Trilateral Interactions Research Articles

Village Leaders, Dual Brokerage and Political Order in Rural China

AbstractDrawing on an ethnographic study in two counties in Hunan province, this article explores how political brokerage has contributed to political order in China by facilitating contentious and non-contentious bargaining between the government and ordinary people. To account for the changing role of village leaders in rural politics, the article develops a concept of dual brokerage. This concept not only recognizes formal and informal linkages between village leaders and the two principals – the government and the community of villagers – but also underscores the interactivity between the linkages. We contend that despite the tensions between village leaders’ roles as state agents and as village representatives, these two roles in the reform era tend to be mutually beneficial. Under such an institutional configuration, village leaders in China in the reform era have strong incentives to act as dual agents and can make policy implementation more flexible and the use of state force more moderate. A comparison between the trilateral interactions before and after the tax reform in 2005 confirms that whether village leaders can effectively act as dual agents has a significant impact on the quality of rural governance in China.

Evaluation the efficacy of nano-fertilization and Disper osmotic in treating salinity of irrigation water in quality and productivity properties of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.

The study was conducted during two growth seasons (2018 and 2019) at the Al Husseiniya date palm station/Horticulture and Forestry Department/Karbala Governorate. The experiment included 54 with two cultivars date palm trees (27 trees of Khastawi cultivar and 27 of Zahdi cultivar). Three concentrations of nano-fertilizer (IQ Combi) which included (0, 0.5 and 1 g. L−1) were tested. In addition, three concentrations of bio-nutritious Disper Osmotic GS (0, 1 and 2 g. L−1) were used.. The results showed that there were significant differences between Khastawi and Zahdi cultivars in the percentage of fruits holding, with the highest percentage of hold fruits recorded in Zahdi cultivar (73.07%). In case of nano-fertilizer concentration of (1 g. L−1) was superior in producing the highest percentage of hold fruits (77.46%), compared with other concentrations. Moreover, Disper Osmotic gave the highest percentage of fruit holding at 2 g. L−1(76.09%). Zahdi cultivar was superior in the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits (6.346 g, 3.207 cm, 7.514 g). Application of nano-fertizer showed a significant effect in increasing the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits with a concentration of 1 g. L−1. Disper Osmotic was also increased the mean of fruit flesh weight, length and weight of fruits, where concentration of 2 g. L−1 gave the highest rates (6.779 g, 3.167 cm, 7.786 g), respectively, compared with control treatment.. The results were also showed that the percentage of fruit falling of Zahdi cultivar was 27.38% which significantly lower than Khastawi cultivar (35.28%). Treatment with nano-fertizer at 1g L−1 was significantly decreased the rate of fruit falling (28.09%). Also, Disper Osmotic at 2 g. L−1 was decreased the rate of fruit falling (30.94%), compared with control treatment. The results showed that date palm cultivar was not significantly affected the maturity ratio. There was a significant difference in the fruit Bunch Weight, where Zahdi cultivar was superior in giving the highest mean of fruit Bunch Weight (11.664 kg, palm−1). The results also showed superiority of nano-fertizer by giving the highest fruit Bunch Weight (11.329 kg) at 1 g. L-1 palm−1. While, Disper Osmotic has exceeded at concentration of 2 g. L−1.palm−1 significantly which gave giving the highest the highest fruit Bunch Weight (11.142 kg. palm−1). Bilateral and trilateral interactions were also showed significant effects in all studied traits.

Identification of a Novel Multifunctional Ligand for Simultaneous Inhibition of Amyloid-Beta (Aβ42) and Chelation of Zinc Metal Ion

Zinc binding to β-amyloid structure could promote amyloid-β aggregation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as suggested in many experimental and theoretical studies. Therefore, the introduction of multifunctional drugs capable of chelating zinc metal ion and inhibiting Aβ aggregation is a promising strategy in the development of AD treatment. The present study has evaluated the efficacy of a new bifunctional peptide drug using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This drug comprises two different domains, an inhibitor domain, obtained from the C-terminal hydrophobic region of Aβ, and a Zn2+ chelating domain, derived from rapeseed meal, merge with a linker. The multifunctionality of the ligand was evaluated using a comprehensive set of MD simulations spanning up to 3.2 μs including Aβ relaxation, ligand-Zn2+ bilateral interaction, and, more importantly, ligand-Zn2+-Aβ42 trilateral interactions. Analysis of the results strongly indicated that the bifunctional ligand can chelate zinc metal ion and avoid Aβ aggregation simultaneously. The present study illustrated that the proposed ligand has considerable hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding with monomeric Aβ in the presence of zinc metal ion. Therefore, in light of these considerable interactions and contacts, the α-helical structure of Aβ has been enhanced, while the β-sheet formation is prevented and the α-helix native structure is protected. Furthermore, the analysis of interactions between Aβ and ligand-zinc complex revealed that the zinc metal ion is coordinated to Met13, the ending residue of the ligand and merely one residue in Aβ. The results have proven the previous experimental and theoretical findings in the literature about Aβ interactions with zinc metal ion and also Aβ interactions with the first domain of the proposed ligand. Moreover, the current research has evaluated the chelation using MD simulation and linear interaction energy (LIE) methods, and the result has been satisfactorily verified with previous experimental and theoretical (DFT) studies.

Metacognitive Beliefs as Mediation Variables Between Academic Perfectionism And Academic Burnout Among Students And Researchers at University

The present study aimed at verifying the effect of metacognitive beliefs on the relationship between academic perfictionism and academic burnout, as well as verifying the impact of sex, age, and university level on academic burnout, academic perfectionism, metacognitive beliefs, and their bilateral and trilateral interactions. Metacognitive beliefs and their sub-dimensions as an intermediate variable between academic perfectionism and academic burnout. The study tools were created for academic burnout scale prepared by: researchers, the scale of academic perfectionism prepared by: researchers, and the metacognitive beliefs scale prepared by: wells and cartwright-hatton (2004) which translated and prepared by: researchers. The study sample consisted of 120 male and female university students and researchers. The results indicated that there is a significant correlation between the three variables. The results also indicate that there are no differences between the groups in academic burnout, academic perfectionism, and metacognitive beliefs. Groups in academic burnout, academic perfectionism, and metacognitive beliefs are due to sex and university level. There is also no effect of age and sex interaction on academic burnout, aacademic perfectionism, and metacognitive beliefs .whereas the effect of the interaction of age, sex, and university level on academic burnout, academic perfectionism, and metacognitive beliefs were significant, as well as their were a significant path of metacognitive beliefs and their dimensions on academic perfectionism and academic burnout. Citation: Elsad Elsadik et.al., prepare a program in the Islamic culture based on self-regulated learning for Developing some religious concepts and tourism attitudes of Faculty of Tourism and Hotels Students. SVU-Journal of abstract 2019, Vol.1: pp6 (retrieved from the Journal of Educational Sciences; 2018, No.34; pp120) Copyright: The SVU- Scientific research Centre (SVU-SRC). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative common attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original author and source are created.

Scientific effects of Triple Helix interactions among research institutes, industries and universities

The Triple Helix (TH) interactions among innovation organizations have become increasingly important for national science and technology development. Yet, few studies in the extant literature have investigated their effects on the participants' scientific performance. This study fills in this research gap by exploring whether the scientific performance of research institutes is influenced by their TH interactions with industries or/and universities. More specifically, the dynamic patterns of bilateral and trilateral interactions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) as a typical example with industries or/and universities, as well as their effects on the CAS's scientific performance are revealed by means of the TH theoretical framework. The research result shows that their bilateral and trilateral interactions not only directly and significantly improved the CAS's scientific performance but also moderately enhanced the effects of research investments on that performance. It is confirmed as expected that the bilateral interactions between research institutes and universities exhibit a more positive and significant effect on scientific performance in both direct and indirect ways compared with the bilateral interactions between research institutes and industries. In summary, this study extends the analytical scope of TH empirical studies by implementing an exploring research on the TH effects from the perspective of academic institutes.

Examining the sensitivity of spatial scale in cellular automata Markov chain simulation of land use change

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the spatial scale sensitivity of cellular automata is crucial for improving the accuracy of land use change simulation. We propose a framework based on a response surface method to comprehensively explore spatial scale sensitivity of the cellular automata Markov chain (CA-Markov) model, and present a hybrid evaluation model for expressing simulation accuracy that merges the strengths of the Kappa coefficient and of Contagion index. Three Landsat-Thematic Mapper remote sensing images of Wuhan in 1987, 1996, and 2005 were used to extract land use information. The results demonstrate that the spatial scale sensitivity of the CA-Markov model resulting from individual components and their combinations are both worthy of attention. The utility of our proposed hybrid evaluation model and response surface method to investigate the sensitivity has proven to be more accurate than the single Kappa coefficient method and more efficient than traditional methods. The findings also show that the CA-Markov model is more sensitive to neighborhood size than to cell size or neighborhood type considering individual component effects. Particularly, the bilateral and trilateral interactions between neighborhood and cell size result in a more remarkable scale effect than that of a single cell size.

Paenibacillus lentimorbus Inoculation Enhances Tobacco Growth and Extenuates the Virulence of Cucumber mosaic virus.

Previous studies with Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488” (hereafter referred as B-30488), a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) isolated from cow’s milk, revealed its capabilities to improve plant quality under normal and stress conditions. Present study investigates its potential as a biocontrol agent against an economically important virus, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), in Nicotiana tabacum cv. White Burley plants and delineates the physical, biophysical, biochemical and molecular perturbations due to the trilateral interactions of PGPR-host-CMV. Soil inoculation of B-30488 enhanced the plant vigor while significantly decreased the virulence and virus RNA accumulation by ~12 fold (91%) in systemic leaves of CMV infected tobacco plants as compared to the control ones. Histology of these leaves revealed the improved tissue’s health and least aging signs in B-30488 inoculated tobacco plants, with or without CMV infection, and showed lesser intercellular spaces between collenchyma cells, reduced amount of xyloglucans and pectins in connecting primary cells, and higher polyphenol accumulation in hypodermis layer extending to collenchyma cells. B-30488 inoculation has favorably maneuvered the essential biophysical (ion leakage and photosynthetic efficiency) and biochemical (sugar, proline, chlorophyll, malondialdehyde, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) attributes of tobacco plants to positively regulate and release the virus stress. Moreover, activities of defense related enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase) induced due to CMV-infection were ameliorated with inoculation of B-30488, suggesting systemic induced resistance mediated protection against CMV in tobacco. The quantitative RT-PCR analyses of the genes related to normal plant development, stress and pathogenesis also corroborate well with the biochemical data and revealed the regulation (either up or down) of these genes in favor of plant to combat the CMV mediated stress. These improvements led tobacco plant to produce more flowers and seeds with no negative impact on plant health. The present study may advocate the applicability of B-30488 for crop yield improvement in virus infested areas.

Satellite RNA pathogens of plants: impacts and origins-an RNA silencing perspective.

Viral satellite RNAs (satRNAs) are among the smallest RNA pathogens in plants. They have little or no protein-coding capacity but can have a major impact on the host plants through trilateral interactions with helper viruses and host plants. Studies around the 1980s revealed much of what we know about satRNAs: they can affect helper virus accumulation, modulate helper virus-induced disease symptoms, and induce their own symptoms with the assistance of helper viruses which depend on specific nucleotide sequences of their genome and host species. The molecular basis of these satRNA-caused impacts and the origin of satRNAs have yet to be fully understood and revealed, but recent understanding of the antiviral RNA silencing pathways and advancement in RNA and DNA sequencing technologies have provided new avenues and opportunities to examine these unanswered questions. These RNA silencing-based studies have revealed the existence of cross silencing between some satRNAs and helper viruses, the downregulation of helper virus-encoded suppressor (VSR) of RNA silencing or inhibition/enhancement of VSR activity by satRNAs, the silencing of host-encoded genes by satRNA-derived small interfering RNA (siRNAs), and the presence of satRNA-like small RNAs in uninfected host plants. These findings have provided alternative RNA silencing-based models to explain the pathogenicity and origin of satRNAs. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:5-16. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1311 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Cloning and profiling of small RNAs from cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA.

RNA silencing is not only a gene regulation mechanism that is conserved in a broad range of eukaryotes but also an adaptive immune response against foreign nucleic acids including viruses in plants. A major feature of RNA silencing is the production of small RNA (sRNA) of 21-24 nucleotides (nt) in length from double-stranded (ds) or hairpin-like (hp) RNA by Dicer-like (DCL) proteins. These sRNAs guide the binding and cleavage of cognate single-stranded (ss) RNA by an RNA silencing complex. Like all plant viruses and subviral agents, replication of viral satellite RNAs (satRNAs) is associated with the accumulation of 21-24 nt viral small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) derived from the whole region of a satRNA genome in both plus and minus-strand polarities. These satRNA-derived siRNAs (satsiRNAs) have recently been shown to play an important role in the trilateral interactions among host plants, helper viruses and satRNAs. Here, we describe the cloning and profile analysis of satsiRNAs from satRNAs of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). We also describe a method to minimize the strand bias that often occurs during vsiRNA cloning and sequencing.

Satellite RNAs and Satellite Viruses of Plants

The view that satellite RNAs (satRNAs) and satellite viruses are purely molecular parasites of their cognate helper viruses has changed. The molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic and/or antagonistic interactions among satRNAs/satellite viruses, helper viruses, and host plants are beginning to be comprehended. This review aims to summarize the recent achievements in basic and practical research, with special emphasis on the involvement of RNA silencing mechanisms in the pathogenicity, population dynamics, and, possibly, the origin(s) of these subviral agents. With further research following current trends, the comprehensive understanding of satRNAs and satellite viruses could lead to new insights into the trilateral interactions among host plants, viruses, and satellites.

Nationalism and the May Thirtieth Movement: an analysis of the northern intelligentsia

Trilateral interactions existed between nationalism, the May Thirtieth Movement and the northern intelligentsia. Nationalism was an intellectual trend mainly popular among intellectuals, especially the northern intelligentsia. On the one hand, this trend of thought drove the Movement throughout the country; on the other hand, it exacerbated differentiation and stratification among the intelligentsia, which, to some extent, restrained the Movement. Gradually, it had become the spiritual core around which the right‐wing intelligentsia gathered, forming the rudiment of the “Third Force”. At the same time, the May Thirtieth Movement provided ideal conditions for nationalism to reach its climax.

Barley yellow dwarf virus, wheat, and Sitobion avenae: a case of trilateral interactions

AbstractWe analysed interactions in the system of two Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) strains (MAV and PAV), and wheat (cv. Tinos) as host plant for the virus, and the cereal aphid Sitobion avenae (F.) as vector, in particular whether or not infection by the virus might alter host plant suitability in favour of vector development. By measuring the amino acid and sugar content in the phloem sap of infected and non‐infected wheat plants we found a significant reduction in the concentration of the total amount of amino acids on BYDV‐infected plants. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of honeydew and honeydew excretion indicated a lower efficiency of phloem sap utilisation by S. avenae on infected plants. In addition, S. avenae excreted less honeydew on infected plants. Both BYDV strains significantly affected aphid development by a reduction in the intrinsic rate of natural increase. Hence, infection by the virus reduced the host suitability in terms of aphid population growth potential on BYDV‐infected plants. However, more alate morphs developed on virus‐infected plants. These findings are discussed in relation to the population dynamics of S. avenae, and, as a consequence, the spread of BYDV.

Sjögren's autoimmunity: how perturbation of recognition in endomembrane traffic may provoke pathological recognition at the cell surface.

CD4 T cell antigen recognition requires presentation by major histocompatibility complex Class II molecules (MHC II). B cell surface immunoglobulins recognize antigens independently of MHC II, but activation typically requires CD4 cell cytokines as accessory signals. Plasma membrane-endomembrane traffic in lacrimal gland acinar cells, targets of autoimmune activity in Sjögren's syndrome, may satisfy both requirements. The Golgi protein galactosyltransferase and the lysosomal proteins cathepsin B and cathepsin D appear at the plasma membranes during sustained secretomotor stimulation. The RNA transcription termination factor La, a frequent target of Sjögren's autoantibodies, appears in the acinar cell cytoplasm and plasma membranes during viral infection and during in vitro exposure to cytokines. MHC II cycle through endomembrane compartments which contain La, galactosyltransferase, cathepsin B and cathepsin D and which are sites of proteolysis. This traffic may permit trilateral interactions in which B cells recognize autoantigens at the surface membranes, CD4 T cells recognize peptides presented by MHC II, B cells provide accessory signals to CD4 T cells, and CD4 T cells provide cytokines that activate B cells. Acinar cells stimulate lymphocyte proliferation in autologous mixed cell reactions, confirming that they are capable of provoking autoimmune responses.