Superphosphate Research Articles

Evaluating the Impact of Phosphorus and Solid Oxygen Fertilization on Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Two-Year Field Study

The snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is highly sensitive to both phosphorus (P) deficiency and hypoxic stress, which together can significantly hinder plant growth, nutrient uptake, and yield; however, limited information exists on the effect of P and oxygen (O2) fertilization to alleviate these stresses and enhance yield. A two-year field experiment assessed the effects of P and O2 fertilization on plant growth, pod yield, and P uptake in acidic sandy soil. Using a randomized complete block design with four replications, we tested five P rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 179 kg ha−1 of phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5) in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP) along with two rates (0 and 45 kg ha−1) of solid O2 fertilizer as calcium peroxide (CaO2). Phosphorus and O2 fertilizers improved plant growth and pod yield, with the highest yield from the combination of 135 kg ha−1 P2O5 and 45 kg ha−1 CaO2. Pearson correlation analysis indicated strong associations between plant growth, pod yield, and nutrient accumulation. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted notable seasonal differences in snap bean and soil characteristics. This study provides essential insights into the use of O2 fertilizers as a cost-effective approach to mitigate hypoxia, enhance P use efficiency, and improve yield in snap bean. Our findings may inspire the development of sustainable nutrient protocols for high-quality snap bean production and serve as a foundation for similar applications in other crops.

Tomato sprayed monocalcium phosphate had production-phytoremediation dual function with high soil Cd extraction and safer fruit production

In order to make use of the large biomass of tomato plant to fulfill the purpose of remediating-while-producing, two commercial tomato varieties, ‘Baiguoqiangfeng’ (BG) and ‘Ouguan’ (OG) were grown in Cd contaminated acidic soil to compare their performance on Cd phytoextraction, and monocalcium phosphate (Ca) was foliar applied to reduce their fruit Cd concentration. The results showed that the BG was a more Cd tolerant variety, comparing with OG, it suffered lighter tissue peroxidation and photosynthesis obstacle, owning weaker amino acid metabolism, secondary metabolism and stress signal transduction under Cd stress. The Ca application reduced its ABA level but increased the GSH, IAA, ZR and GA3 level, and enhanced its lysine degradation, tyrosine metabolism, alanine, asparagine and glutamate metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis under Cd stress. With these metabolic regulations, the Ca application promoted its leaf biomass accumulation, guaranteeing the total Cd extraction amount (0.88 mg pot−1 as 0.20 mg kg −1), and reduced the fruit Cd partition, decreasing the fruit Cd concentration by 71.4% with higher yield. Meanwhile, the OG had lower Cd phytoextraction capacity than the BG, and Ca spray enhanced its cell energy generation, flavonoids biosynthesis and photosynthetic carbon fixation, but had no effect on fruit Cd concentration. The two tomato varieties had different responses to Ca application under Cd stress in their hormone signaling, energy metabolism, secondary metabolism and amino acids metabolism, which furtherly differed their Cd phytoextraction capacity and production safety. Therefore, the monocalcium phosphate spray combined ‘Baiguoqiangfeng’ tomato realized the dual function of production-phytoremediation, and the mechanism of plant Cd sensitivity adjustment through phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and amino acids metabolism deserved further study.

Enhancing the use of phosphate rock through microbially-mediated compost transformation to improve agronomic and economic profitability in Sub-Saharan Africa

Soil degradation and limited access to chemical fertilizers partly explain the persistently low crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa. To provide local farmers with alternative fertilizer options, this study examined the impact of locally sourced fertilizers on sorghum productivity and soil health. Treatments were set up in a completely randomized block design with five replications each. These treatments included Burkina phosphate rock (BPR), calcined BPR (Cal-BPR), triple super phosphate (TSP), four types of phosphocomposts, and an unfertilized phosphate control (Control). The phospho-composts, prepared during 4 months in advance, were as follows: Comp-1 (sorghum straw + BPR + sorghum rhizosphere soil and roots), Comp-2 (sorghum straw + Cal-BPR + sorghum rhizosphere soil and roots), Comp-3 (sorghum straw + BPR + chicken manure), and Comp-4 (sorghum straw + Cal-BPR + chicken manure). They were applied at a rate of 2.5 t ha−1 at sowing, alongside BPR, Cal-BPR, and TSP that provided 23 kg P2O5 ha−1. Urea and potassium chloride were added 15 days after sowing (DAS) to all treatments to standardize nitrogen and potassium levels to 37 kg N ha−1 and 14 kg K2O ha−1. Soil properties were evaluated using the samples collected at 42, 70, and 120 DAS. Rhizosphere soil showed higher bacterial and fungal abundance than bulk soil, particularly in compost treatments. Comp-4 notably improved soil properties, including increased phosphorus-cycling microbial genes, available phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, and pH, and it produced the highest sorghum grain yield. However, Comp-3 offered superior economic benefits, with higher net returns from grain sales. Overall, phosphocomposts improve soil health and boost sorghum yield in Sub-Saharan Africa. Calcined BPR-chicken manure-enriched compost may be used to increase crop yields. However, the study shows that BPR-chicken manure-enriched compost provides a more cost-effective solution for soil revitalization and sustainable food production in infertile soils in the region.

Assessing the impact of tillage practices and nutrient levels on the growth and productivity of Ethopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.) - soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cropping system

BackgroundAn importance of tillage, inorganic and organic nutrient sources in the mustard - soybean cropping system lies in their ability to enhance soil fertility, improve nutrient availability, optimize crop growth and yield, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. Any cropping system’s sustainability could be increased by implementing better management techniques like zero and reduced tillage with residue retention and better nutrient sources.ResultsA field experiment was conducted for four consecutive seasons (Winter 2019 to Rainy 2021) to compare the two enhanced management practices, zero and reduced tillage to conventional tillage across four levels of nutrient sources: 75 and 100% recommended dose of nitrogen through FYM and 75 and 100% recommended dose of fertilizers through urea, single super phosphate and muriate of potash in a two years experiment. Experiment results were evaluated in terms of nutrient status, profitability and productivity of Mustard-Soybean cropping system. The results show a substantial improvement in yield, nutrient status, and overall yield performance of mustard and soybean when using the full recommended dose of fertilizers combined with reduced tillage and mulching, compared to other treatment methods. The implementation of reduced tillage practices recorded significantly higher yield of mustard and soybean over conventional and zero tillage.ConclusionSystem productivity and profitability i.e. mustard equivalent yield, productivity, gross returns, net returns, profitability and B: C (benefit: cost) was found to be improved with reduced tillage and 100% recommended dose of fertilizer under reduced tillage practices. To enhance cropping system productivity in various sub-humid regions worldwide, farmers can adopt reduced tillage techniques combined with the full recommended dose of fertilizers (100% RDF).

Feed Monocalcium Phosphate Derived from Wet-process Phosphoric Acid and Calcium-based Raw Materials

In this study, granulated feed-grade monocalcium phosphate was produced using highly purified wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA) and finely milled limestone (99.5% CaCO3). The WPA was desulfated to 0.09–0.14% SO₃, defluorinated to 0.18–0.20% F, and concentrated to 50.55% P₂O₅. Under controlled conditions—achieving a 95% reaction rate and a 15-minute decomposition time—a high-quality product was obtained. The final composition included 50.45% digestible P₂O₅, 38.02% water-soluble P₂O₅, 21.14% total CaO, and 14.39% water-soluble CaO, with a fluoride content of 0.16%. The granules achieved 2.13 MPa in strength, with over 85% in the optimal 2-3 mm size range, meeting GOST 23999-80 standards. This phosphate supplement offers high bioavailability for livestock, poultry, and aquaculture.

Phosphate, magnesium containing additives and biochar regulate compost maturity and synergistically reduce odor emission in chicken manure composting: Role of physicochemical, bacterial and fungal dynamics

This study explored the odor composition and emission in chicken manure composting process, employing chemical fixatives and biochar to mitigate odors effectively. Compost maturity, ammonia, sulfur-containing odor emissions, as well as the bacterial and fungal community structure were analyzed to assess composting performance and mechanisms. The results indicated that four malodorous substances were identified as major contributors: dimethyl disulfide (Me2S2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl sulfide (Me2S), and ammonia (NH3). Biochar (BC) augmented compost maturity by enhancing the relative abundance of Thermobifida and Saccharomonospora, while reducing the emission of total malodorous sulfur-containing components by 65.3% by mitigating Halocella and Hydrogenispora, albeit without affecting NH3 emissions. Superphosphate (SP) mitigated malodorous sulfur-containing components by 51.3% through its calcium (Ca) components and associated bacteria (Pseudomonas, Halocella and Hydrogenispora). Notably, magnesium (Mg) emerged as a limiting factor for NH3 fixation by SP. The combination of SP and magnesium sulfate (MS) decreased NH3 emissions by 47.9% via the formation of struvite crystals (MgNH4PO4) and further reduced the emission of malodorous sulfur-containing components by 60.0% by enhancing functional fungi inhibiting malodorous substance production. Ultimately, the combined application of BC, SP, and MS yielded the most significant odor reduction effects, with reductions of 86.8%, 35.3%, 92.8%, and 38.8% observed in Me2S2, H2S, Me2S, and NH3, respectively.

Graphene oxide, starch, and kraft lignin bio-nanocomposite controlled-release phosphorus fertilizer: Effect on P management and maize growth

This study focuses on the synthesis and practical application of bio-nanocomposite films made from a mixture of starch (ST) and Kraft lignin (KL) with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles. FTIR, XRD, Raman, SEM, and TEM analysis confirmed the synthesis's success of GO. The bio-nanocomposites were used as advanced coatings for triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers, and their implications for maize (Zea mays L.) plant growth were examined. Incorporating GO into the composite matrix is a significant accomplishment of this study, as demonstrated by the noticeable changes observed in the FTIR spectra, indicating consequent structural changes. Morphological analyses conducted by SEM reveal changes in the surface characteristics of the ST/KL films, providing essential information about the structural details of the bio-nanocomposite. The utilization of precision-coated TSP fertilizers leads to a significant enhancement in mechanical strength, as demonstrated by the improved crush resistance. Furthermore, these formulations guarantee a gradual release of phosphorus, showcasing their potential for efficient nutrient management in agricultural settings. The study examines the practical application of coated TSP fertilizers in agriculture and their positive effects on various growth parameters of Maize (Zea mays L.) plants. Using these fertilizers promotes sustainable and efficient agricultural practices, contributing to developing innovative agrochemical solutions.

Transcriptional responses to diets without mineral phosphorus supplementation in the jejunum of two high-yielding laying hen strains

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for all forms of life including laying hens, playing a crucial role in growth and efficient egg production. Recent studies suggest that current P recommendations might exceed the physiological demand, leading to unnecessarily high P excretions. This study on Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) laying hens (n=80; 10 replicates per strain, production period, and dietary group) investigates transcriptional changes in the jejunum, a critical intestinal segment for mineral absorption, in response to a diet either without (P-) or with (P+) a mineral supplement from monocalcium phosphate, administered over a 4-week period during the transition (15–19 weeks) or onset of laying (20–24 weeks). DESeq2 analysis of RNA sequencing data revealed that most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) varied between strains and age groups, with less pronounced effects from dietary mineral P content. The 19-week-old LB hens showed a stronger response to dietary mineral P removal, with transcripts affiliated with increased adaptation of the metabolism and decreased immune pathway activation. The identified pathways such as folate biosynthesis and p53 signaling, potentially link altered energy and amino acid metabolism (2-oxocarboxylic acid and arginine). Interestingly, genes involved in calcium transport (CALB1) and cellular signaling (PRKCA, STEAP4) along with tight junctions (CLDN2) were affected by complete removal of mineral P supplements, suggesting a promoted intestinal mineral uptake. Transcriptional regulation in the jejunum in response to low dietary mineral content is strain-specific when the laying phase begins, which may contribute to a physiological Ca:P ratio.

Evaluation of six phosphorus extraction methods for compliance testing of recycled P fertilizers

Phosphorus (P) recycling for fertilizer production addresses the dependency on phosphate rock and mitigates P losses to the environment. However, predicting plant-available P in recycled fertilizers is challenging due to their diverse chemical composition. This study aimed at identifying the most suitable P extraction method for fertilizer compliance testing, considering their correlation with actual fertilization efficiency, as well as their simplicity, throughput, recognition and cost. Studies on fertilizer P compliance testing often lack recommendations on minimum P extractability threshold values. Here, thresholds are calculated based on actual fertilization efficiency of a large, chemically diverse set of recycled P fertilizers, many of which are already marketed. Thirty recycled P fertilizers were extracted with H2O, neutral ammonium citrate (NAC), electro-ultrafiltration (EUF), ferrihydrite-filled membranes (iron bag; IB), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). The mineral replacement value (MRV) of the fertilizer set was previously evaluated in three pot experiments at a fertilization rate of 50 mg kg−1 soil. MRV correlations with the extractions methods showed similar results for all besides H2O, which cannot be a reliable indicator for P availability. Fertilizers were classified as efficient or inefficient based on their MRV exceeding or falling below 60 % of the triple superphosphate reference value. The minimum P extractability threshold value (MPETV) for each method was based on the efficiency classification and it minimized the number of misclassified fertilizers. NAC, with a 60 % extractable minimum P threshold value, was the most adequate method for compliance testing, despite its overestimation of iron phosphate availability.

Phosphorus transport modeling in soils treated with nano-phosphorus fertilizers

Nanofertilizers play a promising role in crop production by reducing the application amount and increasing the application efficiency. Understanding the transport of plant nutrients in the soil is crucial for effectively managing nanofertilizer applications and minimizing their impact on the environment. This study investigated phosphorus transport in agricultural soil using 15-day and 30-day soil column experiment data from 2017 and 2018. Two soil column experiments were conducted using nano-rock phosphate, nano-hydroxyapatite fertilizers, and a commercial fertilizer (single super phosphate). The Hydrus 1D model was used to understand the transport mechanism of nano and bulk phosphorus fertilizers. Water and dissolved phosphorus fluxes were simulated using leachate data, and key phosphorus transport parameters, including longitudinal dispersivity and the diffusion coefficient, were determined. The Hydrus-1D model accurately captured leachate dynamics (R² = 0.82–0.99 and MAE = 0.38–0.56 cm/days). Phosphorus transport performed well for bulk fertilizer treatments (R² = 0.86–0.90, MAE = 0.08–0.19 ppm, and RMSE = 0.14–0.36 ppm). However, mixed results were obtained while validating nano fertilizer treatments (R² = 0.31–0.98, MAE = 0.046–0.41 ppm, and RMSE = 0.084–0.35 ppm). For nanofertilizers, the longitudinal dispersivity and distribution coefficient were reduced by 80.71 % and 19.20 %, respectively, compared to commercial fertilizers. The lower longitudinal dispersivity indicates that nano fertilizers release nutrients more slowly than bulk fertilizers. Similarly, a smaller distribution coefficient suggests that nano-phosphorus fertilizers are more concentrated in specific areas within the soil, leading to slower and more controlled nutrient distribution. Additionally, the leachate's observed total phosphorus concentration and the soil profile's phosphorus concentration support the study findings. The results indicate that the transport mechanism of nano and bulk fertilizers in soil is distinct and should be treated separately. This study's findings will contribute to developing optimal fertilizer application strategies for nano-phosphorus fertilizers.

Unveiling the influences of P fertilization on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in grains of four sorghum cultivars.

Phosphorus is a critical nutrient in agriculture, influencing plant growth and nutritional quality. This study, uniquely designed to investigate the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilization levels, sorghum cultivars, and growing locations on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in sorghum grains, employed four sorghum cultivars (Hakeka, P954063, Tabat, and Tetron) grown under three P levels (0P, 1P, 2P) in two locations (Gezira and White Nile) in Sudan. In this study, four sorghum cultivars were grown in two distinct locations in Sudan, employing a split-plot design with three (P) fertilization levels. P was applied as triple super phosphate directly with the seeds, and additional fertilization included urea applied in two split doses. At physiological maturity, representative sorghum panicles were harvested, processed, and analyzed for bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities using standard extraction and quantification techniques such as Folin-Ciocalteu for phenolics and colorimetric flavonoid assays. Antioxidant activities were assessed through various assays, including DPPH and FRAP. Statistical analyses were performed using a three-way ANOVA to examine the effects of cultivar, P level, and location on the measured parameters, supplemented by multivariate analysis to further elucidate the interactions between these factors. Significant interactions (p<0.001) were observed among cultivars, P levels, and locations for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), carotenoids, tannins, and various antioxidant activity measures (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, TRP, H2O2). P fertilization significantly increased all measured phytochemicals and antioxidant activities compared to non-treated cultivars, except for H2O2, which decreased with P application. Among cultivars, Hakeka consistently exhibited the highest TFC, carotenoid content, and antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, TRP, ABTS), particularly at the 2P level. P954063 showed the highest TPC and tannin concentrations. Tetron generally had the lowest phytochemical and antioxidant levels. White Nile showed higher TPC, carotenoids, DPPH, FRAP, TRP, and ABTS levels, while Gezira had higher TFC, tannins, and H2O2 concentrations. The impact of phosphorus fertilization often varies between locations. Strong positive correlations were found between TPC and all antioxidant assays (r = 0.68-0.90) and total carotenoids and antioxidant activities (r = 0.73-0.93). This study recommended cultivating the Tabat variety with 2P doses in Gezira. In addition, the Hakeka cultivar showed the highest increases in total flavonoid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant activities, particularly under the highest P level (2P). The findings highlight that P plays a critical role in enhancing sorghum's nutritional and health-promoting qualities, which are essential for leveraging this staple crop for food and nutrition security strategies in semi-arid regions.

Response of Green Faba Bean Yield: As Nexus of Water Deficit, P-Fertilizers, and Phosphorus Recovery

Water and fertilizer optimum management in agriculture is important in improving crop productivity, two field experiments were conducted in El-Qanater Horticultural Research Station, Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt, during 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 to study the response of (Vicia faba L.,) Giza 716 faba bean cultivar to three irrigation water levels 100 % of potential evapotranspiration, ET crop (I1), 80 % ET crop (I2) and 60 % ET crop (I3) of irrigation requirements, the effect of applying P-fertilizers no P-fertilization (P0); powdered calcium super phosphate (P1); granular calcium superphosphate (P2) and powdered rock phosphate (P3) all P-sources inoculated by B. megaterium. The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Increasing the applied amount of irrigation water from 3172 (I3) to 4229 m3 ha-1 (I2) and (P3) gave the highest values of all growth characters, except plant height and amount of pods/ plant in average values of both seasons. Moreover, the 80% ET crop (I2) and rock phosphate sources treatment increased yield values attributes, and NPK contents of seeds. Also, the highest values of Irrigation Water productivity (IWP) kg m-3 faba bean green pods and seed quality (protein %) occurred with 80% ET crop (I2) of irrigation water level and powdered rock phosphate (P3).

Integration of organic amendments and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria improves wheat growth and yield by modulating phosphorus availability and physiological reponses

Saline calcareous soil presents significant challenges for crop production due to its poor nutrient availability and adverse effects on plant growth. Hence this study aimed to investigates the impact of integrating organic amendments—specifically Moringa seed residues, biogas manure, and vermicompost (Ver)—with and without phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB), alongside two types of phosphatic fertilizers, ordinary super phosphate (OSP) and rock phosphate (RP), on the growth, yield, and nutrient uptake of wheat plants in saline calcareous soil conditions. The results indicate that the combined application of Ver + PSB, particularly when paired with OSP, consistently yields superior outcomes across all measured parameters, followed by Ver + PSB with RP. Notably, the Ver + PSB with OSP treatment exhibits the highest values across several key parameters: chlorophyll levels (chlorophyll a at 1.8, chlorophyll b at 0.84, and carotenoids at 0.72 mg g−1f wt), proline at 38.5 μg g−1 DW, relative water content at 80.76%, membrane stability index at 67.62%, as well as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), and stomatal conductance (gs). Furthermore, this treatment showcases the highest antioxidant enzyme activities (Superoxide dismutase, SOD at 9.27 A564 min−1 g−1 protein, Catalase, CAT at 78.53 A564 min−1 g−1 protein, Peroxihdase, POX at 1.86 A564 min−1 g−1 protein), as well as NPK content and uptake in wheat straw and grains. Additionally, it leads to significant increases in wheat growth parameters, including plant height, straw weight, grain weight, 1000 grain weight, and protein content. However, it also results in a notable decrease in other parameters such as total soluble sugars and nonenzymatic antioxidants (Ascorbate, AsA; Total glutathione, GsH; and α-Tocopherol, α-TOC).

Integrating field surveys and remote sensing to optimize phosphorus resource management for rainfed rice production in the Central plateau of Burkina Faso.

Rice production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is restricted by low water availability, soil fertility, and fertilizer input, and phosphate rock (PR) application is expected to increase production. Soil water conditions and soil types affect the efficacy of phosphorus fertilization in improving productivity. However, these factors are rarely discussed together. In this study, we aimed to investigate the soil types and soil water conditions in the fields, as well as their effects on rice productivity after phosphorus fertilization, and optimize the findings using remote sensing techniques. A soil profiling survey, followed by a field experiment in seven farmer fields, was performed in the Central plateau of Burkina Faso. The following treatments were applied: nitrogen and potassium fertilization without phosphorus (NK), PR application with NK (NK+PR), and triple super phosphate (TSP) application with NK (NK+TSP). Submergence duration and cumulative water depth were recorded manually. The inundation score, estimated using a digital elevation model, explained the distribution of soil types and soil water conditions and correlated negatively with sand content and positively with silt and clay content, indicating an illuvial accumulation of fine soil particles with nutrient transportation. The field experiment showed that although grain yield was significantly restricted by phosphorus deficiency, the increase in yield after phosphorus fertilization was higher in Lixisols and Luvisols than in Cambisols because of the low Bray-2-phosphorus content of Lixisols and Luvisols. The inundation score correlated positively with grain yields after NK+PR and NK+TSP treatments. In conclusion, soils with low inundation scores (mainly Lixisols and Luvisols) showed a drastic increase in grain yield after TSP application, whereas those with high inundation scores showed comparable yields after PR and TSP application despite the low phosphorus fertilization effect. Our findings would help optimize fertilization practices to increase rice productivity in SSA.

Rice Response to Struvite and Other Phosphorus Fertilizers in a Phosphorus-Deficient Soil Under Simulated Furrow-irrigation

AbstractWastewater-recovered phosphorus (P), in the form of the mineral struvite (MgNH4PO4⋅6H2O), may provide a sustainable alternative to decreasing rock-phosphate reserves. Struvite can be generated via precipitation methods, potentially reducing the amount of P runoff to aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this greenhouse tub study was to evaluate the effects of chemically- and electrochemically precipitated struvite (CPST and ECST, respectively) on above- and belowground plant response in a hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) cultivar grown using furrow-irrigation compared to other common fertilizer-P sources [i.e., triple super phosphate (TSP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP)]. Rice was grown in tubs in controlled environmental conditions in a greenhouse for a full growing season in a P-deficient, silt-loam soil (Typic Glossaqualfs). Plant nutrients (i.e., N. P. K. Mg, Zn) were determined at the end of the growing season through Mehlich-3 extraction. Below- and aboveground rice dry matter (DM), root-P concentration and uptake, aboveground tissue-P uptake, total aboveground and total plant DM, grain yield, and grain P uptake from CPST and ECST did not differ from DAP or TSP. However, aboveground tissue-P concentration was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from TSP (0.05%) than from ECST, CPST, and the unamended control (UC). Total aboveground (i.e., vegetative plus grain) tissue-P uptake was largest (P &lt; 0.05) from TSP (4.8 g m− 2), which did not differ from DAP or CPST, and was at least 1.1 times greater than from ECST and the UC. Despite only a few differences from the UC, the many similar rice responses among struvite and other common fertilizer-P sources suggest that struvite, especially ECST, is a potential alternative fertilizer-P source that warrants further research into struvite’s role in food production.

Utilizing chicken manure incineration ash as a phosphorus and silicon source to mitigate boron absorption in barley grown on boron-contaminated soil

Excessive boron (B) levels in soil can lead to toxicity in plants, impacting their growth and productivity. Effective strategies to reduce B uptake are important for improving crop performance in contaminated soils. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of chicken manure incineration ash (CMA) and triple superphosphate (TSP) on B uptake in barley plants grown in B-contaminated soil. Before the experiment, the chemical composition and molecular structure of CMA were analyzed using XRF, XRD and SEM. The soil was contaminated with 15 mg kg−1 of B, and both TSP and CMA were applied at rates of 40, 80, and 160 mg kg−1 of phosphorus (P). Neither P source had a significant impact on plant dry weight. However, increasing doses of applied TSP and CMA increased plant P concentration while significantly decreasing B concentration. Particularly with CMA applied at 160 mg kg−1 P dose, plant B concentration decreased to the lowest level of 194 mg kg−1. Increasing P doses led to a slight decrease in plant silicon (Si) concentration. The pH of soil samples taken after the experiment slightly increased with CMA treatments compared to TSP. The available P concentration in soils increased with increasing P doses. The available B concentration decreased with increasing P doses, especially reducing to the lowest level of 2.52 mg kg−1 in soils with a 40 mg kg−1 P, CMA. In conclusion, in addition to the effect of P, the molecular structure of P is also important in reducing B uptake in barley.

Radish and Spinach Seedling Production and Early Growth in Response to Struvite Use as a Phosphorus Source.

To sustain the increasing needs of a rapidly growing population, agriculture has relied on the use of synthetic fertilizers to intensify its production. However, the economical, environmental and health impacts associated with their use have raised significant concerns, especially given the scarcity of phosphorus. Utilizing nutrient-recovered materials like struvite can enhance circularity in agriculture and reduce its reliance on synthetic fertilizers. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of struvite as a complete substitute to triple superphosphate, for radish and spinach seedling production and early growth, with or without supplementary fertigation. In addition, two rates of struvite were examined (0.68 and 1.37 g L-1 substrate) to evaluate its solubility. In the germination of radish, struvite had similar performance with conventional fertilization, while in spinach, the use of struvite decreased mean germination times. Both plants maintained comparable growth, chlorophyll content and antioxidant capacity when struvite was used, in comparison to conventional fertilizers. However, higher struvite rates under un-fertigated conditions significantly increased the chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls in the spinach, while phenolics and flavonoids decreased, contingent on the fertigation applications. In the radish, struvite maintained similar MDA and H2O2 levels to conventional fertilization, while decreases occurred in the spinach, with the application of ST1 under un-fertigated conditions, compared with conventional fertilization. The P and N contents of the plants were also affected, though these effects varied depending on the plant species, fertigation applications and struvite rates. This variance can be attributed to the characteristics of struvite, the plant species and the cultivation practices. The results of this study suggest that struvite can be successfully implemented in seedling production, establishing significant prospects for its commercialization and use in nurseries.

Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Commonly Used Fertilizers for Polyculture Fish Ponds and Its Implications for Human Health: A Comprehensive Investigation.

Over-fertilizing fish ponds can cause pollution, introducing heavy metals into the food chain and posing health risks. The present study investigated the incidence of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Cr) in commonly applied fertilizers, including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), triple superphosphate (TSP), and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and their association with heavy metals in water, sediment, and cultured fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio) in polyculture fish ponds. The study was conducted over 4months, with four groups in triplicates: control (no fertilizer), group 1 (NPK), group 2 (TSP), and group 3 (DAP). Heavy metal analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry before and after fertilizer application. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of heavy metals were observed in water and sediment after applying fertilizers, with the most pronounced results in group 3 (DAP) followed by group 2 (TSP). The concentration of heavy metals was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in group 3 (DAP) fertilizers compared to other groups. Compared to the control, the concentration and bioaccumulation of heavy metals were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the fertilizer-applied groups, with notably higher levels in group 3 (DAP). Cluster analysis and the correlation matrix did not show any significant association between the heavy metals and the fertilizers, indicating a complex interplay between the biotic and abiotic factors of the system. The health index (HI) value was < 1 in fish muscles of all studied groups, indicating the fish are safe for consumption. The study recommends monitoring and regulating fertilizer use, especially DAP, to prevent heavy metal contamination, and exploring sustainable alternatives to minimize environmental and health risks.

Dietary superdosing of phytase positively affects growth, mineral utilization and amino acid availability of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

The present study investigated the effects of supplementing high levels (superdosing) of dietary phytase on growth performance, mineral utilization and digestibility of amino acids in different regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fingerling channel catfish. The negative control (NC) diet was formulated with primarily soybean meal as a protein feedstuff which contributed 0.61 % total phosphorus (P) but was deficient in available P at 0.11 % of diet. Five other diets were formulated either with supplemental monocalcium phosphate at 1 % of diet in the positive control (PC), or supplemented with Quantum Blue phytase (AB Vista, Plantation, Florida) at 1000, 2000, 4000, or 8000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of diet. Groups of 20 catfish were each stocked into 24 aquaria operated as a closed, recirculating system with biological and mechanical filtration. All dietary treatments were assigned randomly to quadruplicate aquaria and initially fed at 6 % of total body weight per day. Feed quantities were adjusted weekly after weighing all fish in each aquarium as a group, and feeding levels were maintained close to apparent satiation throughout the 8-week feeding trial. Phytase supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased various responses of channel catfish including weight gain, feed efficiency, and protein retention compared to catfish fed the NC diet, resulting in values that were similar to catfish fed the PC diet. Moreover, catfish fed the phytase-supplemented diets had higher bone ash, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), P, manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), as well as retention of Ca, Mg, P, iron (Fe), Mn, and Zn in whole-body tissues. Additionally, apparent availability of P from the posterior intestinal region increased with dietary phytase supplementation, with reduced excretion of nitrogen, Ca, Mg, P, copper (Cu), Mn, and Zn observed in comparison to fish fed the NC diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients for many of the indispensable and dispensable amino acids were increased by phytase supplementation, except for histidine, methionine, threonine, and taurine. This improvement in amino acid availability occurred only in the posterior region of the gastrointestinal tract. Channel catfish fed the diet containing 4000 FTU/kg diet had the highest postprandial plasma phosphorus level most of the time, except at 24 h after feeding. Based on these various responses, the optimal dietary phytase dosage was determined to average 5492 FTU/kg diet.

Bioaccumulation and health risks of chromium and cadmium in &lt;em&gt;Basella alba&lt;/em&gt; with emphasis on Urea, muriate of potash and triple super phosphate mixtures

Basella alba is a commonly consumed green leafy vegetable in South Asian countries and it is considered as an economical source of essential vitamins and dietary fibers. Urea, muriate of potash (MOP) and triple super phosphate (TSP) mixture is the most commonly used inexpensive fertilizer mixture in the commercial cultivation of B. alba. This study was conducted to assess the effect of using a mixture of Urea-MOP-TSP on the bioaccumulation potential of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) by the leaves of B. alba. Pots treated with the Urea-MOP-TSP mixture and compost were maintained in a greenhouse with controlled light and temperature settings. The concentrations of Cd and Cr in the root zone soil, roots and leaves of B. alba were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer after acid digestion. The health risk of consuming B. alba was evaluated using the daily intake of metals, health risk index and cancer risk index. The results showed that Cd and Cr can bioaccumulate in the leaves of B. alba. The bioaccumulation potential of Cr was higher than that of Cd. Although the daily intake of Cd and Cr from B. alba were below the maximum values stipulated by the WHO, the cancer risk index indicated potential cancer risks based on Cd intake due to consumption of B. alba cultivated using the Urea-MOP-TSP mixture. Furthermore, the health risks associated with the hyper-accumulation of Cd and Cr in the edible parts of B. alba cultivated using compost were significantly less compared to that of the plants treated with the Urea-MOP-TSP mixture. Therefore, if B. alba is cultivated using chemical fertilizer, it is recommended to regularly monitor the concentrations of Cd and Cr in the cultivation soil, chemical fertilizer and in the edible parts of B. alba to prevent the excessive buildup of Cd and Cr along the food chain. In addition, it is recommended to identify the potential microbial assemblages that can be inoculated to the cultivation soil to reduce the bioavailability of Cd and Cr.