Trip Phase Research Articles

GPS-Based Trip Phase and Waiting Time Detection to and from Public Transport Stops Via Machine Learning Models

Recognizing passengers’ trip phases can provide valuable insights for urban planners in making decisions regarding urban planning, as it involves identifying the various stages of a passenger's journey. There is a significant research gap in current trip phase recognition research. Most existing works rely on traditional techniques such as GIS, surveys, and direct observation at stations to handle the task. The goal of this paper is to present a novel approach to determine the time and distance of access and egress trip phases and waiting time at bus stations, using a machine learning algorithm based on raw GPS trajectories. Specifically, we train a random forest model using two large datasets, Geolife GPS trajectory, and Sussex-Huawei Locomotion dataset, to detect the various transportation modes. Furthermore, a new algorithm is developed for detecting access time/distance, egress time/distance, and waiting time. Our approach is the first investigation in trip phase recognition that combines two large datasets and a machine learning model for trip phase detection. Our study yields the following accuracies on test trips saved in Roma: access time and distance predicted with 80.68% and 91.61%, while egress time and distance arrived at 72.63% and 70.68% accuracy. Passenger waiting time predicted from raw GPS data as a new feature with 82.01% accuracy at the bus station. These results underscore the effectiveness of our approach in predicting different phases.

Smartphone-Based Recognition of Access Trip Phase to Public Transport Stops Via Machine Learning Models

Abstract The usage of mobile phones is nowadays reaching full penetration rate in most countries. Smartphones are a valuable source for urban planners to understand and investigate passengers’ behavior and recognize travel patterns more precisely. Different investigations tried to automatically extract transit mode from sensors embedded in the phones such as GPS, accelerometer, and gyroscope. This allows to reduce the resources used in travel diary surveys, which are time-consuming and costly. However, figuring out which mode of transportation individuals use is still challenging. The main limitations include GPS, and mobile sensor data collection, and data labeling errors. First, this paper aims at solving a transport mode classification problem including (still, walking, car, bus, and metro) and then as a first investigation, presents a new algorithm to compute waiting time and access time to public transport stops based on a random forest model. Several public transport trips with different users were saved in Rome to test our access trip phase recognition algorithm. We also used Convolutional Neural Network as a deep learning algorithm to automatically extract features from one sensor (linear accelerometer), obtaining a model that performs well in predicting five modes of transport with the highest accuracy of 0.81%.

Quantum trajectory theory and simulations of nonlinear spectra and multiphoton effects in waveguide-QED systems with a time-delayed coherent feedback

We study the nonlinear spectra and multi-photon correlation functions for the waveguide output of a two-level system (including realistic dissipation channels) with a time-delayed coherent feedback. We compute these observables by extending a recent quantum trajectory discretized-waveguide (QTDW) approach which exploits quantum trajectory simulations and a collisional model for the waveguide to tractably simulate the dynamics. Following a description of the general technique, we show how to calculate the first and second order quantum correlation functions, in the presence of a coherent pumping field. With a short delay time, we show how feedback can be used to filter out the central peak of the Mollow triplet or switch the output between bunched and anti-bunched photons by proper choice of round trip phase. We further show how the loop length and round trip phase effects the zero-time second order quantum correlation function, an indicator of bunching or anti-bunching. New resonances introduced through the feedback loop are also shown through their appearance in the incoherent output spectrum from the waveguide. We explain these results in the context of the waiting time distributions of the system output and individual trajectories, uniquely stochastic observables that are easily accessible with the QTDW model.

Rollover and Near-Rollover Kinematics During Evasive Steer Maneuvers

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vehicle rollovers are complex events that can be difficult to reconstruct. The goal of this study was to explore whether different vehicle trip models could identify when during the trip phase a vehicle possesses the dynamic conditions needed to rollover. We used three sport utility vehicles (SUVs) with either absent or disabled electronic stability control to conduct six tests involving a steer-induced control loss on a large flat concrete surface. Vehicle kinematics were measured using a GPS speed sensor, tri-axial accelerometers, tri-axial angular rate sensors, and both drone- and land-based video cameras. Four vehicle trip metrics were derived and evaluated using the vehicle dynamics between steer onset and the end of the trip phase. During three tests, one or more of the vehicle’s tires lifted off the ground but the vehicle did not roll. In the other three tests, the vehicle rolled. All four metrics showed differences between the non-rollover and rollover tests, with one metric indicating that the dynamic conditions for rollover were present between 0.36 s and 0.78 s before the end of the trip phase. With further refinement, testing and validation over a wider range of vehicles and conditions, these metrics could be useful in some rollover reconstructions for identifying when sufficient dynamic conditions are present during the trip phase for rollover to occur.</div></div>

Contribution of arm movements to balance recovery after tripping in older adults

Falls are common in daily life, often caused by trips and slips and, particularly in older adults, with serious consequences. Although arm movements play an important role in balance control, there is limited research into the role of arm movements during balance recovery after tripping in older adults. We investigated how older adults use their arms to recover from a trip and the difference in the effects of arm movements between fallers (n = 5) and non-fallers (n = 11).Sixteen older males and females (69.7 ± 2.3 years) walked along a walkway and were occasionally tripped over suddenly appearing obstacles. We analysed the first trip using a biomechanical model based on full-body kinematics and force-plate data to calculate whole body orientation during the trip and recovery phase. With this model, we simulated the effects of arm movements at foot-obstacle impact and during trip recovery on body orientation.Apart from an increase in sagittal plane forward body rotation at touchdown in fallers, we found no significant differences between fallers and non-fallers in the effects of arm movements on trip recovery. Like earlier studies in young adults, we found that arm movements during the recovery phase had most favourable effects in the transverse plane: by delaying the transfer of angular momentum of the arms to the body, older adults rotated the tripped side more forward thereby allowing for a larger recovery step. Older adults that are prone to falling might improve their balance recovery after tripping by learning to prolong ongoing arm movements.

The Impact of Destination Image on Tourist Behavior: Karbala as a Case Study

The destination image is regarded as one of the elements affecting visitors' choices in selecting tourist locations that satisfy their wants and aspirations in a way that corresponds to their expectations of such places. The destination image influences tourist behavior by stimulating tourist desires to travel and engage in tourist activities, as well as influencing that behavior in the travel decision-making process during the pre-trip, trip, and post-trip phases. The destination image is also linked to visitor satisfaction with regard to their appraisal of their travel experience and the extent to which that experience meets or comes near to their earlier expectations. Therefore, the current study looks at the image and personality of religious, tourist, and commercial brands, as well as how they connect to future tourist behavior. The study considered Karbala city, Iraq, as a case study. The study was based on the in-filed study technique, which was represented by a questionnaire that was delivered to the study sample, which consisted of seven first-class hotels in Karbala city, with 40 copies of the questionnaire handed over to the administrative personnel at these hotels. The study discovered that the cognitive image, emotional image, and destination personality all had different effects on global image and behavioral intentions for first-time and recurrent visitors. Additionally, the findings show that the qualitative remarks focused heavily on attractions, culture, and the environment. The practical consequences are explored, and destination personality and behavioral outcomes for first-time and recurrent visitors were designed and evaluated independently.

The Measurement Of Exhaust Gas Emissions By Testo 350 Maritime – Exhaust Gas Analyzer

This paper presents the measurement process of the emissions from marine diesel engines. The emission measurement was carried out by the certified TESTO 350 Maritime exhaust gas analyzer on the Juraj Dalmatinac ferry Caterpillar C32 engines. The gas analyzer records the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). TESTO 350 emission sampling probe was set at the end of the exhaust pipe. A combustion emission measurement was performed during a Split – Supetar (Brač) trip and backwards with the total duration of 110 min. The emissions are estimated for two trip phases: “maneuvering” and “at sea”.

THE ANATOMY OF GUEST FEEDBACK DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISES WHAT’S NEW WHAT’S DIFFERENT

As the Tourism is increasing globally with the rise in the number of tourists footfall every year where traveling has become an inseparable part of lifestyle but the fact cannot be ignored that covid-19 crisis makes tourism industry crippled and rise in the change in behavior of tourist and post traveling experience different phases of travel from planning the trip, during the trip, at a destination to post-trip which may cause negative experience among domestic tourists. The Qualitative research method is used for the collection of data and in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with domestic tourists in Bangkok and Pattaya from October 13, 2020, to October 15, 2020, concentrated on domestic tourist experience. Constant Comparison Method is used for analyzing the data collected with fourteen domestic tourists at Khaosan road, Central Plaza Grand Rama 9, Bangkok, Jomtien beach Pattaya and Pattaya beach road, Thailand Results reveal that the international tourists visiting Bangkok and Pattaya had a unique travel experience during Covid-19 starting which is a pre-trip phase, continues with during trip phase, at the destination, and ends with the post-trip phase. It is reported that travel-related management includes doing travel arrangements, financial concerns about value for money, airport experiences government subsidiaries.

ANALISIS ALIRAN DAYA SISTEM KELISTRIKAN 150 KV BALI SAAT REKONDUKTORING SUTT GILIMANUK – NEGARA – ANTOSARI

The need for electricity that is growing rapidly on the island of Bali, makes PT PLN (Persero)seek strategic steps in serving customers. Gilimanuk - Negara - Antosari Reconductoring SUTT150 kV is one of the efforts made by PT PLN (Persero) to improve the reliability of the BaliElectricity System which is used to overcome power evacuation problems in the future.Reconductoring goes through a one-month trip phase in each circuit. For this reason, a study isneeded to identify the electricity system readiness by using a power flow analysis simulatorapplication.The simulation is done by extinguishing each of the 150 kV conductors in the BaliElectricity System alternately by taking into account four scenario namely before conducting areconductor, reconductor circuit 1, reconductor circuit 2, and after reconductor. Voltagerecording is carried out on each bus with a tolerance of + 5% Vnom, recording of the load iscarried out on each active 150 kV conductor with a maximum capacity of 80% Inom. The resultsof the simulation show that the anomaly is only obtained when the simulation of circuit 1reconductor works if SUTT 150 kV Gilimanuk - Celukan Onion trip, causing a load exceeding80% Inom on SUTT 150 kV Gilimanuk - Pemaron and SUTT Gilimanuk - Negara - Antosari 2.

In situ embedding of CoFe nanocatalysts into Sr3FeMoO7 matrix as high-performance anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells

Anode materials with excellent catalytic activity, good stability, and enhanced tolerance to carbon deposition are highly desired for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Herein, CoFe (CF) nanoalloy catalysts are homogeneously in-situ embedded on Sr3FeMoO7 (RP-SFM) efficient electrically conductive perovskite matrix through reduction of Sr2FeMo2/3Co1/3O6−δ precursor. The particle size of CoFe alloy is in the range of 10–50 nm, and the electrical conductivity enhances from about 8 to 17 S cm−1 to 49-63 S cm−1 after Sr2FeMo2/3Co1/3O6−δ reduction. The maximum power density of SOFCs with the RP-SFM@CF-SDC(Sm0.2Ce0·8O1.9) composite anode in H2 fuel reaches to 2.12 W cm−2 at 850 °C, which is about 1.4 times than that of the SOFCs with traditional Ni-SDC anode. Moreover, the RP-SFM@CF-SDC anodes also demonstrate excellent resistance to carbon deposition and high power density when C3H8 hydrocarbon is used as fuel. The improved catalytic activity results from the efficient electronic/ion conductive paths, abundant CoFe active sites, together with the enlarged trip phase boundaries (TPBs).

Silicon carbide film-based Fabry-Pérot cavity resonance-enhanced absorption and its application for color filters

We present silicon carbide (SiC)-based Fabry-Perot (F–P) cavities which exhibit highly selective light absorption due to the strong thin film interference effect. Different configurations were discussed here by theoretically exploring the optical response of SiC film on eight metal substrates. Among them, SiC on Al, SiC on Ti and SiC on Pd F–P cavity resonators have the capacity of spectral tunability covering visible light regime, near-perfect absorption and angle dependence resistance. However, SiC on Al substrate architecture, is expected to be the optimal choice in commercial applications, harsh environment and extreme weather. The thickness-dependent properties of SiC-based resonator, in which small thickness variation will result in apparent spectra shift, was also demonstrated. Transfer-Matrix(T-M) method is introduced for calculation. Theoretical results of total round trip phase delay are in very good accordance with the simulations. We believe the SiC-based cavities have a promising application in a variety of research areas such as color filters, photovoltaic devices, no-ink printing and provide an easier way for fabrication.

Safety measures for nurses working abroad

Safety measures for nurses working abroad

Pilot Sleep in Long-Range and Ultra-Long-Range Commercial Flights.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the clear need for understanding how pilot sleep affects performance during long-range (LR; 12-16h) and ultra-long-range (ULR; 16+h) flights, the scientific literature on the effects of sleep loss and circadian desynchronization on pilots' sleep in commercial aviation is sparse.METHODS: We assessed pilots' sleep timing, duration, and post-trip recovery on two LR and two ULR nonstop California to Australasia routes. Pilot's sleep/wake history was measured with actigraphy and verified by logbook across 8-9 d.RESULTS: Pilots averaged 8.210 ± 1.687 SD hours of sleep per 24 h across the study period. A logistic model of the circadian timing of sleep indicated that time of day and phase of trip are significant predictors of pilots being asleep. Significant two- and three-way interactions were found between time of day, phase of trip, and route. A significant difference in average sleep time was observed between baseline and recovery day 1 for one route. All other recovery days and routes were not significantly different from baseline.DISCUSSION: For the four routes, the average amount of sleep per 24-h period during the study period was within the normal range with the circadian rhythm aligned to home-base time pre- and post-trip. Flight segments and layover conditions were associated with a misalignment of sleep relative to circadian rhythm, with layover sleep appearing to shift toward the local night. Full post-trip sleep duration recovery appears to occur for all routes within 1-2 d.Lamp A, McCullough D, Chen JMC, Brown RE, Belenky G. Pilot sleep in long-range and ultra-long-range commercial flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(2):109-115.

Study of optical bistability in a fully optimized laser Fabry-Perot system

The analytical study of optical bistability is concerned in a fullyoptimized laser Fabry-Perot system. The related phenomena ofswitching dynamics and optimization procedure are also included.From the steady state of optical bistability equation can plot theincident intensity versus the round trip phase shift (φ) for differentvalues of dark mistuning 12,6,3,1.50 , o    or finesse (F= 1, 5, 20,100). In order to obtain different optical bistable loops. The inputoutputcharacteristic for a nonlinear Fabry-Perot etalon of a differentvalues of finesse (F) and using different initial detuning (φ0) are usedin this research. When the cavity finesse values increase, the switch-ON intensity increases for the same value of (φ0), because thebistable loop width increases with increasing the cavity finessevalues.

Effect of Heat Treatmemt in (α+γ) Range on Mechanical Properties of Austempered Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron

It is well known that austempered spheroidal graphite cast iron shows good tensile and elongation. And, retained austenite include in the austempered spheroidal graphite cast iron structure was known to effect for the mechanical properties when TRIP was occurred. On the other hand, fineness and homogeneity of the structure are considered to influence as a factor to improve mechanical property. In this study, the mechanical properties of spherical graphite cast iron was evaluated that it treatmented fineness prior-structure and austenitized at (α + γ) range followed by isothermal treatment at bainitic transformation temperature range. Compared the heat treatment of this study and typical austempering treatment, the mechanical properties with good balance of strength and ductility were obtained in the heat treatment of this study. But, retained austenite that it determined by x-ray diffraction was slightly changed before and after the tensile test. Therfore, it was considered that not TRIP but complex phase effect on mechanical properties.

Overview of Mitaraka survey: research frame, study site and field protocols

This article introduces the biodiversity survey “Our Planet Reviewed” in the south of French Guiana organized in February–March and August 2015. It has enabled more than 50 scientists to inventory the following groups: Actinopterygii, Amphibia, Annelida, Arachnida, Insecta, Mollusca and Squamata, with a particular effort on diverse and little-known orders, such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera. The forested area under investigation presents a mosaic of hills and inselbergs, with a wide variety of ecosystems. The main objectives were to discover new species for science, report first records for French Guiana, and establish a baseline inventory for biogeographic studies. The organisation of the field trip and post-field phase are supported by coordinators of major taxonomic groups. Authorisations and associated commitments, including Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) are specified. The sampling effort, in terms of number and diversity of methods, is certainly the largest ever made in French Guiana over a short period of time. Thirteen different trap types were used including four types of interception traps and nine types of attraction-based traps. Active research methods (13 techniques) and extraction from the substrate (five techniques, including Winkler sieves, emergence from dead wood, etc.) completed the sampling array. The sample processing procedure describes the difference between active collecting and the longer and more complex process of processing massive samples of traps such as window pane flight intercept traps, Malaise traps, colored pan traps and automatic light traps. After a sorting phase that lasted less than a year for most groups, a network of 165 taxonomic experts was mobilized by the coordinators to study the sorted specimens. The data are stored and managed in an observations database and in the database of the collections of the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris). Data are widely disseminated, notably in France via the Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel (INPN) and internationally by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). This introductory article will be supplemented by a second paper, which will analyse research results three years after the survey and assess the effectiveness of the expedition in advancing taxonomic knowledge.

Temporal manifestations of nostalgia: Le Tour de France

Nostalgia in sport tourism is increasingly understood as multifaceted. Early conceptualizations of nostalgia may be inadequate in explaining contemporary sport tourism. Utilising an organized tour of the 2011 Tour de France, a hybrid experience combining active cycling with passive spectating, interviews were conducted with 13 tour participants and two tour guides. A grounded theory model reflecting multiple dimensions of nostalgia across three trip phases is proposed. Pre-trip, nostalgia inspired participation. During the trip participants viewed and acted upon desires to engage with preconceived nostalgic images by cycling iconic mountains. Mementos and experiences were collected to facilitate future memories and aid nostalgic recollections post-trip. The study demonstrates how sport tourists adopt multiple, reflexive roles to enrich nostalgic value throughout a trip.

Zeroth order Fabry-Perot resonance enabled ultra-thin perfect light absorber using percolation aluminum and silicon nanofilms

We demonstrated perfect light absorption in optical nanocavities made of ultra-thin percolation aluminum and silicon films deposited on an aluminum surface. The total layer thickness of the aluminum and silicon films is one order of magnitude less than perfect absorption wavelength in the visible spectral range. The ratio of silicon cavity layer thickness to perfect absorption wavelength decreases as wavelength decreases due to the increased phase delays at silicon-aluminum boundaries at shorter wavelengths. It is explained that perfect light absorption is due to critical coupling of incident wave to the fundamental Fabry-Perot resonance mode of the structure where the round trip phase delay is zero. Simulations were performed and the results agree well with the measurement results.

Get organised: the ‘do’s’ preceding successful field research

There is no shortage of political science literature on field research regarding issues of research design, methodology, and data evaluation. Yet, the practical and organisational intricacies that precede successful fieldwork are frequently overlooked. This lack of methodical advice may be due to the impression that field research is highly contextual, and so case-specific that general guidelines, which apply to all field research endeavours alike, are inconceivable. While we acknowledge the organisational complexity of field research, we disagree with the notion that the preparatory dimension of fieldwork is by necessity unique for every undertaking. Rather, recommendations for common challenges that occur during the preparation and organisation phase of a field trip can be identified and formulated. Consequently, we present and discuss ten organisational ‘do’s’ preceding successful field research. Current graduate students and future field researchers will regard these ten pointers as useful hints in the organisation of their own endeavour. While the list is by no means exhaustive, the ten recommendations will lower the organisational entry costs of aspiring field researchers, and enable them to hit the ground running upon arrival in the field.

Design of Mach-Zehnder interferometer and ring resonator for biochemical sensing

We proposed a compact design of an optical biochemical sensor based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), which was coupled by a ring resonator (RR) as a sensing tool. The sensor sensitivity has been determined by power difference at the output ports. The sensor enhancement has been optimized by numerically evaluating the geometrical parameters of the MZI and RR. A great sensor sensitivity depicted by Fano resonance characteristic has been demonstrated as a function of the round trip phase in the range of 4×10−4 − 4×10−4, which was changed by the presence of the sample solution in the sensing area. This optimum sensitivity has been obtained for the values of two coupling coefficients of the MZI κ 1 = κ 2 = 0.5/mm and the coupling coefficient between the MZI arm and RR κ R = 0.5/mm. Furthermore, a good profile of sensitivity exchange has been exhibited by inducing the direct current voltage to the coupling region of κ R . Finally, the output power transmission of the ring-coupled arm was depicted as a function of tunable κ R .