Trihalomethanes Levels In Water Research Articles

The influence of physicochemical properties on the internal dose of trihalomethanes in humans following a controlled showering exposure

Although disinfection of domestic water supply is crucial for protecting public health from waterborne diseases, this process forms potentially harmful by-products, such as trihalomethanes (THMs). We evaluated the influence of physicochemical properties of four THMs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) on the internal dose after showering. One hundred volunteers showered for 10 min in a controlled setting with fixed water flow, air flow, and temperature. We measured THMs in shower water, shower air, bathroom air, and blood samples collected at various time intervals. The geometric mean (GM) for total THM concentration in shower water was 96.2 μg/l. The GM of total THM in air increased from 5.8 μg/m(3) pre shower to 351 μg/m(3) during showering. Similarly, the GM of total-blood THM concentration increased from 16.5 ng/l pre shower to 299 ng/l at 10 min post shower. THM levels were significantly correlated between different matrices (e.g. dibromochloromethane levels) in water and air (r=0.941); blood and water (r=0.845); and blood and air (r=0.831). The slopes of best-fit lines for THM levels in water vs air and blood vs air increased with increasing partition coefficient of water/air and blood/air. The slope of the correlation plot of THM levels in water vs air decreased in a linear (r=0.995) fashion with increasing Henry's law constant. The physicochemical properties (volatility, partition coefficients, and Henry's law constant) are useful parameters for predicting THM movement between matrices and understanding THM exposure during showering.

APPLICATION OF A NEW METHOD FOR TRICHLORAMINE DETERMINATION IN AMBIENT AIR OF INDOOR SWIMMING POOLS

Background and Aims: Trichloramine (NCl3) is a volatile disinfection by-product (DBP) which is formed when chlorine in water reacts with nitrogen-containing compounds. NCl3 is a strong mucous membrane irritant and it has been recently linked with respiratory symptoms and asthma in swimmers, mainly in children, and in pool attendants. However, there are some issues to clarify about NCl3 exposure in indoor swimming pools and one of them deals with the analytical determination of NCl3 in ambient air. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new modified DPD/KI colorimetric method, recently proposed in literature, for the analysis of airborne NCl3 in indoor swimming pools. The relationships between NCl3 ambient air levels and some other DBPs in these environments were also evaluated. Methods: Airborne NCl3 levels were investigated in 20 indoor swimming pools. Technical characteristics and disinfection treatments were collected together with physical and chemical parameters in water. Trihalomethanes (THMs) levels in water and air were also investigated. Results: The airborne NCl3 levels ranged from 204 to 1020 µg/m3 and the mean value was 648.7 ± 201.4 µg/m3. High levels of combined chlorine in water were observed: only 25% of the investigated swimming pools showed levels ≤ 0,4 mg/l, which is the Italian limit value. The average and highest THMs levels in water were 41.4 and 134 µg/l, respectively. Mean ambient air THMs value was 86.0 ± 47.9 µg/m3 and 187 µg/m3 was the maximum value. Airborne NCl3 levels were found associated only with combined chlorine (r= 0.441; p < 0.05) and with THMs levels in ambient air (r= 0.554; p < 0.05). Conclusions: Airborne NCl3 levels are in line with other studies in literature. However more than 50% of the investigated indoor swimming pools showed NCl3 levels higher than the recommend provisional value of 500 µg/m3, as suggested in WHO guidelines.

Disinfection By-products: A Question of Balance

Disinfection By-products: A Question of Balance

DRINKING WATER QUALITY: Better Biomarker of DBP Exposure

DRINKING WATER QUALITY: Better Biomarker of DBP Exposure