Triethanolamine Concentration Research Articles

Positively charged nanofiltration membranes with gradient structures for enhancing separation properties

Creating a gradient structure in a separation layer is an effective approach for enhancing separation performance of thin film composite membranes. Here we present the preparation of a positively charged nanofiltration membrane with a gradient structure. An inner layer consisting of a loose polyester separation layer with large pores was formed through the interfacial polymerization (IP) reaction between triethanolamine (TEA) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). And a dense and thin top layer composed of a polyamide separation layer was obtained by secondary interfacial polymerization (SIP) reaction using polyethyleneimine (PEI) along with unreacted TMC and residual acyl chloride groups of IP reaction. The influences of TEA concentration, PEI concentration and SIP time on the physicochemical properties and separation performances of the membrane were systematically analyzed. Our results show that the presence of the gradient structure optimized mass transfer pathways and reduced mass transfer resistance, resulting in significantly improved permeability of 13.0 ± 0.5 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 (over 3 times compared with control-PEI), high MgCl2 rejection of 91.7 ± 0.6 %, and an excellent stability and anti-fouling performance. Our work provides valuable insights and guidance for developing high-performance positively charged NF membrane with gradient structures.

Role of triethanolamine complexing agent in chemical bath deposition of tin sulfide thin films: Microstructural and optical properties

This paper reports the experimental results studying the structure, optical and dielectric properties of tin monosulfide thin films. Tin monosulfide (SnS) films were deposited on glass substrate by chemical bath deposition to study the role of triethanolamine (TEA: complexing agent) concentration on the film properties. X-ray diffraction spectra reveal that the films exhibit mainly cubic phase which remain stable over the range of TEA concentration (3.0 M − 5.0 M). FTIR spectra indicate the S-Sn bond stretching in all films. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows the presence of minor trace of secondary SnS2 phase (along with main cubic π-SnS phase) in all films. SEM micrographs show cauliflower-like surface morphology of all films. Optical results reveal that the films possess high value of absorption coefficient (≥105 cm−1) in the visible region. Direct optical transition behavior is observed in all films. From Tauc plots, the calculated optical band gap (Eg) varies from 1.79 eV to 1.91 eV with the variation in TEA concentration. The dielectric constant, refractive index and an extinction coefficient are also calculated and observed to decrease with increasing TEA concentration. Experimental results suggest that an appropriate concentration of a complexing agent (TEA) can be chosen to obtain crystalline films without deterioration of crystalline structure and phase, not effecting Eg significantly.

Formulation and Effectiveness Test of 96% Ethanol Extract Anti-Acne Serum Cashew Leaves (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Introduction: Recently, the use of cosmetics to cure acne made from natural ingredients can have a good effect. Cosmetic preparations that are currently developing rapidly are serum preparations because they have better effects, and the moisturizing technology used is based on skin physiology. The natural ingredient in question is cashew leaves, which treat acne caused by Propionibacterium acnes. This research aims to obtain a serum preparation of cashew leaf extract to determine its effectiveness against P. acne and optimize the two ingredients, namely carbopol and triethanolamine (TEA) so that the serum preparation has physical stability that meets predetermined standards.
 Methods: This research is pure experimental research of a qualitative nature to obtain a serum preparation of cashew leaf extract with effectiveness as an anti-acne and using the factorial design method with the optimization factor for carbopol concentration comparison as a gelling agent and TEA as an alkalizing agent. The physical property parameters observed as a response to the equation are spreadability and viscosity using two-way statistical tests, ANOVA, with IBM SPSS statistics 29.0.1.0 software.
 Results: The research results obtained indicate the effectiveness of cashew leaf extract serum preparations against bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes. Apart from that, there is no significant difference between the formulas in the spreadability parameters, which means there is no influence from variations in carbopol and TEA concentrations on the physical evaluation of spreadability. Meanwhile, there are significant differences between the formulas in the viscosity parameters, there is an influence of variations in the concentration of carbopol and TEA on the physical evaluation of viscosity.
 Conclusion: Cashew leaf extract serum preparations are effective in treating bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, the cause of acne.

Optimization of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel Properties through an Artificial Neural Network Model.

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels are promising materials for tissue engineering applications due to their biocompatibility and tunable properties. However, the time-consuming process of preparing GelMA hydrogels with desirable properties for specific biomedical applications limits their clinical use. Visible-light-induced cross-linking is a well-known method for the preparation of GelMA hydrogels; however, a comprehensive investigation on the influence of critical parameters such as Eosin Y (EY), triethanolamine (TEA), and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) concentrations on the stiffness and gelation time has yet to be performed. In this study, we systematically investigated the effect of these critical parameters on the stiffness and gelation time of GelMA hydrogels. We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model with three input variables, EY, TEA, and NVP concentrations, and two output variables, Young's modulus and gelation time, derived from our experimental design. Through the alteration of individual chemical concentrations, [EY] between 0.005 and 0.5 mM and [TEA] and [NVP] between 10 and 1000 mM, we studied the impact of these alterations on the real-time values of stiffness and gelation time. Furthermore, we demonstrated the validity of the ANN model in predicting the properties of GelMA hydrogels. We also studied cell survival to establish nontoxic concentration ranges for each component, enabling safer use of GelMA hydrogels in relevant biomedical applications. Our results showed that the ANN model can accurately predict the properties of GelMA hydrogels, allowing for the synthesis of hydrogels with desirable stiffness for various biomedical applications. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive library that characterizes the stiffness and gelation time and demonstrates the potential of the ANN model to predict these properties of GelMA hydrogels depending on the critical parameters. The ANN models developed here can facilitate the optimization of GelMA hydrogels with the most efficient mechanical properties that resemble a native extracellular matrix and better address the need in the in vivo microenvironment. The approach of this study is to bring research about the synthesis of GelMA hydrogels to a new level where the synthesis of these hydrogels can be standardized with minimum cost and effort.

Formulation and Evaluation of Moringa Leaves Extract (Moringa oleifera L. ) Lotion with Variation Concentration of Triethanolamin

The Indonesian people know the moringa plant as a plant for consumption as a vegetable, a fetid decoction as well as animal feed. However, the Moringa plant, especially in the leaves, has another benefit , namely as an antioxidant. Antioxidants in Moringa leaves contain tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. The purpose of this study was to determine a good formulation for the preparation of moringa leaf extract lotion with variations in the concentration of triethanolamine. The research method used is the experimental method. Data analysis was performed using the One Way Anova and Kruskal Wallis Test statistical methods . The results showed that the organoleptic test of slightly thick texture preparations for formula I, thick texture for formulas II and III; typical preparation odor of Moringa leaf extract; the color of the preparation is yellow. Homogeneity test of formula I was not homogeneous, formula II was not homogeneous in the third replication, formula III was homogeneous. The average viscosity test for formula I was 1,800 c.Ps, formula II was 8,300 c.Ps, formula III was 1,666 c.Ps. The average pH test for formula I was 6, formula II was 7, formula III was 8. The average adhesion test for formula I was 02.76 seconds, formula II was 02.02 seconds, formula III was 01.37 seconds. The average spreadability test for formula I was 3.9 cm, formula II was 6.6 cm, formula III was 6.9 cm. Based on the evaluation results obtained, it can be concluded that the triethanolamine concentration of 2.5% produces a good formulation for lotion preparations.

Triethanolamine concentration effect on electrodeposited SnS thin films properties

Triethanolamine concentration effect on electrodeposited SnS thin films properties

Wound Healing Activity of the Clitoria ternatea L. flower Ethanolic extract gel preparation in Diabetic Animal Model

The objective of the study was to determine the wound healing activity of the Clitoria ternate L. flower ethanolic extract in the gel preparation in a diabetic animal model. We conducted an optimization of the gel preparations from various concentration of carbomer (0, 5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) and triethanolamine (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%) through stability study. The best formula gel was used as a basis for the Clitoria ternatea L extract in the wound healing activity study. We divided the animals into six groups, namely negative (placebo), positive (bioplacenton® gel), test I (Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 5%), test II (Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 10%), and test III (Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 15%), and normal control group. All of these groups were induced by alloxan (170mg/kg BW i.p) to make diabetic (>200mg/dL), except for the normal group. Afterward, these diabetic animals were made a 2cm long wound incision using a sterile scalpel on the back, then followed by the administration of the preparations twice a day depending of the groups for 14 days. The study showed carbomer 1% and triethanolamine 1.5% formula was gave the best gel formulation with fulfilled value of viscosity, pH, homogeneity, consistency, and organoleptic parameters. Moreover, the wound healing study showed Clitoria ternate L. flower ethanolic extract gel 15% exhibited the best wound healing activity in the diabetic animal model significantly (p<0.05) than negative, normal, and test II, but not significantly different with positive and test I (p>0.05). The complete healing time and wound healing average percentage for the negative, positive, test I, test II, test III, and normal groups were >14 days (undefined), 13 days, 14 days, 14 days, and 10 days, and 47%, 52%, 59%, 49%, 63%, respectively. The Clitoria ternate L flower extract gel 15% is very potential in topical medication for diabetic wounds.

EVALUASI FISIK KRIM ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK KULIT BAWANG MERAH DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI TRIETANOLAMIN DAN ASAM STEARAT

Inflammation is the body's defense function against the entry of organisms and other disturbances. The drugs used often have an effect on gastrointestinal disorders, so other alternative treatments are being developed that can minimize side effects. The quarcetin content of shallot skin extract, which has anti-inflammatory activity, is formulated in a cream dosage form. The emulsifiers in the m/a cream formula are stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA). This study aims to determine the physical evaluation of an anti-inflammatory cream containing shallot skin extract with variations in concentrations of TEA and stearic acid. The method used in this study is the experimental method. Formulations I, II, and III with varying concentrations of TEA and stearic acid (2:8%, 3:10%, and 4:12%) were used. Tests carried out included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion. The cream formula passed the organoleptic test with a distinctive shallot smell, semi-solid form, brownish red color, all formulas were homogeneous, pH 5.264-6.417, spreadability 3.849-6.251 cm, and adhesion 83-132 seconds. Higher concentrations of TEA and stearic acid had an effect on adhesion and spreadability but had no effect on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, or pH. Onion skin extract cream with a concentration of TEA:2%:8% stearic acid gave the best physical quality.

Physico-Chemical Properties of Zn-Ni Alloy from an Alkaline Sulphate Bath Containing Triethanolamine and Mercaptopyridine

The composition, properties and morphology of electrodeposited Zn-Ni alloy from an alkaline sulphate bath containing triethanolamine (TEA) and mercaptopyridine (MPY) have been investigated. A bath solution containing 3.5% wt. Ni content produced an alloy deposit with 12.5% wt. Ni (more noble metal) indicating preferential deposition of nickel (i.e. Regular co-deposition process). With increase in current density and the concentration of TEA, the percentage of nickel in the alloy deposit decreased. An increase in temperature, thickness and the concentration of MPY increases the percentage of nickel (more noble) in the Zn-Ni alloy deposit. CCE was decreased with current density, increased with temperature and stirring of the bath solution. Static potentials of Zn-Ni alloy were less noble to nickel and more noble to zinc. Hardness of the alloy increased with an increase in %Ni in an alloy. Fine grained deposits were observed morphologically.

FORMULASI ANTI-AGING CREAM POTASSIUM AZELOYL DIGLYCINATE TERHADAP STABILITAS FISIKA-KIMIA KRIM DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI TRIETANOLAMIN SEBAGAI EMULGATOR

Potassium-azeloyl-diglycinate is an active ingredient as a sebum normalizer and skin lightening-agent to moisturize and treat hyperpigmentation. Anti-aging (AA) cream is a cosmetic used to prevent premature aging. The use of an emulsifying agent is necessary to produce a stable cream. One of the commonly used emulsifying-agents is triethanolamine. This study aims to formulate the AA-cream potassium-azeloyl-diglycinate preparation varied with the concentration of triethanolamine. Potassium-azeloyl-diglycinate AA-cream is formulated in 3 formula variants using TEA, namely 1.5%,2%, and 2.5%. Physical-chemical stability testing was carried out before and after 6 storage cycles of cycling-test, including organoleptic-test, homogeneity, adhesion, spreadability, stability, emulsion-type, viscosity, pH, antioxidant activity, and hydration on the respondents’ skin. The test results show that formula 3 is the best formula for AA-cream. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity tested using the DPPH-method showed that the three formulas had a very weak activity with values in Formula 1, 2, and 3 of 63,856 ppm, 57,508 ppm, and 45,640 ppm, respectively. The antioxidant-activity of the cream decreased after the storage of the cycling-test. The hydration-test on the skin on the back of the respondents’ palms showed an increase in moisture on the skin after applying it for 10 days.

Magneto‐hydrodynamic mixing: A new technique for preparing carbomer hydrogels

AbstractMagnetohydrodynamic mixing was evaluated as an alternative to conventional high shear mixing (HSM) in the preparation of carbomer hydrogels containing 1.22 wt% Carbopol® 980 NF. Neutralization of the carbomer dispersion (pH = 2.74) with triethanolamine (TEA) enabled to adjust the pH of the mixture and tune the viscosity of the hydrogel. Using HSM, this approach was limited to 0.2 wt% TEA (pH = 3.83) as the gel became too viscous and the recirculation flow dropped from 12 to 0.3 m3/h. Magnetohydrodynamic mixing enabled to reach TEA concentrations up to 1.0 wt% (pH = 5.31). Apparent viscosity measurements on samples having 0.2 wt% TEA revealed lower viscosities for carbomer hydrogels prepared with HSM, that is, 6800 mPa s versus 8800 mPa for magneto‐hydrodynamic mixing. Based on 1H NMR evidence, this decrease in apparent viscosity was attributed to structural damage to the carbomer backbone in combination with mechanochemical degradation of the added TEA.

Development and application of guar gum crosslinked gel with adjustable gelation time for total loss treatment

To remediate the problem of severe or total losses, and meet the requirements of borehole plugging and pumping at different well depths, a novel crosslinked polymer gel (named HPG/Zr gel) with controlled gelation time and high gel strength was developed as loss circulation material, which mainly comprised hydroxypropyl guar gum, zirconium compound and triethanolamine. The influence of hydroxypropyl guar gum concentration, zirconium compound concentration, triethanolamine concentration and temperature on the gelation time of HPG/Zr gel was evaluated. In addition, the performance of HPG/Zr gel was investigated in terms of temperature resistance and shear resistance property, plugging ability and supporting cement slurry ability. According to the results, HPG/Zr gel can form a viscoelastic body with a network structure, and its gelation time can be practically adjustable. The results of the plugging experiment at different temperatures, pressures and pore sizes of quartz sand revealed that HPG/Zr gel could effectively plug sand pores at 150°C, and its pressure-bearing capacity can be up to 5 MPa. Employing its flow resistance and ability of supporting cement slurry, HPG/Zr gel was successfully applied in two geological boreholes by combining with cement slurry. Overall, the results of laboratory research and field tests indicate that HPG/Zr gel is useful for mitigating the lost circulation, and it is of huge importance to engineering applications.

Electrodeposition of copper from triethanolamine as a complexing agent in alkaline solution

The use of triethanolamine (TEA) as a cyanide-free electrolyte for copper electrodeposition was studied. The effect of TEA concentration on electrodeposition rate and cathodic adsorption during 3D copper growth was investigated. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), chronoamperometry and in situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) were used to achieve a kinetic, thermodynamic, and mechanistic understanding. TEA forms stable complexes with copper, the most stable being Cu(TEA)(OH)3¯. Also, it acts as a surface modifier, promoting instantaneous nucleation and lower reduction rates to metallic copper. Thus, three-dimensional growth is controlled and, consequently, a smooth and homogeneous copper deposit is achieved.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Polyherbal Lotion

There is increased scientific evidence that plants possess a vast and complex arsenal of active ingredients which have the ability to calm or smooth the skin as well as restore actively, heal and protect the skin. The present work deals with the development and evaluation of the poly herbal lotion containing Trigonella foenum-graecum, Citrus lemon, Matricaria chamomilla and Cymbopogon citrates. Different types of formulations oil in water (O/W) herbal lotions namely F1 to F13 were formulated by incorporating different concentrations of stearic acid and Triethanolamine. Formulation of Triethanolamine and stearic acid was optimized as 2.529.35. The prepared lotion was evaluated for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and pharmaceutical parameters. The lotion formulation showed no redness, edema, inflammation and irritation during sensitivity test indication that it is safe to use. Stability studies of the lotion showed that the lotion was stable after one months.

Construction of Spindle-Shaped Ti3+ Self-Doped TiO2 Photocatalysts Using Triethanolamine-Aqueous as the Medium and Its Photoelectrochemical Properties.

To enhance the utilization efficiency of visible light and reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, spindle-shaped TiO2 photocatalysts with different Ti3+ concentrations were fabricated by a simple solvothermal strategy using low-cost, environmentally friendly TiH2 and H2O2 as raw materials and triethanolamine-aqueous as the medium. The photocatalytic activities of the obtained photocatalysts were investigated in the presence of visible light. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were applied to characterize the structure, morphologies, and chemical compositions of as-fabricated Ti3+ self-doped TiO2. The concentration of triethanolamine in the mixed solvent plays a significant role on the crystallinity, morphologies, and photocatalytic activities. The electron–hole separation efficiency was found to increase with the increase in the aspect ratio of as-fabricated Ti3+ self-doped TiO2, which was proved by transient photocurrent response and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Pengaruh Trietanolamin pada Basis Krim Minyak dalam Air yang Berbahan Dasar Asam Stearat dan Setil Alkohol

The cream is a semi-solid preparation with one or more ingredients dispersed in two types of emulsions, water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) type creams. Oil-in-water type cream has a high water content so that it can provide a hydration effect that can increase the penetration of the active substance. Triethanolamine in topical preparations is used as an emulsifier and alkalizing agent to form a homogeneous and stable cream. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of triethanolamine on an oil-in-water cream base based on stearic acid and cetyl alcohol. Making the base is done by making preparations using four concentrations of triethanolamine 0.5% (F1), 1% (F2), 1.5% (F3), and 2% (F4). The cream base was then evaluated for its physical properties including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, and phase separation test. The results showed that in the organoleptic test cream bases were white, had a characteristic aroma with a semisolid form. The cream base has a homogeneity dispersion with an average pH between 6.53-7.29, viscosity between 3.5792396-3.8001904 (Pa.s), spreadability between 5.43-5.78 cm, and adhesion between 4.47-6.25 seconds. The cream base did not have phase separation and was stable in storage for 4 weeks at room temperature.

Pengaruh Trietanolamin Dan Asam Stearat Terhadap Mutu Fisik Dan Stabilitas Mekanik Krim Sari Buah Tomat

Tomatoes contain lycopene which is an antioxidant. Antioxidant preparations can be made in the form of a cream with components of an oil phase, a water phase and an emulsifier. Emulsifiers that can be used are triethanolamine (TEA) and stearic acid. This study aims to determine the effect of triethanolamine and stearic acid as emulsifiers on the physical quality and mechanical stability of tomatoes extract cream. The use of triethanolamine and stearic acid with a ratio of 2%:5%; 3%:10%; 4%:15%. The test are the physical characteristics of tomatoes extract cream included organoleptic, homogeneity, cream type, pH, viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, protection and mechanical stability using the centrifugation method. The results of the phytochemical screening of tomatoes extract were positive for triterpenoids. The test results of the three cream formulas are odorless, semi-solid form, light orange to white color, homogeneous, cream type M/A, pH 5.25 - 6.26; viscosity 5,376 cP - 14,370 cP, spreadability 4 - 5,067 cm, adhesion 4 - 11.6 seconds, protection power 2 - 5.2 seconds. The three cream formulas did not undergo phase separation. The higher concentration of TEA and stearic acid had an effect on viscosity, pH value, adhesion, dispersibility and protection, but had no effect on organoleptic, homogeneity, cream type, and stability. tomatoes extract cream with a concentration of TEA:stearic acid 2%:5% gave the best physical quality.

Effect of triethanolamine as counter ion on the transdermal permeation of candesartan

The aim of this work was to develop a transdermal gel formulation for enhanced delivery of candesartan. The in vitro skin permeation of the drug was examined using modified Franz type diffusion cells and epidermal membrane, taken from full thickness hairless mouse skin. Initially, a full 24 factorial design was employed, in order to estimate the effects and interactions of the following factors: the chemical form of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), the concentration of triethanolamine (TEtA), the concentration of 1,8-cineole and the type of the vehicle's co-solvent, on the in vitro skin permeation. The experimental design revealed the optimum formulation consisting of candesartan, 5% TEtA, 10% 1,8-cineole and glycerol formal, which provided an increased flux, approximately two hundred times higher than the control formulation. Furthermore, NMR and mass spectrometry demonstrated the ion pair formation between TEtA and candesartan as an effective strategy for significantly improving its in vitro skin permeation.

RuO2 Nanoparticle-Embedded Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 Evolution

Ruthenium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) with an average diameter of 3.5 ± 1.4 nm, embedded in graphitic carbon nitride (RuO2/g-C3N4), were successfully prepared using a modified wet impregnation method. The RuO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites were employed as photocatalysts in H2 evolution with triethanolamine (TEOA) in aqueous media under irradiation with an LED lamp. When a small amount of the RuO2 NPs (RuO2: 0.62 wt %) was encapsulated in g-C3N4, the H2 evolution rate per catalyst weight (3070 μmol h–1 g–1) under basic pH conditions was remarkably improved, compared to the case with the pristine g-C3N4. Mechanistic insights into the H2 evolution were obtained by the kinetic analysis of RuO2/g-C3N4 with a series of alkanolamines as substrates and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The results revealed that the RuO2 NPs embedded in g-C3N4 functioned as efficient oxidation sites for converting alkanolamines into the corresponding aldehydes rather than as H2 evolution sites. The H2 evolution rates exhibited a saturation behavior dependent on the TEOA concentrations, suggesting the equilibrium adsorption of the hydroxyl group of TEOA on the RuO2 surface. Conversely, the H2 evolution on the surface of g-C3N4 under basic conditions was considered to be the rate-determining step as evidenced by the kinetic isotope effects exhibited in D2O. These results demonstrate that the RuO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites can serve as an effective photocatalyst for H2 evolution in tandem with selective substrate oxidations.

Carbon dioxide delivery and resulting biomass separation in microalgae cultivation using triethanolamine

ABSTRACT This study investigates a novel use of triethanolamine (TEA), a well-known carbon dioxide (CO2) – capturing chemical, to simultaneously deliver CO2 and separate microalgae biomass from the growth media in microalgae cultivation processes. For this purpose, the growth and nutrient utilization rates of Chlorella sp., were monitored at different concentrations of TEA saturated with 15% of CO2 in a gas mixture. In addition, the total inorganic carbon content in the growth media was followed in order to estimate the CO2 delivery rates. The highest growth and nutrient utilization rates occurred at 20 and 30 mM TEA concentrations, which results in 2.5-fold increase in biomass production rate at these TEA concentrations. More than 85% of the produced biomass was successfully separated from the medium by flotation facilitated by the release of oxygen and CO2 gases to the air from the oversaturated growth media, as well as the surfactant characteristics of TEA.