Triethanolamine Acetate Research Articles

SO2 Adsorption and Kinetics Analysis during Supported Triethanolamine Acetate Ionic Liquid Desulfurization.

Ionic liquid desulfurization is an effective method for achieving green and circulating desulfurization. To overcome the negative impact of the high viscosity of ionic liquids on the desulfurization process, an economical and efficient supported ionic liquid-triethanolamine acetate ionic liquid/silica (TAIL/SiO2) was prepared in this study. TAIL is synthesized using triethanolamine and acetic acid and subsequently loaded onto silica gel particles. The effects of the reaction temperature, humidity, silica particle size, and loading ratio on SO2 adsorption are investigated using a fixed-bed reactor. The results indicate that the surface of the silica gel loaded with ionic liquid formed uneven spherical clusters, and the aggregate volume increased with an increase in the loading ratio. The TAIL/SiO2 sulfur capacity could be effectively increased by increasing the loading ratio (exceeding 0.74 is unfavorable), decreasing the silica particle size, and reducing the reaction temperature and moisture content. The maximum sulfur capacity can reach 124.98 mg SO2/(g TAIL/SiO2) under experimental conditions, which is higher than that of activated carbon. The Bangham rate model effectively predicts the kinetics of the adsorption process of SO2.

Lubrication by Adsorption Films of Hydrophilic Amine-based Protic Ionic Liquids: Effect of Anion Species.

In this study, we synthesize hydrophilic amine-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) with hydroxy groups in a cation and different anions. Subsequently, we evaluate the kinetic friction coefficients of iron oxide in aqueous solutions of the PILs under different sliding conditions. Ditriethanolamine malate, triethanolamine lactate, triethanolamine methoxyacetate, and triethanolamine acetate are used as PIL samples in this study. Among them, ditriethanolamine malate exhibits the lowest kinetic friction coefficient. As the number of sliding cycles increases, the excellent lubrication capability remains. Subsequently, we characterize the adsorption of the PILs on an iron oxide surface to investigate the lubrication behavior on the basis of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and force curve data. We expect hydrophilic PILs to be excellent water-soluble lubricants and additives for use in metal surface treatments.

Development of ethanolamine‐based ionic liquid membranes for efficient CO2/CH4 separation

ABSTRACTThis study is focused on the development of ionic liquids (ILs) based polymeric membranes for the separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from methane (CH4). The advantage of ILs in selective CO2 absorption is that it enhances the CO2 selective separation for the ionic liquid membranes (ILMs). ILMs are developed and characterized with two different ILs using the solution‐casting method. Three different blend compositions of ILs and polysulfone (PSF) are selected for each ILMs 10, 20, and 30 wt %. Effect of the different types of ILs such as triethanolamine formate (TEAF) and triethanolamine acetate (TEAA) are investigated on PSF‐based ILMs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis of the membranes showed reasonable homogeneity between the ILs and PSF. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that by increasing the ILs loading thermal stability of the membranes improved. Mechanical analysis on developed membranes showed that ILs phase reduced the amount of plastic flow of the PSF phase and therefore, fracture takes place at gradually lower strains with increasing ILs content. Gas permeation evaluation was carried out on the developed membranes for CO2/CH4 separation between 2 bar to 10 bar feed pressure. Results showed that CO2 permeance increases with the addition of ILs 10–30 wt % in ILMs. With 20–30 wt % TEAF‐ILMs and TEAA‐ILMs, the highest selectivity of a CO2/CH4 53.96 ± 0.3, 37.64 ± 0.2 and CO2 permeance 69.5 ± 0.6, 55.21 ± 0.3 is observed for treated membrane at 2–10 bar. The selectivity using mixed gas test at various CO2/CH4 compositions shows consistent results with the ideal gas selectivity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45395.

The Performance Research of TiO<sub>2</sub> Electrode Prepared with Ionic Liquid and Ultrasonic Resonance

With the medium of triethanolamine acetate ionic liquids and the help of cavitation effect of ultrasonic resonance, the TiO2 collosol is prepared by the sol-gel method and being loaded on nickel foam. The TiO2 electrodes are formed by calcinating at the high temperature. The results show that the optimal electrodes can be obtained with the medium of triethanolamine acetate ionic liquids, under the condition of high power ultrasound resonance for 15 minutes, the ionic liquid volume of 3 mL and the calcination temperature of 400 °C. After the wastewater is processed by photoelectric catalysis under the conditions of electrolysis voltage of 12V, electrode spacing of 1 cm, wastewater pH of 4 and illumination time of 90 minutes, the COD removal rate can reach 63.5%, while the decolorization rate can reach 93.6%.

Antimicrobial activity of the ionic liquids triethanolamine acetate and diethanolamine chloride, and their corresponding Pd(II) complexes

The antimicrobial activity of the ionic liquids triethanolamine acetate [TEA][HOAc] and diethanolamine chloride [HDEA][Cl], as well as of their Pd(II) complexes trans-dichlorobis(triethanolamine-N)palladium(II) (trans-[PdCl2(TEA)2]) and diethanolammonium–tetrachloridopalladate(II) ([HDEA]2[PdCl4]), is presented. The investigated compounds showed low antibacterial activity. Better results were for antifungal activity. [TEA][HOAc] exhibited better activity than corresponding complex. Aspergillus species were especially sensitive to [HDEA]2[PdCl4]. The activity of this complex against A. restrictus, A. fumigatus was up to ten times higher than the activity of positive control, fluconazole.

Toxic Effects of Palladium Compounds on the Isolated Rat Heart

Taken into consideration limited data about effects of palladium on cardiovascular system, the aim of our study was to compare toxicity of inorganic and organic palladium compounds on the isolated rat heart. The hearts (total number n=30, 6 for each experimental group) excised from Wistar albino rats, male sex, age 8 weeks, and body mass 180-200 g, were retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at constant perfusion pressure (70 cm H2O). After the insertion of sensor in the left ventricle, the parameters of heart function: maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development (dP/dt max), systolic left ventricular pressure (SLVP), diastolic left ventricular pressure (DLVP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR)), were continuously registered. The experiments were performed during control conditions, and in the presence of perfusion with incresing concentration of the following: (triethanolamine (TEA), triethanolamine acetate (TEAA), palladium(II)chloride (PdCl2), and trans-dichlorobis(triethanolamine-N)palladium(II) complex (trans-[PdCl2(TEA)2])) started every 30 minutes (30, 60, 90, 120 minute). dP/dt max was not affected significantly by either TEAA, TEA, PdCl2 or Pd complex. SLVP was, also, not affected significantly by either TEAA, TEA, PdCl2, or Pd complex. DLVP was significantly decreased by both TEAA and PdCl2, while TEA and Pd complex did not show significant effect. MBP was significantly decreased only by PdCl2, while TEAA, TEA and Pd complex did not show significant effect. HR was significantly decreased by all compounds- PdCl2, TEAA, TEA and Pd complex. In our study, inorganic palladium compound (PdCl2) induced clear depression of the isolated rat heart contractility, manifested as drop in diastolic and mean blood pressure , and as decrease of the heart rate. On the other hand, it seems that palladium, when bound in an organic compound (linked to TEA in Pd complex), does not contribute significantly to cardio-toxicity in our experimental conditions.

Crystal structure and solid-state transformations of Zn–triethanolamine–acetate complexes to ZnO

The rapid and massive formation of a foamy precipitate while reacting zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2) and triethanolamine (TEA) in proper conditions led to an unravelled complex and a molecular tetra-metallic zinc cluster: their synthesis was optimised and they were characterised by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure shows the direct link of the acetate anion to the Zn cation, a feature not observed in parent compounds. The structural and chemical evolution of these materials upon heating have been studied, targeting the production of zinc oxide thin films or particles with particular properties. The phase transitions occurring during thermal treatments and the conversion to ZnO were studied by in situ X-ray powder diffraction, thermo-gravimetry and Raman spectroscopy. The cluster structure can be considered an even more interesting precursor for zinc oxide as nano-aggregates of four ZnO moieties are already present and the formation of ZnO particles requires a smaller number of broken and newly formed bonds. A third metastable hydrated phase was identified, but not structurally characterised because of its instability, thus completing the exploration of the polymorph landscape of the title compound.

Proteolytic Processing Causes Extensive Heterogeneity of Tissue Matrilin Forms

The matrilins are a family of multidomain extracellular matrix proteins with adapter functions. The oligomeric proteins have a bouquet-like structure and bind to a variety of different ligands whereby the avidity of their interactions is dependent on the number of subunits and domains present. Here we show the contribution of post-translational proteolytic processing to the heterogeneity of matrilins seen in tissue extracts and cell culture supernatants. A cleavage site after two glutamate residues in the hinge region close to the C-terminal coiled-coil oligomerization domain is conserved among the matrilins. Cleavage at this site yields molecules that lack almost complete subunits. The processing is least pronounced in matrilin-1 and particularly complex in matrilin-2, which contains additional cleavage sites. Replacement of the hinge region in matrilin-4 by the matrilin-1 hinge region had no marked effect on the processing. A detailed study revealed that matrilin-4 is processed already in the secretory pathway and that the activation of the responsible enzymes is dependent on proprotein convertase activity. Matrilin-3 and -4, but not matrilin-1 subunits present in matrilin-1/-3 hetero-oligomers, were identified as substrates for ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5, whereas ADAMTS1 did not cleave any matrilin. A neo-epitope antibody raised against the N terminus of the C-terminal cleavage product of matrilin-4 detected processed matrilin-4 in cultures of primary chondrocytes as well as on cartilage sections showing that the conserved cleavage site is used in vivo.

A Derivative of Lipid A Is Involved in Signal Recognition Particle/SecYEG-dependent and -independent Membrane Integrations

A cell-free system was developed that allows the correct integration of single and multispanning membrane proteins of Escherichia coli into proteoliposomes. We found that physiological levels of diacylglycerol were required to prevent spontaneous integration into liposomes even of the polytopic mannitol permease. Using diacylglycerol-containing proteoliposomes, we identified a novel integration-stimulating factor. Integration of mannitol permease was dependent on both the SecYEG translocon and this factor and was mediated by signal recognition particle and signal recognition particle receptor. Integration of M13 procoat, which is independent of both signal recognition particle/signal recognition particle receptor and SecYEG, was also promoted by this factor. Furthermore, the factor stimulated the post-translational translocation of presecretory proteins, suggesting that it also mediates integration of a signal sequence. This factor was found to be a lipid A-derived membrane component possessing a peptide moiety.

Purification and Characterization of Guanosine Diphospho-D-mannose Dehydrogenase: A key enzyme in the Biosynthesis of Alginate by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Abstract Alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa are usually associated with the cystic fibrosis lung environment and contribute to the high mortality rates observed among these patients. The present paper describes the purification and enzymatic properties of guanosine diphospho-D-mannose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.132), a key enzyme in alginate biosynthesis by mucoid P. aeruginosa. The enzyme was overproduced using a plasmid vector containing algD (the gene encoding this enzyme) under control of the tac promoter. It was purified from cell-free lysates by lowering the pH to 5.0, heating the extract to 57.5 degrees C for 10 min, and discarding the protein pellet. The enzyme was selectively precipitated from the supernatant fraction with 45% acetone, resuspended in a 100 mM triethanolamine acetate buffer, pH 7.6, and ultimately purified by Bio-Sil TSK-400 gel filtration chromatography. The subunit molecular weight (Mr 48,000) as well as the N-terminal amino acid sequence corresponded to those predicted from the DNA sequence of algD. The native protein migrated as a hexamer of 290,000 molecular weight upon Bio-Gel A-1.5m gel filtration chromatography. Kinetic analysis demonstrated an apparent Km of 14.9 microM for the substrate GDP-D-mannose and 185 microM for the cofactor NAD+. GDP-D-mannuronic acid was identified as the enzyme reaction product. Several compounds (including GMP, ATP, GDP-D-glucose, and maltose) were found to inhibit enzymatic activity. GMP, the most potent of these inhibitors, exhibited competitive inhibition with an apparent Ki of 22.7 microM. Enzyme activity was also sensitive to the sulfhydryl group modifying agents iodoacetamide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. The addition of excess dithiothreitol restored enzyme activity, suggesting a possible involvement of cysteine residues in enzymatic activity.

Platelet volume and Electrophoretic Mobility in Thrombosis

Platelets in circulation are not homogenous in size, density, metabolism and responsiveness to ADP or collagen. The platelet carries a net negative surface charge and its change may be an important factor in platelet adhesion and aggregation. Platelet volume has also been related to the functions. In this paper role of the platelet volume and the electrophoretic mobility in thrombus formation was studied.Materials and Methods: Twelve male rabbits of Japanese white strain were used. Eight were controls and 4 were injected with ADP 2mg/kg into the central vein in several seconds and pulmonary thrombosis was induced under an intravenous pentobarbital anesthesia. Blood, 50ml, was withdrawn from both groups into EDTA containing syringes through a femoral arterial cannula. Platelet rich plasma was washed twice in Tris-NaCl buffer and suspended in 3mM triethanolamine acetate buffer. Platelet electrophoresis was performed with a Continuous Free-Flow Electrophoresis VAP-5 (Bender & Hobein, Munich) at 18°C, 1, 250V and 80mA. Approximately 5×108 platelets were electrophoresed per hour. The fraction #1 is an anode side and #90 a cathode side. Platelets in each fraction suspended in the buffer were studied for platelet count and volume determinations by a Coulter counter ZbI and a channelyzer C-1000.Results: Control platelets were separated well making a single peak at the 20.9±2.6 fraction (Fig. 1). In acute thrombosis the peak was at the 15.5±1.4 fraction (Fig. 2) and the curve is shifted to the anode side as compared with the control (p<0.10). The mode platelet volume increased as the fraction number increased in the control (Fig. 3), but this trend disappeared in the thrombosis and the mode volume was almost same throughout the fractions at the level of anode side fractions of the control (Fig. 4).Discussion: Hampton and Mitchell reported that platelets exposed to ADP of low concentration increased the electrophoretic mobility and this might be the explanation of the increased mobility of the platelets which were saved from thrombus formation. The reduction in electrophoretic mobility of the platelets of larger volume could be caused simply by an increase in size and density or a redistribution or a decreased amount of anionogenic groups on platelet surface. Reported experiments (Brinton and Lauffer, 1959) make it less likely that the slow mobility is due to the large size. Disappearance of the platelet with large volume and low electrophoretic mobility would be caused by a selective consumption into the thrombi.Summary: 1. Increase in electrophoretic mobility was observed in platelets of the ADP-induced thrombosis. 2. Larger platelets carry low electro-phoretic mobility, 3. Platelets with large volume and low mobility were most likely consumed selectively into the thrombi.

Electrophoretic mobility of platelets and its physiological significance

Increasing attention has been paid to the surface electrical charge of platelets in relation to their functions. However there are several criticisms in methodological respects. In the present investigation the effect of neuraminidase on platelets was examined utilizing newly developed instruments of electrophoresis. These are Free-Flow Electrophoresis model Vap-5 (Bender and Hobein, West Germany) and Laser-Zee System 3000 (Pen-Kem Inc., U. S. A.). Rabbits were catheterized in the carotid artery and blood was obtained with EDTA as an anticoagulant. Platelet rich plasma was washed twice with Tris-HCl buffered saline and platelets were finally suspended in pH 5.3 acetate buffered saline. Washed platelets added with various concentrations of neuraminidase or control saline were incubated at 37°C for an hour. After incubation platelets were washed and suspended in 3mM triethanolamine acetate or 0.001M HEPES-NaOH, 0.15M NaCl buffer for electrophoresis with Free-Flow or Laser-Zee system respectively.Results: Electrophoretic distribution of neuraminidase-treated platelets was shifted to the cathode side as compared with the control. The magnitude in shift of electrophoretic distribution depended upon neuraminidase concentration and there was a correlation between them (Fig. 1A, B). Relation between electrophoretic mobility and volume of platelets before and after the neuraminidase treatment was shown in Fig. 2A, B and 3. In general larger platelets were distributed in the anode side and smallers in the cathode side. With lower concentration of neuraminidase treatment this trend as shown by a regression line got greater. This result represents that the sensitivity of platelets to neuraminidase is various in accordance with the platelet volume and smaller platelets are more sensitive to neuraminidase. The platelet sensitivity to neuraminidase may have some role in platelet turn-over as smaller platelets have been believed as older ones.