Trim Materials Research Articles

Effects of incorporating cellulose fibers from Yucca treculeana L. on the thermal characteristics of green composites based on high-density poly-ethylene: An eco-friendly material for cleaner production

This work has developed advanced technical applications in clean production based on a biocomposite high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced cellulosic Yucca treculeana L. fibers (YTFs) from agriculture waste leaves. Once the extraction was complete, the fibers were chemically treated with a low concentration (3% for 4 h) of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) to remove impurities from their surface and increase their adhesion capacity. Furthermore, this work aimed to understand how adding YTFs (10%, 20%, and 30%) influences the dynamic properties of the polymer-based clean production biocomposites. The impact of the additions on the damping behavior in terms of loss modulus (E″), storage modulus (E′), glass transition temperature (Tg), and loss factor (tanδ) of YTFs/HDPE biocomposites was evaluated at a frequency of 1 Hz using the dynamic mechanical analysis. In particular. According to the results, E′ is significantly improved by adding YTFs. Furthermore, to reach a Tg of about 80 °C, YF30/HDPE offers a tanδ of 0.164, an E′ of 2491 MPa, and an E″ of 223 MPa. Scanning electron microscope images reveal a fiber-polymer interface that adheres firmly to the HDPE matrix. This study highlights the promising potential of YF/HDPE biocomposites as sustainable and cost-effective replacements for conventional materials in diverse applications. Indeed, given its load-bearing capacity and recyclability, this type of biocomposites would be a wise choice for manufacturing automotive interior trim, sporting goods, and eco-friendly building materials. Further research and development could optimize the properties of these biocomposites and extend their use to various cleaner production industries.

Development of an empirical model for the prediction of the sound absorption coefficient for thin and low-density fibrous materials

Currently, FEA software such as ABAQUS uses empirical models to predict the sound absorption coefficient of poroelastic materials. However, based on a recent review of the literature it was found that the current sound absorption empirical models are inadequate for accurate prediction of thin (t < 20 mm), low-density materials (ρB < 50 kg/m3). Therefore, the predictions of the sound pressure levels in vehicle cabins, using such software, will be inaccurate since the trim materials are thin and have a low density. Thus, this research aimed to develop an empirical model that can accurately predict the sound absorption coefficient of these materials. Hence, polypropylene fibres consisting of four different diameters were manufactured and converted into nonwovens. Thereafter, airflow resistivity and impedance tube experimental testing were performed on the specimens. Subsequently, statistical analysis of the data was performed using SAS software. SAS was used to identify which independent variables should be included in the models to be developed. The empirical models were developed using the regression analysis toolbox in Microsoft Excel. Once the models were developed, various checks were performed to validate the assumptions of linear regression. The software NumXL was used to perform Cook’s distance tests. Thereafter, the models were validated against the validation dataset, where it was found that the developed exponential model performed best. Finally, the exponential model was compared to existing models using two data sets i.e. an internal dataset, and an external dataset derived from the literature. The developed model outperformed all the historic models on both datasets.

On the Effect of Boundary Conditions on Porous Absorber Characterization and Simulations

With the increasing importance of vehicle acoustic comfort, the topics of precise absorber simulation and characterization approaches are coming into forefront. The behavior of widely used porous mass-spring systems, consisting of foams coupled with heavy layers, can be strongly influenced by numerous factors. Among them are boundary conditions between trim materials and exciting structures. This paper focuses on investigating trim-structure interface phenomena with the help of modern measurement techniques. Using acquired experimental results, numerical studies have been conducted to account for observed phenomena. In particular, parameter optimization algorithms have been implemented for intrinsic material parameter characterization purposes. Moreover, sensitivity analysis investigations have been performed to substantiate the developed approaches.

Principles for the selection of a sensory panel for the evaluation of car interior materials

AbstractVehicle interior air quality has gained importance since the 1990s. One of the most widely accepted methods to measure emissions in this respect is the VDA 270—Determination of the odor characteristics of trim materials in motor vehicles. So far, it describes the odor evaluation procedure, but not the selection of the sensory panel. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate principles that might be applicable for the selection of a VDA 270 panel. Based on this work, a dedicated three‐step approach is detailed to aid in selecting a panel. It comprises of an odor threshold determination, a hedonic tone evaluation and a reproducibility test. In addition, a “Screening 12” test was performed to verify the assessors' olfactory function. The selection was not specific to gender and the age of the candidates ranged from 19 to 55 years. Out of 26 volunteers, only 10 were able to meet all of the self‐developed criteria for the panel. With this approach, the individual ratings of the selected panelists did not deviate by more than two odor grades for the selected polyolefin samples considering the VDA 270 scale.Practical ApplicationsA meaningful comparison and interpretation of VDA 270 data requires objective test results. This is challenging as the VDA 270 scale is, at least partly, subjective and only a small minimum number of panelists is defined. The terminology used in the 6‐point scale itself was investigated in order to deduce potential tests for the panel selection procedure. Relevant international standards that are linked to the topic of interior air quality were screened to compare related guidelines for the panel selection. The implementation of a selection procedure needs to consider practical aspects in an industrial environment, too. Therefore, feasibility and quality issues are discussed to overcome some of those problems. As fundamental questions of sensory testing are involved this work might be relevant for other olfactory screening applications in an industrial setup. However, where hedonic tone measurements are required only consumer panels can provide reliable information.

Trim and Tighten Your Annual Appeal Materials

Successful FundraisingVolume 29, Issue 9 p. 3-3 Writing Tip Trim and Tighten Your Annual Appeal Materials First published: 05 August 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/sfr.31788Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume29, Issue9September 2021Pages 3-3 RelatedInformation

Prediction of the acoustic effect of an interior trim porous material inside a rigid-walled car air cavity model

In this paper, a simplified car air cavity model for predicting the influence of an interior trim material on the cabin interior sound pressure level (SPL) was presented. This work studies a rigid-walled car cabin model with one flexible wall. The interior trim material (a porous sound-absorbing material) was mounted in between the enclosed car air cavity and the flexible wall. A single point acoustic source is used to acoustically excite the rigid-walled car air cavity model, where the loudspeaker is positioned at front corner of the car cabin to simulate noise entering via an airborne path. The variation of the car air cavity interior sound pressure level corresponding to the presence of different porous sound-absorbing materials was experimentally investigated for high frequencies. The acoustical effects of the interior trim porous material on the proposed structural and acoustic coupled system were predicted by using the Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) method for noise in one third octave bands. The comparison of results revealed that the experimentally acquired car cabin interior sound pressure level agrees fairly well with the simplified SEA model, both with and without the porous sound-absorbing materials, for high frequency one third octave band levels.

Formation of Coatings Based on Titanium Dioxide Nanosolson Polyester Fibre Materials

In this paper, we show that functionalization of fibrous materials through coating formation is hindered by the need to preserve the capillary-porous system of the fabric and its drapability. Additionally, such coatings must be resistant to abrasion and washing. We consider ways of solving these problems by analysing the formation of a stable coating based on photoactive titanium dioxide on a polyester fibre material as an example. The purpose of such coatings is to destroy coloured organic contaminants when the fabric is exposed to sunlight. We show that a polyester fabric with a titanium dioxide coating can become highly photochemically active and capable of inhibiting the vital activity of gram-negative bacteria and remaining soft and breathable at the same time. We also determined that depositing a titanium dioxide coating does not reduce the polyester fabric tensile strength. Polyester fabrics with photoactive properties can be widely used as decorative and trimming materials—for housing decoration, production of curtains and other decorative interior design elements.

Nutrient Balance Under the Grape Plant in the Azerbaijan Arid Subtropic Zone Soils

The problems of the nutrient balance study under vineyards in the light-chestnut soils of Ganja-Gazakh of Azerbaijan are examined. 3,84kg/h of N/NH3; 0,99kg/h of N/nO3 P₂O₅ of 1,16kg/h penetrate into the soil with the atmosphere precipitations, but 1,73; 1,55; 1,05; 21,69kg/h with the irrigative waters. A total annual nitrogen-6,87-7,29%, phosphorus-0,59-0,79%, potassium-3,92-7,29% were leached from the scattered fertilizer into lizimeters. While a weight of the dry mass and a total quantity of the nutrient increase, an outlet with the annual trimming materials and crops has raised. It is established that a balance of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium under all the versions of the experiment is positive. The balance under a control version where deficit of the nutrient is negative. At an application of fertilizer under the version of N₉₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ the balance forms for nitrogen +41, 8-(+44,6); phosphorus +102,2-(+110,1), potassium +81,1-(+85,6) kg/h.

Application of global sensitivity analysis to statistical energy analysis: Vehicle model development and transmission path contribution

This paper focuses on prediction of the sound pressure level inside a vehicle by using statistical energy analysis (SEA) and control of the noise within limited trim materials for vehicle weight reduction. To this end, a vehicle SEA model was developed considering the effects of the SEA parameter uncertainties on the prediction results. Thereafter, the contributions of the sound transmission losses of several vehicle components and the absorptivity of the vehicle interior to the sound pressure level were identified. Global sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate both the effects of the SEA parameter uncertainties and the contribution of the acoustical performance. Only the most influential SEA parameters were calculated or measured to reflect the characteristics of the acoustic material. Our results revealed that the sound pressure levels calculated by using the simplified SEA model agreed well with the measured values. Finally, based on the influences of the acoustic performances of the vehicle components on the interior noise, the design of the trim materials on the dash, which was one of the sensitive components, was modified and compared to the initial design and conventional lightweight design in terms of interior noise and weight.

Nutrient Balance Under the Grape Plant in the Azerbaijan Arid Subtropic Zone Soils

The problems of the nutrient balance study under vineyards in the light-chestnut soils of Ganja-Gazakh of Azerbaijan are examined. 3,84kg/h of N/NH3; 0,99kg/h of N/nO3 P₂O₅ of 1,16kg/h penetrate into the soil with the atmosphere precipitations, but 1,73; 1,55; 1,05; 21,69kg/h with the irrigative waters. A total annual nitrogen-6,87-7,29%, phosphorus-0,59-0,79%, potassium-3,92-7,29% were leached from the scattered fertilizer into lizimeters. While a weight of the dry mass and a total quantity of the nutrient increase, an outlet with the annual trimming materials and crops has raised. It is established that a balance of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium under all the versions of the experiment is positive. The balance under a control version where deficit of the nutrient is negative. At an application of fertilizer under the version of N₉₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ the balance forms for nitrogen +41, 8-(+44,6); phosphorus +102,2-(+110,1), potassium +81,1-(+85,6) kg/h.

Little Black Dress: From Mourning to Night: Missouri History Museum, Saint LouisApril 2, 2016–September 5, 2016CatalogueLittle Black Dress: From Mourning to NightShannon MeyerSaint Louis: Missouri History Museum Press, 2016.160 pp.; 75 color platesPaper $35.00ISBN 9781883982843

Little Black Dress: From Mourning to Night: Missouri History Museum, Saint LouisApril 2, 2016–September 5, 2016Catalogue<i>Little Black Dress: From Mourning to Night</i>Shannon MeyerSaint Louis: Missouri History Museum Press, 2016.160 pp.; 75 color platesPaper $35.00ISBN 9781883982843

Organic technology of tea production at Black sea coast of Krasnodar region

This paper presents preliminary results of the first try to introduce organic technology of tea leaves production at the resort area on the Black Sea coasts in Krasnodar district. The named technology is introduced on the tea gardens of the firm Matsetinskyi tea in 2007. Tea gardens situated on hill slopes which have elevation 350 above the sea level. Experimental plots (three on each of two gardens) were situated 170 m apart down along the slope of a range of Caucasus mountains. Soil and leaf samples were taken at leaf harvesting time in June 2015. Chemical analysis of soil and leaves were carried out in accordance with recommendations adopted by Georgia Institute of subtropical crops. Tea leaves for analysis and yield on experimental plots were collected five times during the season. Chemical analysis of nutrient content in the leaves, and quality of tea have been done in the analytical laboratory of the Agrotechnological Institute Of PFUR. Preliminary results of experiment revealed rather notable decrease of total yields of leaves in both gardens in comparison with previous yields when mineral fertilizers were applied annually in the rate N300P150K150. Decrease of the yield may be explained by the decrease of nutrient supply due to slow nutrient release by mineralization from trimming materials. Dead leaves, cut weeds and tea bush trimmings, which are the only source of nutrients might be added to the soil. Lower yields at the top of the hills also correlate with lower supply of organic material to the soil on the top of the hills. Thorough analysis has to be done to determine for and contra to organic tea production taking into account loses of yield and gains in cost of production decrease and possible higher price for organic tea. Positive affect of organic technology of tea production on ecology should be also accounted for.

Novel Approaches to Extend 193nm Immersion Technology to Advanced Device Nodes

Multiple patterning is the defacto manufacturing technology for today's advanced semiconductor devices. However, this technology is becoming limited by technical challenges including cost, resolution, overlay and defectivity. To address these challenges there is growing interest in post lithographic processes which can reduce the pattern feature size thereby effectively enabling increased resolution corresponding to low k1 imaging which is not available by single exposure schemes. In addition to increased resolution, these processes can also improve Process Window (PW), Line Width Roughness (LWR) and Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU). In this paper, we describe our technical approaches to reducing the Critical Dimension (CD) of resist patterns especially on the most challenging layers. In the area of Bright Field (BF) imaging, we have successfully developed a Positive Tone Develop Trim (PTDT) material which effectively reduces the CD of 193nm immersion line/space (L/S) features generated by a conventional PTD process. To enable CD shrink of Dark Field (DF) features [trenches and contact holes (C/H)] as generated by a 193nm immersion Negative Tone Develop (NTD) process, we have developed a NTD Shrink (NTDS) material. Both PTDT and NTDS approaches are low cost spin on track based processes and are competitive with other approaches in terms of cost, controlled shrink amount, post shrink PW and pattern fidelity.

Objective evaluation of interior trim effects on sound quality and noise reduction of a coupled plate cavity system

In this study, the impedance mobility and psychoacoustic analysis methods are combined to develop a structural-acoustic model of a plate-cavity coupling system. The objective is to evaluate the effect of interior trim materials on sound loudness and sharpness of a plate-cavity coupling system. The impedance mobility method is applied to calculate the pressure frequency responses of the interior acoustic field for the plate-cavity coupling system. The sound pressure results calculated by the impedance mobility method are then directly used to calculate the psychoacoustic metrics using psychoacoustic analysis method. A good agreement was found between the experimental and analytical results. The results show that the interior trim has a large influence on the distribution of the sound loudness and sharpness inside the cavity in the middle and high frequency ranges.

Tire cavity resonance mitigation using acoustic absorbent materials

In this study, the use of acoustic absorbent materials specifically felt to mitigate tire cavity resonance noise is presented. The inclusion of a trim in the tire cavity is represented by the addition of the acoustic damping loss factor into the sound pressure response function. In addition, the possible solution of using multilayer trim materials to mitigate the cavity mode effect is presented using the sound absorption coefficient values from the impedance tube experiments and by adopting other empirical models. Moreover, the sound absorption coefficient calculated from the method of electrical-analogy is compared with that from the experimental data and found to be reasonable. Experimental modal analysis was performed to show the effect of inserting an absorbent material (polyfelt) onto the inside surface of the tire where reduction in both the inside cavity sound pressure level and the wheel hub acceleration was observed. A Taguchi analysis is also done to rank the effectiveness of varying trim thickness and mass density as well as adding air gap to suppress tire cavity resonance noise.

VIBRO-ACOUSTIC ASSESSMENT OF VEHICLE BODY STRUCTURES AND TRIM MATERIALS

The technique of using structural dynamic performance parameters, based on mechanical mobility, for assessing the acceptability of vehicle Body–in–White structures, from a vibro–acoustic point of view, was first introduced in the late 1970s and has been successfully applied in the design and development of a number of new vehicle models. A steady improvement in the dynamic performance of vehicle structures has been reflected in better refinement of cars, particularly at the luxury end of the market. The high levels of refinement achieved by some recently introduced models have resulted in a revision of previous working standards. Along with these standards, the technique has been extended to establish the vibro–acoustic performance of the structure in terms of conversion of the input vibrational energy into acoustic energy radiated into the vehicle interior at various stages of trim. This technique can be used to quantify the effectiveness of trim material applied to the vehicle body structure.

A study of tyre cavity resonance and noise reduction using inner trim

A study of tyre inner trim as a method for reducing tyre cavity resonance noise is presented. The tyre is modelled as a rectangular toroid where only the outside shell is flexible. A modal series solution of the sound pressure frequency response inside the tyre cavity is derived from the wave equation using modal superposition. In the solution with the rigid and flexible wall boundary condition, the effect of placing a trim layer onto the inner surface of the tyre tread plate wall is reflected by adding a damping loss term in the sound pressure frequency response function. The numerical simulation result was then compared with the result obtained from a roving impact test performed on a tyre. The results show that selective trim material may be effective for reducing the structure-borne noise magnitude resulting from the tyre cavity resonance.

A FUNCTION DESCRIBING NITROGEN AVAILABILITY FROM ORGANIC SOURCES

A simple first-order mathematical function is presented to describe net nitrogen (N) immobilization and mineralization from organic materials spread on or incorporated into horticultural soils. To facilitate the representation of immobilization, kinetics are determined by a conveniently measured carbon dioxide (CO2-C) evolution rate. Other parameters include a substrate conversion efficiency, the C:N ratio of microbial decomposers, and the initial C and N contents of the materials. The model was parameterized using a previously reported incubation study of uncomposted lawn trimming materials (Sullivan et al., 2004). To avoid overfitting, parameters are lumped between the different treatments whenever reasonable. All parameters were lumped except for two labile/recalcitrant partition factors, one for C and one for N. Results for each of eight lawn trimming materials represented evolving C very well (r2=0.99). Nitrogen immobilization and release fits were reasonable (r2=0.71), predicting immobilization and mineralization appropriately. Parameterization options based on proximate carbon analysis were also introduced.

Tyre Cavity Coupling Resonance and Countermeasures

This paper aims to investigate the coupling resonance conditions of the tyre, cavity and rim with the attachment of trim layers on the inner surface of tyre to mitigate the resonance effect. In order to validate the mathematical formulation, finite element analysis and experimental modal testing were performed to determine the frequency response function (FRF) for a tyre-wheel assembly with and without the trim layers as well as for separated tyre and rim. It was found that the resonance magnitude has been reduced when the trim layers were added. Couplings of cavity resonance to the tyre and rim were plausible due to the proximity of their resonance frequencies. Trim materials were tested using an impedance tube to suggest the best sound absorbing materials that can be used to mitigate the tyre cavity resonance effect.

Comparative Analysis of Automotive Interior Trim Materials Based on Moldflow

The influence of different materials on the formability of plastic injection molding has been studied in current work. The automotive glove box trim cover was chosen as analytical model. This study has been focused on the influence on fill time, warpage, sink mark depth and clamp force of different materials. PP+T15, PP+T20, PP+T25, PP+T30, PP+T35, PP+T40 and ABS+PC were used for analysis in this study. The injection molding processes of automotive interior trim of different materials were analyzed by using Moldflow software, the rationality of the material choice was evaluated. Merits and drawbacks of different materials were found out through the analysis done in Moldflow. There is positive influence on reducing mold cycle and negative influence on advancing the dimension stability of part by using the kind of PP materials. Oppositely, there is negative influence on reducing mold cycle and positive influence on advancing the dimension stability of part by using ABS. It can be reduce extremely the cost for manufacturing the mold, and shorten the development cycle by using this method.