Triglyceride Components Research Articles

Hair treatment products containing pigeon pea oil as chemical properties and anti-oxidant activity

The comparing small type (T9) and big type (ICP 7035), which were extracted by hexane maceration, this study looks at the properties of pigeon pea oil in hair treatment products. It finds that the percentage yield of big seed (ICP 7035) oil is higher than that of small seed (T9) oil, at 9.64 ± 0.10 and 9.32 ± 0.08, respectively. A study on the chemical properties of the oil revealed values for saponification, acidity, iodine, and peroxide. In all trials, T9 outperformed ICP 7035 in terms of test results, demonstrating the presence of fatty acids in the molecular components of triglycerides. Compared to ICP 7035, T9 had a lower molecule weight and a lower saturation level, making it less susceptible to oxidative lipid disorder and the tendency to deplete oil. The flavonoid content of T9 is higher than that of ICP 7035, equal to 27.76 ± 0.65 mg GAE g-1 extract and 25.90 ± 0.69 mg GAE g-1 extract, respectively. The flavonoid content of T9 is higher than that of ICP 7035, equal to 20.67 ± 0.58 mg QE g-1 extract and 18.76 ± 0.65 mg QE g-1 extract, respectively. The DPPH test showed that T9 was a stronger antioxidant than ICP 7035, with amounts of 0.26 ± 0.04 mg g-1 of extract and 0.35 ± 0.05 mg g-1, respectively. The development of hair care products revealed that a mixture containing the optimal dosage of T9 effectively ensured smooth hair lines and prevented microorganism contamination in all recipes. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS Pigeon Pea Oil in Hair Care Products Comparison of T9 and ICP 7035 oil properties. ICP 7035 yield was higher than T9 yield. Chemical properties of oil included saponification, acidity, iodine, and peroxide. T9 oil had better phenolics, flavonoids, and DPPH values than ICP 7035. T9-rich mixtures in hair care products ensure smooth hair lines and prevent microorganism contamination.

Effects of Increasing Glycerin Levels in Broiler Chickens.

Glycerin contributes to the animal's energy metabolism as an important structural component of triglycerides and phospholipids. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of replacing corn with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of glycerin in terms of performance, digestibility, carcass yield, relative weights of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) organs, and nutrient metabolism. Four hundred chickens (40.0 g ± 0.05 g) were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates. Growth parameters were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 42 days. Digestibility of crude protein and fat, carcass yield, relative weights of GIT organs, and biochemical blood profile were measured. The results were subject to an analysis of variance by Tukey's HSD test (p > 0.05). The inclusion of 5%, 10%, or 15% of glycerin did not influence performance or affect the crude protein and fat digestibility in broilers (p > 0.05) when compared to that of the basal (0%) diet. Similarly, the supplementation of glycerin levels showed no significant influence (p > 0.05) on the relative GIT organ weights, carcass yield, or nutrient metabolism. Thus, we concluded that glycerin may be included in the broilers' diets in rations of up to 15%.

Exploring the bidirectional relationship between metabolic syndrome and thyroid autoimmunity: a Mendelian randomization study.

Observational studies have reported a possible association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and thyroid autoimmunity. Nevertheless, the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and MetS remains unclear. The objective of this research was to assess the causal impact of MetS on thyroid autoimmunity through the utilization of Mendelian randomization (MR) methodology. We performed bidirectional MR to elucidate the causal relationship between MetS and their components and thyroid autoimmunity (positivity of TPOAb). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MetS and its components were obtained from the publicly available genetic variation summary database. The Thyroidomics Consortium conducted a genome-wide association analysis, which provided summary-level data pertaining to thyroid autoimmunity. The study included several statistical methods, including the inverse variance weighting method (IVW), weighted median, simple mode, weight mode, and MR-Egger methods, to assess the causal link. In addition, to ensure the stability of the results, a sensitivity analysis was conducted. IVW showed that MetS reduced the risk of developing thyroid autoimmunity (OR = 0.717, 95% CI = 0.584 - 0.88, P = 1.48E-03). The investigation into the causative association between components of MetS and thyroid autoimmune revealed a statistically significant link between triglycerides levels and the presence of thyroid autoimmunity (IVW analysis, OR = 0.603, 95%CI = 0.45 -0.807, P = 6.82E-04). The reverse analysis did not reveal any causal relationship between thyroid autoimmunity and MetS, including its five components. We have presented new genetic evidence demonstrating that MetS and its triglyceride components may serve as potential protective factors against thyroid autoimmunity.

Calculation of the solid fat content of vegetable fats using the Hildebrand equation

AbstractVegetable fats are complex multi‐component mixtures of triglycerides. Here, the solidification behavior of a few vegetable fats is calculated using the Hildebrand equation. This calculation assumes, in the liquid phase, ideal mixing of the different components, in combination with literature data about the temperatures and enthalpies of fusion of the individual triglycerides. It further assumes a decomposition of the triglyceride blend into binary blends dissolved in an inert solvent. The solid fat content is calculated as function of the temperature, for only all α and only β and only β' crystal modifications. The minor triglyceride components are explicitly included in the calculation. The calculated solid fat contents for cocoa butter, palm oil, inter‐esterified palm oil and palm kernel olein oil are compared to pNMR data, reported in the literature. The standard deviations between calculated and experimental solid fat content lie between 4% and 14%. Temperature ranges are found, in which specific crystal modifications match to the pNMR data for the solid fat content. These temperature ranges are found to be consistent with literature data obtained using x‐ray diffraction. As a by‐product, the calculation presented here, enables the construction of scenarios that describe which triglyceride solidifies in which temperature interval.

Factors Affecting on Process of Synthesizing Biodiesel and Arranging Production Steps: a Review Study

Biodiesel is a recycled and biological fatty acid ester manufactured from animal fat, used cooking oil, botanical oil, and algae. Biodiesel is a viable replacement and more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative for diesel oil since it is made from renewable resources and has qualities similar to diesel oil. When producing biodiesel from renewable resources, the trans-esterification method is utilized. This method manufactures fatty acid alkyl ester (biodiesel) and crude glycerol, which is accomplished by replacing the organic group (alkyl) of alcohol with the organic group of the primary triglyceride component of the raw materials. When the biodiesel specifications meet the global standard established by the European Union's EN14214 or the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) for alternative fuels, it can be used in its purest form, known as B100 or blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration. B100 is the purest form of biodiesel. The temperature of the reaction, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol used, type of catalyst utilized and the concentration of the catalyst are all parameters that must be considered during the biodiesel synthesis process. Moreover, the amount of time that the reaction is allowed to continue, the existence of humidity, and the amount of free fatty acids also significantly influence the production process. To minimize the costs of producing biodiesel, selecting the most effective methods is essential.

A Beneficial Action of Ricinus Communis

The Ricinus communis is very valuable plant for the human beings. Ricinus communis also known as castor plant. It has high medicinal value as well as pharmacological value for disease cure activity as well as much more traditional value. In a Castor plant, oil seed with rich oil content shows its high phytochemical compound of monounsaturated fatty acid and bioactive compounds. The predominant triglyceride component in the oil is triricinolein. Minor biological compounds including carotenoid, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, phospholipid, phytochemical, and phenolic compounds are present in castor oil. R. communis harbours phytochemicals which have been shown the many receptor activate like peroxisome proliferator activated receptor these are receptor are responsible for the transcription factors regulating the expression of genes., nuclear factor NF-k-B responsible for the a regulator of innate immunity, cytochrome P450 function is hemeprotein that plays a key role in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases kinase (p38 MAPK), tumor protein P53, B-cell lymphoma-extra-large (Bcl-xL) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2)These compounds offer oxidation stability, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties to the oil. Traditionally the plant is used as laxative, purgative, fertilizer and fungicide etc. whereas the plant possesses beneficial effects such as anti-oxidant, Antinociceptive, antiasthmatic, antiulcer, Antidiabetic, Antifertility etc medicinal properties. This activity show in plant possesses due to the Valuable phytochemical constituents like flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and steroids etc. The motive of this paper is to explain the details of phyto-pharmacological properties of R. communis for the future research work for the upcoming research scholar. Keywords: Ricinus communis, castor plant, antimicrobial and pharmacology.

1196-P: Sex Difference in the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome Severity from Normoglycemia, Prediabetes, to Diabetes

Aim: Evaluate if cardiovascular (CV) risk factors increase at a greater rate during the prediabetes (preDM) stage rather than the diabetes (DM) stage by sex. Methods: We pooled data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The CV risk outcome was the metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity z-score derived from components of waist circumference, HDL, triglycerides, SBP, and fasting glucose accounting for the weight of each component. The score was calculated for participants at visits 1 to 4 (3-year interval between visits) . We used linear mixed regressions to model the MetS z-score over time in men and women by levels of glucose (normal <100, preDM 100-125, DM ≥126 mg/dL) , adjusting for age, race, education, smoking, medication & cohort. A sex interaction was added to assess if the magnitude of risk factor changes over time differs by sex in each glucose level. Results: Men and women had a greater rate of change in MetS severity during the preDM than the DM stage. Women had a significantly greater increase of MetS severity than men during the preDM stage, while men had a significantly greater increase in the DM stage than women. Conclusion: A more rapid increase in MetS severity occurred in preDM than in DM. Women exhibited a faster increase in MetS severity compared to men during the preDM stage. Greater attention should be given to CV risk in women with preDM. Disclosure Y.Yoshida: None. Z.Chen: n/a. R.L.Baudier: None. M.Krousel-wood: None. A.H.Anderson: None. V.Fonseca: Consultant; Abbott, Asahi Kasei Corporation, Bayer AG, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Research Support; Fractyl Health, Inc., Jaguar Gene Therapy, Stock/Shareholder; Abbott, Amgen Inc., BRAVO4Health, Mellitus Health. F.Mauvais-jarvis: Consultant; Mithra Pharmaceutical. Funding NIH K12HD043451

Production and characterization of a coconut oil incorporated gelatin-based film and its potential biomedical application

The influence of coconut oil (CO) on a gelatin-based film was investigated when used as a potential wound dressing material. There is limited study on CO in protein-based wound dressing materials. Therefore, in this study a self-supporting, continuous and homogenous CO incorporated gelatin-based film was formulated and obtained by solution casting method. The influence of CO on physicochemical and thermal properties of gelatin-based film was also determined. Moreover, the effect CO in gelatin films on cell viability and cell migration was analysed with a preliminary cell culture study. Homogenous dispersion of 10% (w/w) CO was obtained in films when 3% (v/w) Tween 80, a surfactant, was incorporated to 20% (w/w) plasticized gelatin film forming solution. Effect of CO on gelatin-based film was observed via phase separation by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Water uptake of gelatin film with no CO, GE film; and 10% (w/w) CO incorporated GE film, GE-CO, were 320% and 210%, respectively, after 3 h in water. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed triglyceride component of CO and increased hydrogen bonding between NH groups of gelatin in GE-CO films. Differential scanning calorimetry results suggested a more ordered structure of GE-CO film due to an increase in melt-like transition temperature and melting enthalpy of GE-CO film. CO content also increased cell viability, assessed by XTT assay since cell viability was approximately 100% when L929 cell culture was incubated with GE-CO of 5–100 μg ml−1. Moreover, GE-CO samples within 5–25 μg ml−1 concentration range, increased proliferation of L929 cells since cell viability was significantly higher than the 100% viable cell culture control (P < 0.05) which is also an indication of efficient healing. However, GE decreased viability of L929 cells significantly at 100–10 μg ml−1 concentration range (P < 0.05) and were toxic at concentrations of 100, 75 and 50 μg ml−1 which decreased ∼50% of the viability of the cells. Scratch Assay to assess in vitro wound healing showed cell migration towards scratch after 24 h as an indication of wound healing only in GE-CO samples. This study showed that, CO could efficiently be added to gelatin-based films for preparation of a primary wound dressing biomaterial which is also demonstrated to have a promising wound healing effect for minor wounds.

Frequency of in-Hospital Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome is one of the major public health issues worldwide. It is a pattern of physical conditions and metabolic abnormalities, commonly occurring together and increases an individual's risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Aim: To determine the frequency of in hospital mortality and in acute myocardial infarction patients with metabolic syndrome and its association with components of metabolic syndrome. Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi from 1st May 2019 to 31st December 2020. Methodology: Two hundred and ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were taken and assessed for metabolic syndrome. Participants of either gender having age 18-70 years were included in the study. Demographic, clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality were recorded. Results: Mean age of the participants was 55.68±7.81 years. Total 88 (~41%) were female and 122 (~58%) were male. Thirty two (15.2%) participants had in-hospital mortality. Moreover, the in-hospital mortality was associated with higher age, waist circumference, and high triglyceride levels with p values &lt;0.05. Conclusions: The waist circumference and high triglyceride component of metabolic syndrome were found to be associated with high mortality in patients who presented with acute myocardial infarction. It is essential therefore for focus on these modifiable risk factors associated with higher mortality as a secondary prevention strategy. Keywords: In-hospital mortality, Cardiovascular diseases, Metabolic syndrome, Myocardial infarction

Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows’ welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P &lt;0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.

Caprylic acid ameliorates rotenone induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the gut-brain axis in Zebrafish.

Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is one of the most common non-motor symptom of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Pathological processes causing PD were suggested to initiate in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and proceed to the central nervous system (CNS). There are studies showing that low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets can improve motor symptoms of PD. Caprylic acid (C8) is the principal fatty acid component of the medium-chain triglycerides in the ketogenic diets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of caprylic acid, in neurotoxin exposed zebrafish focusing on the relationship between intestinal and brain oxidative stress and inflammation. Adult zebrafish were exposed to rotenone (5μg/L) (R group) and caprylic acid (20 and 60mg/mL) (L + HDCA and R + HDCA groups) for 30days. At the end of 30days locomotor activities were determined. Levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide, glutathione and superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities were determined by spectrophotometric methods and gene expressions of tnf⍺, il1, il6, il21, ifnɣ and bdnf were evaluated by RT-PCR in the brain and intestinal tissues of zebrafish. Caprylic acid ameliorated LPO, NO, SOD and the expressions of tnf⍺, il1, il6, il21, ifnɣ and bdnf in brain and intestines. Locomotor activities were only ameliorated in high dose R + HDCA group. Caprylic acid ameliorated the neurotoxin-induced oxidative stress and inflammation both in the brain and intestines and enhanced locomotor activity in zebrafish.

Abstract P221: Metabolic Syndrome And Its Factors Associate With Non-calcified Coronary Plaque Burden In Chronic Inflammation: Results From A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: Psoriasis is a common, inflammatory skin disease associated with systemic inflammation and heightened risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Population studies have shown that psoriasis is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and its individual components. However, the impact of MetSyn on early atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory diseases assessed as non-calcified coronary plaque burden (NCB) by coronary computed CT angiography (CCTA) is not known. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that those with MetSyn in psoriasis would have increased NCB compared to non-MetSyn and that MetSyn and its components would associate with NCB in fully adjusted models. Methods: The cohort consisted of 336 psoriasis patients free of cardiovascular disease, of which 326 had adequate data to classify MetSyn based on the International Diabetes Federation criteria (waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting glucose). Of these, 260 had quantitative CCTA data available for analyses (Stata 16). Results: Of the 260 patients, 80 had MetSyn (31%). The MetSyn group had increased cardiometabolic disease and more adverse coronary characteristics including higher non-calcified ( p &lt;.001) and high-risk plaque ( p =.02) (Table) . In fully adjusted models for Framingham risk score, lipid lowering therapy and biologic use, MetSyn (β=0.31; p&lt; .001) and its individual components of waist circumference (β=0.33; p &lt;.001), triglycerides (β=0.17; p =.005), blood pressure (β=0.18; p =.005) and fasting glucose (β=0.17; p =.009) associated with NCB. Conclusions: MetSyn and its components were associated with NCB in psoriasis suggesting that early atherosclerosis is importantly impacted by poor cardiometabolic health. Components of MetSyn should be assessed in psoriasis patients and patients educated about this heightened risk of CVD associated with MetSyn.

Physiological Fitness and the Pathophysiology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL).

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is associated with physical dysfunction and low overall fitness that predicts poor survival following the commencement of treatment. However, it remains unknown whether higher fitness provides antioncogenic effects. We identified ten fit (CLL-FIT) and ten less fit (CLL-UNFIT) treatment-naïve CLL patients from 144 patients who completed a set of physical fitness and performance tests. Patient plasma was used to determine its effects on an in vitro 5-day growth/viability of three B-cell cell lines (OSU-CLL, Daudi, and Farage). Plasma exosomal miRNA profiles, circulating lipids, lipoproteins, inflammation levels, and immune cell phenotypes were also assessed. CLL-FIT was associated with fewer viable OSU-CLL cells at Day 1 (p = 0.003), Day 4 (p = 0.001), and Day 5 (p = 0.009). No differences between the groups were observed for Daudi and Farage cells. Of 455 distinct exosomal miRNAs identified, 32 miRNAs were significantly different between the groups. Of these, 14 miRNAs had ≤−1 or ≥1 log2 fold differences. CLL-FIT patients had five exosomal miRNAs with lower expression and nine miRNAs with higher expression. CLL-FIT patients had higher HDL cholesterol, lower inflammation, and lower levels of triglyceride components (all p < 0.05). CLL-FIT patients had lower frequencies of low-differentiated NKG2+/CD158a/bneg (p = 0.015 and p = 0.014) and higher frequencies of NKG2Aneg/CD158b+ mature NK cells (p = 0.047). The absolute number of lymphocytes, including CD19+/CD5+ CLL-cells, was similar between the groups (p = 0.359). Higher physical fitness in CLL patients is associated with altered CLL-like cell line growth in vitro and with altered circulating and cellular factors indicative of better immune functions and tumor control.

Free Saturated Oxo Fatty Acids (SOFAs) and Ricinoleic Acid in Milk Determined by a Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) Method.

Oxidized saturated fatty acids, containing a hydroxyl or an oxo functionality, have attracted little attention so far. Recent studies have shown that saturated hydroxy fatty acids, which exhibit cancer cell growth inhibition and may suppress β-cell apoptosis, are present in milk. Herein, we present the application of a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the detection and quantification of various saturated oxo fatty acids (SOFAs) previously unrecognized in milk. This robust and rapid analytical method, which involves simple sample preparation and a single 10-min run, revealed the presence of families of oxostearic acids (OSAs) and oxopalmitic acids (OPAs) in milk. 8OSA, 9OSA, 7OSA, 10OSA and 10OPA were found to be the most abundant SOFAs in both cow and goat milk. Higher contents of SOFAs were found in cow milk in comparison to goat milk. Together with SOFAs, ricinoleic acid, which is isobaric to OSA, was detected and quantified in all milk samples, following a “suspect” HRMS analysis approach. This unique natural fatty acid, which is the main component (>90%) of castor oil triglycerides, was estimated at mean content values of 534.3 ± 6.0 μg/mL and 460 ± 8.1 μg/mL in cow and goat milk samples, respectively.

Castor oil (Ricinus communis): a review on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties

Increasing world population has markedly increased the demand for vegetable oils for domestic and industrial purposes. Plant-based vegetable oils have been identified as one of the oils with high nutritive value. Castor plant is one of the oilseed with rich oil content owing to its high monounsaturated fatty acid and bioactive compounds. Its fatty acid profile constitutes mainly of ricinoleic acid and other minor acids such as stearic, palmitic, and oleic acid. Ricinoleic acid of castor oil is unique among all other vegetable oils, making it attractive for a wide spectrum of applications. The predominant triglyceride component in the oil is triricinolein. Minor biological compounds including carotenoid, tocopherol, tocotrienol, phytosterol, phospholipid, phytochemical, and phenolic compounds are present in castor oil. These compounds offer oxidation stability, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties to the oil. The acid, anisidine, iodine, viscosity, and saponification values indicate that castor has good oil quality compared to other vegetable oils. Castor oil composition is influenced by the area of production and method of extraction adopted. The chemical structure of castor oil is centered on the ricinoleic acid and three major functional groups linked by glycerol moiety. More research on the oil’s component is being investigated nevertheless efficient and eco-friendly extraction methods are required. This review, therefore, summarizes the castor oil composition namely the triglyceride, various fatty acids and bioactive compounds, extraction methods, as well as its physicochemical properties.

Alkaline synthesis of fatty acids iso-propyl esters

Fatty acid alkyl esters are widely used products. Most of them are used as renewable transport fuel named “biodiesel”. Production of fatty acid iso-propyl esters mainly based on acid process, but using of alkaline catalysts may give good yields also. Alkaline catalysts have some advantageous such as low corrosivity and higher reaction rate. In current work the effectivity of potassium hydroxide and treated potassium hydroxide solution as catalyst for transesterification was compared. It was shown that using of KOH solution in iso-propyl alcohol after special treatment gives almost twice higher yields (95-96 %) from refined sunflower oil triglycerides than over KOH under the same conditions. Yield of fatty acids iso-propyl esters from wasted frying oil stabilized after 1-1.5 hours of reaction over both catalysts. Using 1.8 and 2.0 % treated catalyst at 90 °C leads to yield of about 86-88 % at 9:1 alcohol-to-oil ratio. Reaction temperature has significant impact on a yield wich decreases with temperature reduce in the range from 30 to 90 °C. During reaction proceeding the alkali saponification and thus loss the catalytic activity, which displayed in stopping the yield rising. The lower yield of esters from wasted oil comparing to the refined oil may be caused by presence of heavy polymerized triglycerides components formed during frying. Such components cannot be fully converted into monoalkylesters and gives also the oligomerized esters, which is not visible in standard gas chromatographic analysis of biodiesel. Indirect confirmation of the presence of such compounds in wasted frying oil sample is the sufficiently larger mass of the cube residue in vacuum distillation. For refined oil amount of such residue was only 5.4 %, while for wasted oil it was three time higher (14.9 %). In case of wasted frying oil as raw stuff, even after full conversion and effective self-separation conventional purification methods (like water washing or dry washing with adsorbents) may not provide the necessary purity of resulted biodiesel due to the presence of heavy oligomeric admixtures. In such cases vacuum distillation should be included as necessary final purification stage.

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity-Related Inflammation.

Obesity is an important aspect of the metabolic syndrome and is often associated with chronic inflammation. In this context, inflammation of organs participating in energy homeostasis (such as liver, adipose tissue, muscle and pancreas) leads to the recruitment and activation of macrophages, which secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-1β secretion, sustained C-reactive protein plasma levels and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome characterize this inflammation. The Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) enzyme is a central regulator of lipid metabolism and fat storage. This enzyme catalyzes the generation of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)—major components of triglycerides stored in lipid droplets—from saturated fatty acid (SFA) substrates. In this review, we describe the molecular effects of specific classes of fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) to better understand the impact of different diets (Western versus Mediterranean) on inflammation in a metabolic context. Given the beneficial effects of a MUFA-rich Mediterranean diet, we also present the most recent data on the role of SCD1 activity in the modulation of SFA-induced chronic inflammation.

Association between symptoms of depression, diabetes complications and vascular risk factors in four European cohorts of individuals with type 1 diabetes – InterDiane Consortium

AimsTo investigate the association between depressive symptomatology and health markers in type 1 diabetes. MethodsFour countries from the InterDiane Consortium had adopted the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study protocol, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Associations between depression symptomatology, diabetes complications (diabetic nephropathy, proliferative retinopathy, major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE]) and vascular risk factors (metabolic syndrome, body mass index, glycaemic control) were investigated. ResultsIn a sample of 1046 participants (Croatia n = 99; Finland n = 314; Latvia n = 315; Lithuania n = 318), 13.4% displayed symptoms of depression (BDI score ≥ 16) with no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of depression among the cohorts. The highest rates of diabetic nephropathy (37.1%) and proliferative retinopathy (36.3%) were observed in Lithuania. The rates of MACE and metabolic syndrome were highest in Finland. In joint analyses, individuals exhibiting depression symptomatology had higher HbA1c (79 vs. 72 mmol/mol, p < 0.001) and higher triglyceride concentration (1.67 vs. 1.28 mmol/l, p < 0.001), than those without. In the multivariable model, BDI score was positively associated with the presence of diabetic nephropathy, proliferative retinopathy, MACE, and metabolic syndrome and its triglyceride component. Moreover, BDI score was positively associated with the number of metabolic syndrome components, triglyceride concentration, and HbA1c. ConclusionsComorbid depression should be considered a relevant factor explaining metabolic problems and vascular outcomes. Causality cannot be inferred from this cross-sectional study.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY THREONINE AND TRYPTOPHAN SUPPLEMENTATIONS ON BROILER PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS UNDER EGYPTIAN SUMMER CONDITIONS

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of threonine and tryptophan on growth performance, some serum parameters and carcass traits of broiler chicks under Egyptian summer conditions. Three hundred and sixty Ross 308, one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into nine treatments with 4 replicates of 10 chicks each. Three levels of threonine (100, 150 or 200 %) and three levels of tryptophan (100, 150 or 200%) according to dietary requirements for Ross 308 chick's guidebook were used in a factorial design arrangement to obtain nine experimental treatments. Two periodical diets were used (starter phase 1-21 days and finisher phase 22-35 days). Growth performance traits including live body weight (LBW), Body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded at the end of each week. Carcasses were manually eviscerated and weighed. Components of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were analyzed by using commercial kits. The results showed that chicks fed diet containing 200 % threonine had an improvement in live body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The performance index increased with the addition of threonine and tryptophan in the broiler diets. Serum total protein and globulin concentrations were affected by supplemental threonine and tryptophan. Dietary threonine, tryptophan did not affect serum albumin and triglycerides. Total cholesterol was increased with supplementation of threonine, tryptophan and interaction between them. Chicks fed 100% dietary threonine had the significantly better results in terms of the relative weights of carcass, edible parts and bursa compared to the chicks fed other dietary threonine levels, although tryptophan amino acid had not any significant effect on the above-mentioned traits. Giblets, liver, and heart weights percentage increase with increasing tryptophan level in the broiler diets. The relative weight of gizzard reduced with increasing level of both amino acids in the diets.In this study, it concluded that supplementation of threonine and tryptophan improves productive performance and health status of broiler chicks without imposing any toxicity as all blood components were in normal range.

Association between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid levels in Korean adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016-2017.

ObjectivesDespite the growing pieces of evidence linking hyperuricemia with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, the relationship between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid has not yet been established. This study aimed to investigate the association between individual components of dyslipidemia and serum uric acid by using the nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2017.MethodsA total of 8,722 participants (age ≥ 19 years) without missing values were analyzed for this study. Serum uric acid levels according to the presence of individual dyslipidemia components were calculated using multivariable-adjusted general linear models (GLM). Odds ratios of individual dyslipidemia components to hyperuricemia were calculated using unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 1,061 participants were identified as having hyperuricemia, with a prevalence of 12.2%. Multivariable-adjusted GLM demonstrated a significant trend between individual dyslipidemia components and serum uric acid levels (P < 0.05). A positive association between the numbers of dyslipidemia components and the increments of serum uric acid levels was also observed (P < 0.001). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of all dyslipidemia components to hyperuricemia were shown to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). When further adjusted for the combined components themselves, each 10 mg/dL increments of total cholesterol (OR 1.053; 95% CI 1.028–1.079), triglycerides (OR 1.017; 95% CI 1.009–1.026) and HDL-C (OR 0.804; 95% CI 0.729–0.887), retained significant correlation with hyperuricemia.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that the dyslipidemia components of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-C levels are positively associated with serum uric acid levels, whereas serum HDL-C levels are inversely related. Further complementary studies regarding other lipid parameters are needed to confirm the accurate association between dyslipidemia and serum uric acid levels.