Triethylene Glycol Diacrylate Research Articles

CD13 Remote review for final patch test reading: a virtual reality?

Abstract Patch test reading at day 7 is suggested in current national (British Association of Dermatologists 2017) and international (European Society of Contact Dermatitis 2015) guidelines to identify late positive reactions. Allergens most established with late reactions are metals, antibiotics, acrylates and preservatives (Viggiano T, Yiannias JA, Yang YW. A retrospective review of late delayed positive patch testing greater than day 8 at Mayo Clinic from 2001 to 2020. Dermatitis 2022; 33:411–16). We report a case of significantly delayed contact dermatitis to four acrylates and ethyl paraben in a 49-year-old immunocompetent woman. She was referred to the cutaneous allergy clinic for patch testing following a rash affecting the torso after application of a sunscreen during a sunny holiday. She reported historical skin irritation after the use of nail lacquer and at the site of a caesarean section wound that was closed with skin glue 14 years prior. Patch test reading at day 4 (96 h) was negative; positive reactions to ethyl paraben, 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and ethyl cyanoacrylate appeared at day 23 (552 h). Positive reactions to hexanediol diacrylate and triethylene glycol diacrylate appeared at day 31 (744 h). These were communicated to us by the patient via email, with photographs clearly showing the development of new positive reactions. Of note, there was no reaction to the sunscreen product, although ethyl paraben was identified in the ingredients list, as well as two acrylate-containing polymers. Sensitization from diagnostic patch testing carried out to accepted international guidelines is rare but can occur with some allergens such as strong sensitizers, including paraphenylenediamine. The allergens identified in our case are found commonly in everyday cosmetics, adhesives and preservatives, including some that the patient had identified previous exposure to. Acrylates are acknowledged for causing potential delayed positive reaction by day 8 (Viggiano et al.); one case report describes true allergic acrylate reaction in a dental worker after 5 weeks (Fowler JF Jr. Late patch test reaction to acrylates in a dental worker. Am J Contact Dermat 1999; 10:224–5). There are no established reports of late positive reactions to ethyl paraben. With increasing online resources, delayed reactions beyond day 7 can be established with patient-initiated remote review of photographs taken during and subsequent to patch testing appointments. This case highlights the importance of keeping channels open for patients to contact the cutaneous allergy team after the final in-person reading to ensure (very) late allergen reactions are not missed.

Nonflammable quasi-solid electrolyte for energy-dense and long-cycling lithium metal batteries with high-voltage Ni-rich layered cathodes

Nonflammable quasi-solid electrolyte is prepared by copolymerizing flexible chains of polymer vinyl acetate and rigid skeletons of triethylene glycol diacrylate with assistance of flame-retardant phosphate solvents. The quasi-solid electrolyte simultaneously features a high conductivity (1.02 mS cm−1), a high Li+ transference number (0.65), a wide electrochemical window (5.2 V vs. Li+/Li) and rigid-flexible coupling characteristics. Moreover, the electrolyte can capture the phosphate solvents with polar molecular interactions to weaken Li+–solvent interactions while promoting Li+–anion interactions, which creates more anion-derived protective layer on both electrodes. Thus, the electrolyte not only suppresses side reactions, irreversible phase transition, stress-corrosion cracking, and the dissolution of transition-metal ions on the cathode side, but also enables highly reversible Li metal stripping/plating, leading to low pulverization on the anode side. Employing the quasi-solid electrolyte, our LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2||Li battery increases the upper cut-off voltage from current 4.3 V to 4.5 V (versus Li+/Li), therefore, delivers an ultrahigh specific capacity of > 224.7 mAh g−1, average Coulombic efficiency of > 99.6% and capacity retention of ∼81.2% over 500 cycles.

Determination of adhesive acrylates in recycled polyethylene terephthalate by fabric phase sorptive extraction coupled to ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry

This article presents fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) as a simple and effective pre-concentration method for the enrichment of acrylate compounds in different food simulants and subsequent analysis of the extracts by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (UPLC-MS). Acrylate compounds come from acrylic adhesives used commonly for sticking the paper labels on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and therefore, they may exist in recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET). Four acrylates were studied: ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDM), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). Five different types of FPSE media coated with different sol-gel sorbents were studied and finally sol-gel polyethylene glycol- polypropylene glycol-polyethylene glycol triblock copolymer (PEG-PPG-PEG) coated FPSE media was chosen for its satisfactory results. The optimal conditions affecting the extraction efficiency of compounds were determined in three different food simulants. Statistical evaluation of this method reveals good linearity and precision. Under the optimized conditions, the method provided limits of detection of the compounds in the range of (0.1–1.9 ng g−1, 0.1–1.2 ng g−1, 0.2–2.3 ng g−1) in EtOH 10%, HAc 3% and EtOH 20% and the enrichment factor values (EFs) after applying N2 were in the range of 11.1–25.0, 13.8–26.3, 8.3–21.9, in simulants A, B and C respectively. The optimized method was applied successfully to analyze thirteen types of recycled PET samples. Acrylates were found in some of the samples at ng g−1 levels.

Poly(styryl bisphosphonate) nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial applications

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a major challenge in health research. A recent approach to combat this resistance is by interfering with vital bacterial functional systems. Calcium ions play an important role in bacterial functions such as bacterial cell stability, regulation of virulence genes, and in the function of various intracellular proteins. Bisphosphonate compounds have a high affinity for calcium ions and the antibacterial activity of bisphosphonates in combination with antibiotics has been recently studied. However, the antibacterial behavior of the bisphosphonate group itself has hardly been investigated. New cross-linked poly(styryl bisphosphonate) nanoparticles (poly(StBP) NPs) with a narrow size distribution and high yield were engineered using a dispersion copolymerization of styryl bisphosphonate monomer with the cross-linking monomer triethylene glycol diacrylate and the primary amino monomer N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide hydrochloride. The diameter and size distribution were controlled by changing various polymerization parameters. Fluorescent poly(StBP) NPs were prepared by covalent binding of the primary amino groups on the poly(StBP) NPs surface to the dye BODIPY-FL-NHS ester; these NPs demonstrated a strong affinity for calcium ions. Antibacterial properties of optimal poly(StBP) NPs were studied compared to control NPs, which contain a methoxy group instead the bisphosphonate functional group. Unlike the control NPs, the poly(StBP) NPs demonstrated a significant antibacterial activity for both Gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillius subtilis) bacteria.

Phosphonate-functionalized poly(β-amino ester) macromers as potential biomaterials.

Biodegradability, hemocompatibility, resistance to protein adsorption, and strong interactions with hydroxyapatite (HAP)-based tissues such as dentin, enamel, and bone are important properties of phosphorus-containing biomaterials. Here, novel phosphonate-functionalized poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) macromers are synthesized through aza-Michael addition of various diacrylates [1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn = 575), 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA), 1,6-hexanediol ethoxylate diacrylate (HDEDA) and triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA)] and a phosphonate-containing primary amine (diethyl 2-aminoethylphosphonate, A1) efficiently without any catalyst; where replacement of A1 with propyl amine (PA) served as control. The macromers, whose molecular weight is ca. 1000-4000 Da as confirmed by both GPC and 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, are photopolymerized to give biodegradable gels. The degradation behavior and cell interaction of these gels are studied. The degradation rates of the gels can be varied by choice of starting acrylates and the acrylate:amine ratio. Furthermore, the gels showed slightly higher degradability than PA-based analogs (controls). Except TEGDA and PEGDA-based ones, all phosphonate-functionalized PBAE gels supported the attachment of larger number of SaOS-2 cells than nonphosphonated ones and the best film was found to be the one based on HDEDA-A1 with balanced hydrophilicity. Degradation products of these films have no significant cytotoxicity except HDDA-PA. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1390-1399, 2018.

Phase equilibria measurement of binary mixtures for triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol diacrylate in supercritical CO2

The phase equilibrium curves for the (CO2+triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and (CO2+triethylene glycol diacrylate) systems at five temperatures (313.2, 333.2, 353.2, 373.2 and 393.2) K and pressures up to 30.34MPa were measured by synthetic apparatus. The solubility of triethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate in the (CO2+triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and (CO2+triethylene glycol diacrylate) systems increased as the temperature increased at a fixed pressure. The (CO2+triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and (CO2+triethylene glycol diacrylate) systems exhibited type-I phase equilibria. The experimental results for the (CO2+triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and (CO2+triethylene glycol diacrylate) mixtures were correlated with the Peng-Robinson equation of state using a mixing rule including two adjustable parameters. The properties for the critical pressure, critical temperature and acentric factor of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and triethylene glycol diacrylate were predicted with the Joback and Lyderson group contribution method.

Synthesis and swelling behavior of poly (acrylic acid-acryl amide-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propansulfonic acid) superabsorbent copolymer

Superabsorbent copolymer (SAP) based on acrylic acid, acryl amide and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propansulfonic acid has been prepared in an aqueous solution using potassium persulfate as initiator and N,N′-methylenebiacrylamide (NMBA) or triethyleneglycol diacrylate (TEGDA) as crsosslinker. The absorbing properties such as equilibrium water absorbency and swelling properties in different concentration of saline waters were investigated. The relationship between the properties and synthesis conditions such as the concentration and kinds of crosslinking agent, initiators and neutralization degree and monomer ratio were also investigated. The results show that the water absorbency of the SAPs reach 58 g/g at the ionic strength of 1000 mmol/L and the water absorbency decreases with the increase of the concentration of saline water.

A facile method to prepare polypropylene/poly(butyl acrylate) alloy via water–solid phase suspension grafting polymerization

Abstract Polypropylene/poly(butyl acrylate) alloy is produced by water–solid phase suspension grafting polymerization with a submicrometer microdomain where graft polymerization occurs within micropores of polypropylene particles prepared by reactor granule technology (RGT). The results show that the grafting percentage (GP) of butyl acrylate (BA) increases with the increase of the monomer concentration, which could reach 32.6% while the grafting efficiency (GE) is up to 98%. The addition of the crosslinking agent, triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA), could improve GP up to 36.3%. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) micrographs demonstrate that PBA microdomains distributed in PP matrix increase in size less than 500 nm. Moreover, TEM images show that the grafting phase exhibits a single-phase behavior with the addition of TEGDA, which implies that the ratio of graft copolymer increased.

Initiating gradient photopolymerization and migration of a novel polymerizable polysiloxane α-hydroxy alkylphenones photoinitiator

This paper reported a photocleavage type polymerizable organosilicon macromolecular photoinitiator (HHMP-Si-CC), which was synthesized based on traditional photoinitiator 2-hydroxy-1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl]-2-methyl propan-1-one (HHMP) and amino polysiloxane. HHMP-Si-CC cannot only spontaneously form a concentration gradient in the photopolymerization system, initiate gradient photopolymerization and effectively mitigate inhibition of oxygen, but also overcome the migration of photolysis fragments of the photoinitiator from UV-curable material. Its structure was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), 13C NMR, 29Si NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The kinetics of photopolymerization of HHMP-Si-CC was studied by real-time infrared spectroscopy (RTIR). Moreover, it was proved by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV absorption that HHMP-Si-CC had relatively good self-floating ability. The polymer initiated by HHMP-Si-CC presented a gradient change in the degree of polymerization, molecular weight, thermostability and glass transition temperature (Tg). The surface morphology of poly(triethylene glycol diacrylate) (PTPGDA) initiated by HHMP-Si-CC was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). More importantly, the migration of photolysis fragments of the HHMP-Si-CC from UV-curable materials was also investigated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the migration more was effectively mitigated by introducing polymerizable groups into the HHMP-Si-CC. HHMP-Si-CC should have potential applications for preparing more environmentally friendly gradient materials.

Occupational contact dermatitis to acrylates in a manicurist

We report the case of a manicurist who developed an allergic skin reaction to acrylates, manifested by bullous lesions on fingertips and eczema of the hands and ears. Patch tests showed positive reactions to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexandiol diacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and triethyleneglycol diacrylate. Because of her skin disorder, she had to give up her job. She was not correctly advised on retraining and started to work as a dental nurse. Soon after re-exposure to acrylates in dental materials, she experienced recurrence of the skin symptoms.

High frequency of false-positive reactions in attempted patch testing with acrylate/methacrylate mixes

Although acrylate/methacrylate allergy has been frequently reported, until now patch testing with this group of allergens has been unwieldy, requiring the application of large supplementary series in most centres. To formulate and evaluate two mixes of acrylate/methacrylate allergens in three centres (Malmö, Singapore, and Leuven). All patients tested with the baseline series during the study period were also patch tested with the mixes. Mix 1 consisted of: triethyleneglycol diacrylate (TREGDA) 0.1% wt/wt, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) 1.0% wt/wt and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate 1.0% wt/wt in petrolatum. Mix 2 consisted of: TREGDA 0.1% wt/wt and 2-HEMA 2.0% wt/wt in pet. The separate components of the two mixes were also tested simultaneously. There were 25 (5 males; 20 females) positive reactions to mix 1 with 16 in Malmö, 8 in Singapore, and 1 in Leuven. Positive reactions to mix 2 were seen only in Malmö, in 8 female patients. Thus, the positive reaction rate for mix 1 was 8.3% overall (Malmö 7.7%, Singapore 18.6%, and Leuven 2.1%), and that for mix 2 was 2.7% overall (Malmö 3.8%, Singapore 0%, and Leuven 0%). Of the 16 positive reactions to mix 1 in Malmö, only 4 were considered to be true allergic reactions, as the component allergen testing gave totally negative results in 12/16. For mix 2, only 3/8 positive reactions were considered to be true allergic reactions, as the component testing was negative in 5/8. Many doubtful (10-20%) and positive but non-allergic reactions were recorded, leading to early termination of the study. Although this was an unsuccessful attempt to formulate an acrylate/methacrylate mix, our experience will be useful for those embarking on future attempts to do this.

Polymeric Micelles Using Pseudo‐Amphiphilic Block Copolymers

AbstractPS‐b‐PMA block copolymers carrying terminal anionic groups have been studied. Their synthesis is achieved by mean of 3‐(benzylsulfanyl thiocarbonylsulfanyl) propionic acid and 3‐(1‐phenylethylsulfanyl thiocarbonylsulfanyl) propanesulfonic acid sodium salt as RAFT agents. These block copolymers, when dispersed in methanol, display a pseudo‐amphiphilic behaviour and provide micelles that can be suspended in water by osmosis. During the self‐assembling process, the anionic terminations lead to the formation of nanosized monodispersed particles and confer stability to the micelles in aqueous media. The core of the micelles is loaded with Nile Red to achieve the intracellular delivery of a lipophilic substance; this has been demonstrated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The particles, when loaded with Doxorubicin, are able to overcome the intrinsic resistance of LoVo‐MDR cancer cells. A further stabilization is given to the micelles by covalent shell crosslinking provided by triethylene glycol diacrylate. The increased intracellular stability of the crosslinked micelles makes them stain, when loaded with Nile Red, the aqueous cytosol instead of the lipophilic cellular compartments. The unimers constituting the micelles have been covalently labelled with fluorescein to follow their fate once incorporated into the cells.

Stochastic modeling and simulation of photopolymerization process

AbstractIn this study, the effect of photoinitiator concentration on the gelation time of different resins were studied in the absence of oxygen in the reaction volume by using passive microrheology technique. Four different monomers which are ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (SR494), trimethylolpropane triacrylate (SR351), triethylene glycol diacrylate (SR272), and 2(2‐ethoxyetoxy) ethyl acrylate (SR256) were used in these experiments. Resins were prepared from these four different monomers by mixing them with various amount of 2,2‐dimethoxy 1,2‐diphenylethanone photoinitiator molecule with high absorption coefficient at the frequency of UV light used in these experiment. The simulations of the results obtained from microrheology experiments were carried out with the new model based on the stochastic Monte Carlo approach in order to account for the inherently random and discrete nature of the photopolymerization reactions. The model captures the nonlinear decrease of gelation time with increasing photoinitator concentration and number of acrylate fragments on each monomer. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers

Correlation between Stated and Measured Concentrations of Acrylate and Methacrylate Allergens in Patch-Test Preparations

Contact allergy to acrylates and methacrylates is not uncommon. The allergy is confirmed by patch-testing patients with commercial patch-test preparations. To investigate acrylate and methacrylate allergens used for patch testing in nine different dermatology departments from Europe, America, Asia, and Australia. The acrylate and methacrylate (methyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and triethylene glycol diacrylate) allergen samples were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography to measure the allergen content. Variation in measured versus stated concentrations was seen in these samples. The ratio of measured to stated concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 1.1. Only 22 (63%) of 35 samples were within the arbitrary acceptable limits of 80 to 120% of the stated concentrations. The results may have implications for individual diagnosis and prevention and when test results from various centers are compared.

Polymeric micelles using pseudo-amphiphilic block copolymers and their cellular uptake

A PS-b-PMA block copolymer bearing a terminal carboxylic group has been synthesized using 3-(benzylsulfanyl thiocarbonylsulfanyl) propionic acid as RAFT agent. When dispersed in methanol, this block copolymer displays pseudo-amphiphilic behaviour providing micelles which can be suspended in water by osmosis. The carboxylic terminations are fundamental during the self-assembling process contributing to the formation of nanosized monodispersed particles. Furthermore, the anionic corona confers the to micelles stability in aqueous media. The core of the micelles was loaded with Nile Red to achieve the intracellular delivery of a lipophilic substance; this was demonstrated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The particles, when loaded with doxorubicin, are able to overcome the intrinsic resistance of LoVo-MDR cancer cells. Further stabilization is given to the micelles by covalent shell crosslinking using triethylene glycol diacrylate. Because of the increased intracellular stability of the crosslinked micelles, they stain, when loaded with Nile Red, the aqueous cytosol instead of the lipophilic compartments. The unimers constituting the micelles were covalently labeled with fluorescein to follow their fate once incorporated into the cells.

Variation in allergen content over time of acrylates/methacrylates in patch test preparations

Acrylates/methacrylates are volatile substances. There might be a gradual decrease in acrylate/methacrylate allergen content over time in patch test preparations but this has not yet been documented. To determine the allergen content of acrylates/methacrylates in patch test preparations over time under different storage conditions. Five acrylate/methacrylate allergens [2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TREGDA) and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (2-HPA)] in syringes and IQ™ chambers (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden) were analysed using gel permeation chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography to measure the allergen content over time in samples stored in the freezer, refrigerator and under room temperature. The concentration of allergens in syringes decreased with time. Those stored at room temperature had the fastest rate of decrease, followed by those in the refrigerator and freezer. In most cases, in syringes or IQ™ chambers under all storage conditions, the MMA decreased most rapidly, followed by 2-HPA, 2-HEMA, EGDMA and TREGDA. The allergens in the IQ™ chambers rapidly disappeared, with almost all samples reaching nondetectable levels by day 8. MMA was the first to reach a nondetectable level--at day 2. Acrylate/methacrylate allergens are lost rapidly from IQ™ chambers especially if stored at room temperature. Allergens in syringes remain above 80% of their initial concentrations for longer periods compared with IQ™ chambers. In syringes and IQ™ chambers there is a slower rate of decrease in concentration when the storage temperature is lower. Allergens should be stored refrigerated, replaced regularly, and freshly applied on to test patches on the day of use.

Occupational methacrylate and acrylate allergy – cross‐reactions and possible screening allergens

Acrylic resin monomers, especially acrylates and methacrylates, are important occupational allergens. To analyse patterns of concomitant patch test reactions to acrylic monomers in relation to exposure, and to suggest possible screening allergens. We reviewed the patch test files for the years 1994-2009 at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health for allergic reactions to acrylic monomers, and analysed the clinical records of sensitized patients. In a group of 66 patients allergic to an acrylic monomer, the most commonly positive allergens were three methacrylates, namely ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA) and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (2-HPMA), and an acrylate, namely diethyleneglycol diacrylate (DEGDA). The patterns of concomitant reactions imply that exposure to methacrylates may induce cross-reactivity to acrylates, whereas exposure to acrylates usually does not lead to cross-allergy to methacrylates. Screening for triethyleneglycol diacrylate (TREGDA) in the baseline series was found to be useful, as 3 of 8 patients with diagnosed occupational acrylate allergy might have been missed without the screening. A short screening series of four allergens, EGDMA, DEGDA, 2-HPMA and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), would have screened 93% of our 66 patients; each of the remaining 5 patients reacted to different acrylic monomer(s).

A comparative study of coordination between host polymers and Li + ions in UV-cured gel polymer electrolytes

Crosslinked gel polymer electrolytes are prepared via free radical photo-polymerization of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) or tri(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (TEGDA) with 1 M LiClO 4 dissolved in a solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and propylene carbonate (PC). TEGDA-based gel polymer electrolytes containing a polar moiety of ethylene oxide exhibit relatively high ionic conductivities over a temperature range from − 15 to 65 °C in comparison to those based on HDDA. The coordination structure between polar moieties of a polymer backbone and Li + ions is examined using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The results of FT-IR analyses manifest that the C O and C O C groups of TEGDA-based polymer matrix form the complex with Li + ions.

Screening for acrylate/methacrylate allergy in the baseline series: our experience in Sweden and Singapore

No studies to specifically determine the prevalence of contact allergy to acrylates/methacrylates in patch tested populations have been published. To determine the prevalence of acrylate/methacrylate allergy in all patients tested to the baseline patch test series. Five acrylate/methacrylate allergens (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate) were included in the baseline series for at least 2 years in Malmö and Singapore. Thirty-eight patients in total had reacted to acrylate/methacrylate allergens in the baseline series during the study period in both populations. In Malmö, there were 26 (1.4%) patients with positive patch tests to acrylate/methacrylate allergens, 14 of whom had relevant reactions. In Singapore, there were 12 (1.0%) patients with positive patch tests to acrylate/methacrylate allergens, but only 1 had relevant reactions. If we had not added acrylate/methacrylate allergens to the baseline series, we would not have patch tested 13/26 (50%) of the positive reactors in Malmö and 11/12 (92%) of the positive reactors in Singapore. The overall proportion of missed positive reactors would have been 24/38 (63%). The prevalence of acrylate/methacrylate allergy in our patch tested dermatitis populations is 1.4% in Malmö and 1.0% in Singapore.

Methacrylate and acrylate allergy in dental personnel

Methacrylates are important allergens in dentistry. The study aimed to analyse patch test reactivity to 36 acrylic monomers in dental personnel in relation to exposure. We reviewed the test files at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health from 1994 to 2006 for allergic reactions to acrylic monomers in dental personnel and analysed the clinical records of the sensitized patients. 32 patients had allergic reactions to acrylic monomers: 15 dental nurses, 9 dentists, and 8 dental technicians. The dentists and dental nurses were most commonly exposed to 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2-HEMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TREGDMA), and 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (bis-GMA). 8 dentists and 12 dental nurses were allergic to 2-HEMA. The remaining dentist was positive to bis-GMA and other epoxy acrylates. The remaining 3 dental nurses reacted to diethyleneglycol diacrylate (DEGDA) or triethyleneglycol diacrylate (TREGDA), but not to monofunctional and multifunctional methacrylates. Our dental technicians were mainly exposed and sensitized to methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). 1 technician reacted only to 2-HEMA, and another to ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and ethyl acrylate (EA). 2-HEMA was the most important allergen in dentists and dental nurses, and MMA and EGDMA in dental technicians. Reactions to bis-GMA, DEGDA, TREGDA, EMA and EA were relevant in some patients.