Triple Superphosphate Fertilizer Research Articles

A comparative study between the efficacy of fertigation and spraying procedures in terms of the content of Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) in greenhouse cucumber.

A comparative study between fertigation and spraying procedures in terms of the status of Cadmium (Cd) and Arsenic (As) in greenhouse cucumber was conducted as a two-factor split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2023. The main and sub-factors were respectively fertigation and spraying that were used in two levels [the maximum permissible concentration of Cd and As in granular triple super phosphate fertilizer (25ppm Cd and 50ppm As) and the minimum permissible concentration of these metals in granular triple super phosphate fertilizer (5ppm Cd and 5ppm As)]. Spraying was done in three modes (spraying of leaves, leaves and fruit, and fruit). On average, the results showed that the order of the concentration of Cd in plant tissues (DW) was as leaf (0.284mg/kg) > fruit peel (0.102mg/kg) > fruit peel + flesh (0.054mg/kg) > fruit flesh (0.044mg/kg). This order for As was as leaf (0.608mg/kg) > fruit flesh (0.127mg/kg) > fruit peel + flesh (0.109mg/kg) > fruit peel (0.072mg/kg). Based on the measurements, the spraying procedure accumulated more amounts of Cd and As in the fruit (i.e., peel + flesh) than the fertigation procedure. In general, it is concluded that under soilless culture, the status of heavy metals in plant tissues of greenhouse cucumber is related to the nature of the metal, the organ exposed to the metal, and the fertilization procedure. Because there is the risk of contamination of vegetables grown in the areas fertigated and sprayed with poor-quality nutrient solutions in terms of the content of heavy metals, the frequency of fertigation and spraying needs to be monitored continuously for the quality of the vegetables cultivated in greenhouses.

Spraying or fertigation? looking for the better method in terms of the lower concentration of Pb and Ni in greenhouse cucumber.

This study was conducted to investigate the status of Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni) in greenhouse cucumber affected by fertigation and spraying as a factorial split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2023. The main and sub-plots were respectively fertigation and spraying that was applied in two levels [the minimum permissible concentration of these metals in granular triple super phosphate fertilizer (five ppm Pb and five ppm Ni) as the control treatment, and the maximum permissible concentration of Pb and Ni in granular triple super phosphate fertilizer (50 ppm Pb and 100 ppm Ni)]. Spraying was done in three modes (spraying leaves, leaves + fruit, and fruit). Based on the results, the highest concentration of Pb in the fruit (fruit peel + fruit flesh) (0.295 mg/kg DW) was recorded in the fertigation + spraying with the maximum permissible concentrations of Pb and Ni treatments. A general comparison between the two fertilization methods showed that the sprayingmethod accumulated a higher concentration of Pb in the fruit (i.e., peel + flesh) than the fertigation method. The reverse of this status happened for Ni, so the fertigation method accumulated a higher concentration of Ni in the fruit (skin + flesh) compared to the spraying method. On average, the order of Pb concentration in different organs was as follows: leaf (0.765mg/kg) > fruit peel (0.232mg/kg) > fruit peel + flesh (0.174mg/kg) > fruit flesh (0.129mg/kg). This order for Ni was as follows: fruit flesh (0.597mg/kg) > fruit peel + flesh (0.345mg/kg) > leaf (0.3mg/kg) > fruit peel (0.175mg/kg). These orders show that the status of the heavy metals in plant tissues is related to the nature of the metal, the type of the organ, and the method of fertilization.

ZIF-8 metal organic framework, carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol bio-nanocomposite controlled-release phosphorus fertilizer: Improved P management and tomato growth

This study is concerned with the synthesis, characterization, and application of bio-nanocomposite films using a mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) integrated with zeolitic imidazolate type 8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs). The advanced bio-nanocomposites were employed as a coating for triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers, and their impact on tomato plant growth was evaluated. The successful integration of ZIF-8 into the composite matrix was determined by distinct changes in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, indicating significant structural modifications. Morphological analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed alterations in the surface characteristics of the CMC/PVA films. Furthermore, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the elemental composition of the resulting nanocomposite. The precision-coated TSP fertilizers exhibited a notable enhancement in mechanical strength, as evidenced by their superior resistance to crushing. The coated TSP also exhibited a controlled release of phosphorus over time, prolonging the release of phosphorus for up to 9 days in water and 50 days in soil. In soil, the 0.5 % ZIF-8 NP coating delayed the release of phosphorus, with only 12.29 ± 2.75 % released after five days compared to 96.96 ± 2.03 % for uncoated TSP. The application of coated TSP fertilizers to tomato plants (of the MARIA variety) resulted in a 13.79 % increase in leaf number and a 15.83 % increase in plant height compared to uncoated TSP. This research underscores the pivotal role of advanced coating fertilizers in fostering sustainable and efficient agricultural practices, thereby making a substantial contribution to the advancement of innovative agrochemical solutions.

Synergistic effects of microbial inoculation, different forms of iron application, and phosphorus on wheat growth and nutrient uptake in alkaline soil

Iron and phosphorus deficiencies in alkaline soils threaten wheat by limiting nutrient availability due to their antagonistic relationship. This study tested if combining microbial incubation with foliar iron could synergistically improve wheat productivity and nutrition and mitigate deficiencies. A field experiment using a split plot design tested different iron and phosphate fertilization techniques. The main plots consisted of three iron application methods: foliar-applied iron (FL) at 2.5 kg ha−1, soil-applied iron (FS) at 5 kg ha−1, and no iron (F0). The subplots comprised four phosphate fertilizers: PSB + TSP (inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria + 100 kg ha−1 of triple superphosphate fertilizer), AMF + TSP (inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi + triple superphosphate), TSP alone, and no phosphorus (P0). Foliar iron application with AMF + TSP increased seed potassium and root length density by 16.3-17.9% and 22.1-25.8% more than PSB + TSP, respectively. Under FS conditions, AMF + TSP exhibited 28.5-29.1% lower magnesium and 23.9-28.4% higher zinc seed concentrations compared to PSB + TSP, as well as higher levels of soluble proteins and lower concentrations of chlorophyll. There was no difference in grain yield between PSB + TSP and AMF + TSP for any of the iron treatments. Combining AMF + TSP and foliar iron application resulted in the highest grain yield, desirable seed nutrient content (particularly zinc, iron (>100 mg kg−1), and magnesium (>18 mg kg−1), improved root biomass, chlorophyll, and soluble proteins compared to PSB + TSP and TSP alone. This combination of microbial inoculation with foliar iron application is an effective strategy for mitigating the antagonism between iron and phosphorus and improving both crop productivity and nutrition.

Effect of triple superphosphate fertilizer and spraying with licorice root extract In the growth and production of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill

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PFAS fate using lysimeters during degraded soil reclamation using biosolids.

Carbon- and nutrient-rich biosolids are used in agriculture and land reclamation. However, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) typically present in biosolids raise concerns of PFAS leaching to groundwater and plant uptake. Here, we investigated PFAS persistence and leaching from biosolids applied to a site constructed artificially to mimic degraded soils. Treatments included biosolids and biosolids blended with mulch applied at different rates to attain either one and five times the agronomic N rate for vegetable crops and a control treatment with synthetic urea and triple superphosphate fertilizer. Leachates were collected for a 2-year period from 15-cm depth zero-tension drainage lysimeters. Soils were analyzed post biosolids application. PFAS were quantified using isotope-dilution, solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Leachate profiles exemplified an initial high total PFAS concentration, followed by a sharp decline and subsequent small fluctuations attributed to pre-existing soil conditions and rainfall patterns. Quantifiable PFAS in leachate were proportional to biosolids application rates. Short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (CF2<6) were dominant in leachate, while the percentage of longer chains homologues was higher in soils. A 43% biosolids blend with mulch resulted in 21% lower PFAS leachate concentrations even with the blend application rate being 1.5 times higher than biosolids due to the blend's lower N-content. The blending effect was more pronounced for long-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids that have a greater retention by soils and the air-water interface. Biosolids blending as a pragmatic strategy for reducing PFAS leachate concentrations may aid in the sustainable beneficial reuse of biosolids.

Recycled Iron Phosphates: A New Phosphorus Fertilizer for Paddy Rice.

The potential of recycled iron phosphates (FePs), e.g., vivianites (Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O) and Fe(III)-rich phosphorus (P) adsorbent materials, as phosphorus fertilizer is limited by the strong interaction between Fe and P. In this study, the efficiency of FePs as P fertilizer was explored by applying them as granules or powder in flooded strongly P-fixing soils (acid and calcareous), thereby taking advantage of increased P release induced by reductive dissolution of P-bearing Fe(III) minerals. First, no P diffusion from granular FeP fertilizers into flooded soils was detectable by the diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) technique and microfocused X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) analysis of thin soil sections, in contrast to detectable P diffusion away from granules of soluble triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizer. On the contrary, powdered FePs demonstrated an excellent increase in extractable P (1 mM CaCl2) in a 120-day incubation experiment in flooded soils. Second, a pot experiment was performed with rice (Oryza sativa) grown in flooded acid and calcareous soils. The fertilizer value of FePs was remarkable when dosed as powder, as it was even up to 3-fold higher than TSP in the acid soil and similar to TSP in the calcareous soil. The beneficial effect of FeP over TSP in the acid soil is attributed to the slow release of P from FePs, which allows to partly overcome P fixation. The promising results of FePs as P fertilizer applied as powders in flooded soils debunk the generally accepted idea that FePs are poor sources of P while demonstrating the importance of the timing of FeP fertilizer application.

Evaluating the agronomic efficiency of alternative phosphorus sources applied in Brazilian tropical soils

Understanding the efficacy of alternative phosphorus (P) sources in tropical soils is crucial for sustainable farming, addressing resource constraints, mitigating environmental impact, improving crop productivity, and optimizing soil-specific solutions. While the topic holds great importance, current literature falls short in providing thorough, region-specific studies on the effectiveness of alternative P sources in Brazilian tropical soils for maize cultivation. Our aim was to assess the agronomic efficiency of alternative P sources concerning maize crop (Zea mays L.) attributes, including height, shoot dry weight, stem diameter, and nutrient accumulation, across five Brazilian tropical soils. In greenhouse conditions, we carried out a randomized complete block design, investigating two factors (soil type and P sources), evaluating five tropical soils with varying clay contents and three alternative sources of P, as well as a commercial source and a control group. We evaluated maize crop attributes such as height, dry weight biomass, and nutrient accumulation, P availability and agronomic efficiency. Our results showed that, although triple superphosphate (TSP) exhibited greater values than alternative P sources (precipitated phosphorus 1, precipitated phosphorus 2 and reactive phosphate) for maize crop attributes (e.g., height, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium and magnesium accumulation). For instance, PP1 source increased nutrient accumulation for phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) by 37.05% and 75.98% (P), 34.39% and 72.07% (N), and 41.94% and 72.69% (S) in comparison to PP2 and RP, respectively. Additionally, PP1 substantially increased P availability in soils with high clay contents 15 days after planting (DAP), showing increases of 61.90%, 99.04%, and 38.09% greater than PP2, RP, and TSP. For Ca and Mg accumulation, the highest values were found in the COxisol2 soil when PP2 was applied, Ca = 44.31% and 69.48%; and Mg = 46.23 and 75.79%, greater than PP1 and RP, respectively. Finally, the highest values for relative agronomic efficiency were observed in COxisol2 when PP1 was applied. The precipitated phosphate sources (PP1 and PP2) exhibited a similar behavior to that of the commercial source (TSP), suggesting their potential use to reduce reliance on TSP fertilization, especially in soils with low clay contents. This study emphasized strategies for soil P management, aimed at assisting farmers in enhancing maize crop productivity while simultaneously addressing the effectiveness of alternative P sources of reduced costs.

Parsley production using organic sources of phosphorus

Parsley is a condiment produced mainly by small producers, often in the organic system. Organic fertilizers make nutrients slowly available to plants when compared to inorganic fertilizers, an important quality for phosphorus (P), which is a nutrient that tends to fixate and adsorption. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the production of parsley with the use of organic sources of phosphorus in different proportions. Fourteen treatments were evaluated, resulting from the factorial 6 x 2 + 2: six proportions of two phosphate fertilizers (thermophosphate Yoorin® (TY) and bone meal (BM)), two doses (recommended (180 kg.ha-1 of P2O5, and double this) + two controls (without phosphate fertilizer; and with inorganic triple superphosphate fertilizer (recommended dose)). The proportions were: 100% P with TY; 80% P with TY + 20% with BM; 60% P with TY + 40% with BM; 40% P with TY + 60% with BM; 20% P with TY + 80% with BM; 100% P with BM. Shoot height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaves in two harvests and the total of these two harvests were evaluated. No significant differences were obtained in the two harvests. The lack of effect to phosphate fertilization may be related to the high initial P content in the soil (123 mg.dm-3), which shows that in this case, fertilization with this nutrient is not necessary to produce parsley, despite the official recommendation to fertilize with phosphorus in a soil with a high P content.

Unexpectedly, triple super phosphate fertilizer induces maize drought resilience

Phosphorus fertilizer is commonly applied to soils in crop production as diammonium phosphate (DAP). To decrease ammonium addition to the environment, triple super phosphate (TSP) is being considered as a DAP replacement. This study was undertaken to compare the response of maize plants to soil fertilization with TSP vs. DAP under well-watered conditions, under soil-drying conditions, and root hydraulic conductance. It was found for well-watered conditions in a controlled environment that there was no difference in plant growth between DAP to TSP treatments. In soil dry-down experiments, however, the initiation of the decrease in transpiration rate was unexpectedly quite different between DAP and TSP treatments. The soil water content threshold for initiation of decrease in transpiration rate with DAP treatment (average fraction transpirable soil water for two experiments = 0.285) was consistent with common observations, but the threshold associated with TSP treatment occurred at an unusually high soil water content (average fraction transpirable soil water for two experiments = 0.545). The higher threshold with TSP resulted in an extended period of soil water use, i.e. soil water conservation. Soil water conservation resulting from the TSP treatment was associated with a 27% greater shoot mass accumulation following a 4-wk re-watering period after the water-deficit treatment than measured with the DAP treatment. The high threshold for decrease in transpiration resulting from TSP was consistent with measured lower root hydraulic conductance as compared to DAP treatment. The unexpected discovery of TSP-induced initiation of transpiration rate decrease at high soil water content is consistent with greater crop drought resilience.

Assessment of radioactivity level and associated radiological hazard in fertilizer from Dhaka.

Miners, factory workers, traders, end-users, and foodstuff consumers all run the risk of encountering health hazards derived from the presence of elevated levels of radiation in fertilizers, as these groups often come into direct or indirect contact with fertilizers as well as raw materials throughout various linked processes such as mineral extractions, fertilizer production, agricultural practices. A total of 30 samples of various kinds of fertilizer produced in different factories in Dhaka megacity were analyzed to quantify the concentrations of primordial radionuclides using HPGe detector. Among the analyzed samples, average (range) concentration of 40K was found to be 9920 ± 1091 (8700 ± 957-11,500 ± 1265), 9100 ± 1001 (8600 ± 946-9600 ± 1056), 2565 ± 282 (2540 ± 279-2590 ± 285), and 3560 ± 392 (2620 ± 288-4500 ± 495) Bq/kg in the samples of Muriate of Potash Fertilizer, Sulphate of Potash Fertilizer, Humic Acid Fertilizer, and NPKS Fertilizer, respectively. Elevated concentration of 226Ra was found in Triple Super Phosphate Fertilizer with a mean (range) of 335 ± 37 (290 ± 32-380 ± 42) Bq/kg. The higher activity of 40K can be linked to the greater levels of elemental potassium in phosphate fertilizer. Elevated concentrations of radionuclides may also result from variations in chemical processes as well as the local geology of the mining areas where the raw materials were extracted for fertilizer production. Numerous fertilizer brands surpass prescribed limits for various hazardous parameters, presenting significant health risks to factory workers, farmers, and consumers of agricultural products. This study provides baseline information on the radioactivity of fertilizers, which could be used to develop mitigation methods, establish national fertilizer usage limits, justify regulatory frameworks, and raise public awareness of fertilizer overuse. The findings of the study could potentially help to explore the impact of fertilizer on the food chain.

Assessing the influence of diverse phosphorus sources on bacterial communities and the abundance of phosphorus cycle genes in acidic paddy soils.

The impact of chemical fertilizers on soil microbial communities is well acknowledged. This study assesses the influence of various phosphorus sources on soil bacterial composition, abundance, and Phosphorus Cycle Gene Abundance. Three phosphorus sources (natural phosphate rock, triple super phosphate (TSP), and chemical fertilizer NPK) were field tested following two rice cultivation cycles. Soil samples were subsequently collected and analyzed for bacterial groups and phosphorus cycle genes. Results indicated that the bacterial community composition remained consistent, comprising five main phyla: Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Halobacterota, and Chloroflexia, regardless of fertilizer type. NPK fertilizer significantly reduced the relative abundance of Chloroflexia by 19% and Firmicutes by 16.4%, while increasing Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria by 27.5 and 58.8%, respectively. TSP fertilizer increased Actinobacteria by 27.1% and Halobacterota by 24.8%, but reduced Chloroflexia by 8.6%, Firmicutes by 12.6%, and Proteobacteria by 0.6%. Phosphate rock application resulted in reductions of Chloroflexia by 27.1%, Halobacterota by 22.9%, and Firmicutes by 6.2%, alongside increases in Actinobacteria by 46.6% and Proteobacteria by 23.8%. Combined application of TSP, NPK, and phosphate rock led to increases in Proteobacteria (24-40%) and Actinobacteria (13-39%), and decreases in Chloroflexia (5.2-22%) and Firmicutes (6-12.3%) compared to the control (T0). While the different phosphorus sources did not alter the composition of phosphorus cycle genes, they did modulate their abundance. NPK fertilizer did not significantly affect ppK genes (57-59%) but reduced gcd (100 to 69%), 3-phytase (74 to 34%), appA (91 to 63%), and phoD (83 to 67%). Phosphate rock reduced appA and gcd by 27 and 15%, respectively, while increasing 3-phytase by 19%. TSP decreased ppK and phoD by 42 and 40%, respectively, and gcd and appA by 34 and 56%, respectively. Combined fertilizers reduced appA (49 to 34%), 3-phytase (10 to 0%), and gcd (27 to 6%), while increasing ppK (72 to 100%). Among tested phosphorus sources, natural phosphate rock was best, causing moderate changes in bacterial composition and phosphorus genes, supporting balanced soil microbial activity. These findings highlight the complex interactions between fertilizers and soil microbial communities, underscoring the need for tailored fertilization strategies to maintain soil health and optimize agricultural productivity.

Effect of adding CaCO3 and triple superphosphate fertilizer on growth and the content of alizarin of Rubia tinctorum L. in field conditions

Effect of adding CaCO3 and triple superphosphate fertilizer on growth and the content of alizarin of Rubia tinctorum L. in field conditions

Metabolic and transcriptomic effects of Aphanothece sp. biostimulant on tomato plant growth and phosphorus acquisition

AbstractBackgroundPhosphorus (P) fertilizers, made from rock phosphate, increase crop yields. However, rock phosphate is a finite resource, stressing the need for more P‐efficient crops.AimsThis study aims to exploit P‐adaptive traits that enhance P‐acquisition and P‐use efficiency in crops, as a potential sustainable P‐use management method in agricultural settings.MethodsThis study investigates the biostimulant effects of Aphanothece sp. extracts (ApE) on P absorption efficiency traits of tomato plants supplied with triple super phosphate fertilizer (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 mM Pi).ResultsApE extracts exhibited significant effects on P uptake, Lycopersicum esculentum high‐affinity phosphate transporter (LePT) genes, chlorophyll, and lipid contents, compared with control plants. ApE significantly enhanced leaf LePT4 in ApE‐treated plants supplied with 0.3 mM Pi, and root LePT2 in ApE‐treated plants supplied with 0.6 mM Pi. According to principal component analysis, P concentration in roots (root Pi) was closely associated with root dry weight (DW), root LePT2, and leaf LePT4. The phytohormone, gibberellin gibberellic acid 4, slightly correlated with root Pi, LePT2 (0.18), LePT4 (0.28), and more with root (0.72) and shoot DW (0.60), whereas abscisic acid correlated with chlorophyll content (0.60), LePT2 (0.50), and LePT4 (0.49), and slightly with root Pi (0.22). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis also showed that the application of ApE to plants stimulated the biosynthesis of several metabolites. The metabolic pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst revealed that ApE treatment induced the unsaturated fatty acid, steroid, cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis pathways.ConclusionsApE application to tomato plants stimulated P uptake by roots through enhanced expression of high‐affinity P transporters (root LePT2 and leaf LePT4), positively correlated with root DW and root Pi. The study also suggests that algal extracts stimulate plant growth through improved P uptake and modulate the plant's metabolic pathways that favor crop performance in tomato plants under normal Pi conditions.

Potential Use of Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacteria in Soybean Culture

Using microorganisms to enhance crop productivity is an active and increasing field of research, which encompasses the productive, environmental, and economic aspects of agricultural production to obtain high-quality crops with a reduction in the need for fertilizers. Among the nutrients necessary for plant growth, phosphorous is problematic due to its low availability and its susceptibility to convert into non-labile forms. In this regard, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) can be an interesting tool to improve phosphorous availability and to reduce the requirements of phosphate fertilizers. This work aimed to evaluate the potential use of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in the supply of phosphorus and soybean development. This study was conducted in the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 harvests. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, containing seven treatments and six replicates. The treatments consisted of five doses of phosphate fertilization, using triple superphosphate fertilizer, associated with the application of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium bacteria, and two treatments, with and without the use of phosphorous fertilizer and without the use of an inoculant. Plant tissue nutrients and biometric and productive parameters of the crop were assessed. According to the observed results, applying PSB associated with phosphate fertilization and phosphate fertilization alone did not influence soybean’s nutritional, biometric, and productive parameters in the two harvests. Thus, the application of B. subtilis and B. megaterium, either associated or not associated with phosphate fertilization, does not contribute to the nutrition, development, and yield of soybean crops in soil with a naturally low P content, considering the climatic and soil conditions of the study.

Establishing phosphorus critical values for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fertilization with phosphate fertilizers on the Sudan savanna soils using three soil phosphorus extraction methods and field experimentation in Kano State, Nigeria

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) production, as it stimulates root growth by improving water use efficiency and nutrient uptake. It also helps control the metabolic processes of ATP (energy), sugars, and nucleic acids. Therefore, it is imperative to effectively manage the phosphorus requirements of tomatoes to bolster their productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of three different soil P testing methods that are suitable for the soils of Kano State, Nigeria, and to develop a critical P-value for fertilizer recommendations for tomatoes. Accordingly, sixty topsoil samples were collected for soil available P testing according to the Bray II, Mehlich 3, and Olsen methods. Moreover, to establish the phosphorus critical value (Pc) for tomatoes, a field experiment was conducted with seven different rates of P using triple super phosphate fertilizer (TSP), viz., 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 kg P/ha, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications on 15 experimental sites representing the various agroecological zones of the state. Phosphorus fertilizer was applied and incorporated into the soil 1 week before tomato transplanting. Then, soil samples from 0 to 20 cm depth were taken 3 weeks after transplanting from all the plots across the experimental sites for separate Mehlich 3, Bray II, and Olsen extractable P analysis to determine the critical soil P (Pc) test. The study revealed that available P was varied and increased in the order of Olsen (2.19 ppm)&amp;lt; Mehlich 3 (5.37 ppm)&amp;lt; Bray II (5.44 ppm), and the Mehlich 3 and Bray II extraction methods were strongly correlated, whereas Olsen underestimated the available P, showing a weak correlation with both Mehlich 3 and Bray II. Furthermore, the study showed that phosphorus critical (Pc) values were 17.00, 14.00, and 4 ppm for Mehlich 3, Bray II, and Olsen respectively. Finally, Bray II was a more reliable method for estimating the available P on moderately acid soils as it showed the highest correlation r = 0.83 with the relative yield of the tomatoes and, therefore, was the most effective method for developing the equation for the soil test-based phosphatic fertilizer recommendation for maximizing tomato production in the soils of Kano State. Hence, the equation developed for the P fertilizer recommendation (Pr) for tomatoes in Kano State was found to be “Pr (kg P2O5 ha−1) = (14.0 − Pi) × 9.02”.

Effect of Phosphorous and Biochar Levels on Phosphorous Concentration in Plants and some Growth Characteristics and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was carried out during the 2021-2022 agricultural season in Al Bandar area, which is located 10 km east of the center of Samawah city - Muthanna governorate on the left side of the Euphrates River to find out the effect of phosphorous and biochar levels on the growth characteristics and yield of bread wheat, triple superphosphate fertilizer TSP (21%) was used. as a source of phosphorous fertilizer with five levels (0, 50, 75, 100 and 150%) of the fertilizer recommendation (120 kg P ha−1) and biochar was used, as a volume of 120 cm3 was added to a box with three size levels (0%, 1% and 2%) It was added at once before planting, the experiment was carried out using a design (RCBD) with three replicates, The levels of phosphorous and biochar achieved the best values in all study parameters.

Impacts of U.S. countervailing duties on phosphate fertilizers

AbstractCountervailing duties are a trade policy instrument by which importing governments tax imports that are found to benefit from foreign subsidies. Thus, in effect, these duties attempt to remedy market distortions generated by foreign subsidies by further distorting market mechanisms. On March 11, 2021, the U.S. International Trade Commission issued duties ranging between 19.97% and 47.05% on Moroccan phosphate imports upon finding that Moroccan exports had been receiving unfair government subsidies. In this research, we estimate the impacts of these duties on U.S. diammonium phosphate and triple superphosphate fertilizers, as well as long‐run downstream prices of five U.S. row crops with the largest phosphate usage. Using these results, we assess the implications for gross receipts in the U.S. fertilizer industry and gross margins for American farmers. We also calculate the implied change in expenditure for agricultural end users. We find that the countervailing duties have increased U.S. phosphate fertilizer prices by approximately 34% over counterfactual levels. This corresponds to an expected downstream price response ranging from around 10% for corn, cotton, and sorghum to between 1% and 4% for soybeans and wheat. This market distortion generates a $23 billion increase in gross receipts for a concentrated domestic fertilizer industry while shrinking gross margins for American farmers by 2% and 8% and increasing agricultural user expenditures by approximately $10.84 billion.

Crop nutrition and grain yield as affected by phosphorus fertilization and continued use of phosphogypsum in an Oxisol under no-till management

ABSTRACT The benefits of applying phosphogypsum to the soil are widely known. However, the effect of phosphogypsum on phosphate fertilization efficiency is still unclear. A long-term field experiment was performed on an Oxisol in Parana State, Brazil to evaluate the effects of triple superphosphate (TSP) and phosphogypsum application rates on nutrition and grain yield of soybean, wheat, and black oat under no-till. Applying TSP in the sowing furrow of soybean and wheat increased soybean yield by 14 to 24%, wheat yield by 57%, and black oat yield by 78%. Soybean yields varied in different cropping seasons in response to phosphogypsum application (with no response to increases of up to 15% in yield), while phosphogypsum increased wheat yield by 23% and black oat yield by 59%. The water balance during crop flowering possibly interfered on crop yield response to phosphogypsum. The use of phosphogypsum increased agronomic P-use efficiency by 20%, regardless of the TSP-P application rates. Changes in P-leaf concentration caused by TSP fertilization and phosphogypsum use had a positive impact on crop grain yield. Our results reveal that the continued use of phosphogypsum to alleviate subsoil acidity could increase the phosphate fertilization efficiency and improve crop yield performance under drought stress.

Evaluation of phosphorus runoff from sandy soils under conservation tillage with surface broadcasted recovered phosphates

Potential new sources of phosphorus (P) fertilizer are the recovered P from livestock wastewater through chemical precipitation and the ash from combusting animal manures. Although most of the research on P losses from conservation tillage include high water-soluble P compounds from commercial fertilizer sources, information on the use of non-conventional, low water-soluble, recycled P sources is scarce. Particularly for sandy soils of the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain region, research driven information on P loss into the environment is needed to determine recommendations for a direct use of new recycled P sources as crop P fertilizers. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential P runoff from sandy soils under conservation tillage, fertilized with recovered P from liquid swine manure and turkey litter ash in comparison with commercial P fertilizer triple superphosphate (TSP). The field study included two typical sandy soils of the US Southeastern Coastal Plain region, the Noboco and Norfolk. Simulated rain corresponding to the annual 30-min rainfall in the study site (Florence County, South Carolina) was applied to plots treated with recovered P from liquid swine manure, turkey litter ash, and TSP, including a control with no P added. The runoff was monitored and sampled every 5 min during the test and composite soil samples were collected from the top (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) soil layers in each plot. Laboratory analyses were conducted to quantify both total P (TP) and soluble reactive P (SRP) in runoff samples, and the soil test P in the soil layers. Two-way analyses of variances show significant treatment effects on both TP and SRP runoff. The quantities of SRP runoff from plots treated with the recovered P from swine manure and turkey litter ash represent respectively 1% and 7–8% of SRP runoff from plots treated with TSP. Hence, the use of the recovered P materials as crop P fertilizers through surface broadcast application present less environmental risks compared to commercial TSP.