asynchronous activity of the working- and balancing-side deep masseters. The three species differ in the extent to which the jaw muscles are coordinated as triplet I and triplet II. Alpacas, and to a lesser extent, goats, exhibit the triplet pattern whereas horses do not. In contrast, all three species show marked asynchrony of the working-side and balancing-side deep masseters, with jaw closing initiated by the working-side muscle and the balancing-side muscle firing much later during closing. However, goats differ from alpacas and horses in the timing of the balancing-side deep masseter relative to the triplet II muscles. This study highlights interspecific differences in the coordination of jaw muscles to influence transverse jaw movements and the production of bite force in herbivorous ungulates.