Trichophyton Mentagrophytes Infection Research Articles

Method development and validation of a new stability indicating HPLC and LC-ESI-MS/MS methods for the determination of Tavaborole

Tavaborole, a topical antifungal agent containing Boron is used for the treatment of onychomycosis, an infection of the nail and nail bed caused by Trichophyton rubrum or Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. Tavaborole is chemically known as 5 - Fluoro -1,3 - dihydro -2,1-benzoxaborol -1-ol. It acts by inhibiting Leucyl-tRNA synthetase an essential fungal enzyme required for protein synthesis. AB SCIEX Instruments LC-ESI-MS/MS (Model no. 5068379-Y) QTRAP Enabled Triple Quad 5500+ with Agilent Zorbox C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm x 3 µm) column and PDA detector was employed for the present study. The total run time was 10 mins and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. A mixture of 5 mM Ammonium formate: Methanol (30: 70) was used as mobile phase on isocratic mode with 1 ml/min as flow rate. Tavaborole has shown linearity over the concentration range 0.5-100 μg/ml and the proposed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method is found to be simple, precise, accurate and suitable for the quantification of the marketed formulations of Tavaborole. Stress degradation studies were performed and the method is found to be selective and specific. Keywords: Tavaborole, Stability indicating, LC-ESI-MS/MS, Validation.

Development of indirect ELISA and its evaluation in comparison with KOH hydrolysis and fungal culture for the immuno diagnosis of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in humans

Trichophyton is a keratinophilic fungus that can invade keratinized tissues of humans and cause superficial mycoses called dermatophytosis. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate indirect ELISA in comparison with gold standard methods such as direct microscopic examination of KOH mounts and fungal culture for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans. The present investigation reports the production and partial purification of T. rubrum mycelial antigens and production of specific polyclonal antibodies. It also reports the development and optimization of indirect ELISA and evaluation of its potential in comparison with gold standard methods for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of Trichophyton indirect ELISA was 93.75% and 93.33% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were high as well, found to be 93.75% and 90.00% respectively indicating usefulness of the assay. In all comparisons, the correlation coefficient (r) value was >0.5 indicating strong correlation between KOH hydrolysis test, fungal culture method and indirect ELISA. A significant correlation coefficient of 0.856 (P < 0.0001) was obtained between indirect ELISA and fungal culture method. This shows a good agreement between fungal culture method and indirect ELISA. The present study clearly shows diagnostic performance of Trichophyton indirect ELISA developed in this study is efficient as fungal culture method for the diagnosis of Trichophyton infection in humans.

Landscape of keratinocytes transcriptome alterations in response to Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection

Dermatophytosis is an intractable superficial fungal infection of keratinized structures, with approximately 20% incidence in humans. Alterations of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis at the transcriptome level remain unclear. To understand and characterize such responses, keratinocytes were infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes. After infection with 1 × 105 conidia/mL T. mentagrophytes for 24 h, the adherence of fungal hyphae to keratinocytes and the damage caused to cell morphology and structure were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-8 significantly increased after infection. RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses revealed that 766 genes were significantly whereas 2207 genes were repressed in the T. mentagrophyte-infected cells. Some of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to inflammation, immune responses, wound healing, metabolism, and oxidative stress. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that DEGs and pathways involved in inflammatory response, immune response, and pathogen-induced dysfunction were significantly enriched in the infected cells. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed that higher expression gene sets were mainly involved in immune responses, whereas lower expression gene sets were related to cell component organization or biogenesis and transporter activity. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction network and function analyses revealed that JUN, TP53, FOS, MYC, and HSP90AA1 play a key role in immune responses. Overall, our study systematically uncovered the transcriptome-level response of keratinocytes to T. mentagrophyte and provided insights into dermatophytosis treatment.

Effects of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection on the immune response of rabbits.

BackgroundRabbit breeding has developed into a large-scale industry, and as such, the incidence of dermatophytosis in rabbits has become increasingly common. A rabbit model with Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection was established to study the changes within the immune responses after fungal infection.MethodsAfter the T. mentagrophytes challenge on skin, pathogens on the skin were isolated from the rabbits in the fungal infection (FI) groups 20 days. Fungal observation under microscope were carried out. Identification of strains was achieved by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the CDR1 gene. The collected anticoagulant blood samples were analyzed for various blood cell parameters. The levels of antibodies, including IgM and IgA, cytokines, including IL-2, IL-6, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and soluble CD4 and CD8 in the serum of the FI group vs. the control group were determined independently. RNA isolation from blood samples and fluorescence-based quantitative PCR were carried out for the mRNA level of M-csf 20 days after fungal challenge.ResultsOur model resulted in typical symptoms of dermatophytosis on rabbit skin after challenged with fungus. Pathogens isolated from the infected rabbit skin were confirmed to be T. mentagrophytes by microscopic examination and PCR. The number of lymphocytes in the blood of the FI group was significantly decreased in comparison to the control group 2 days after the fungal challenge, but was significantly increased in comparison the control group 10 days after the fungal challenge (P < 0.01). Platelet counts of the FI group were significantly higher than in the control group at 2 (P < 0.05), 10 (P < 0.05), and 20 (P < 0.01) days after fungal challenge. The red blood cell distribution width of the FI group was significantly increased in comparison to that of the control group at 2, 10, and 20 days after fungal challenge (P < 0.01 for all days). The levels of antibodies (immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgA (P < 0.01)), cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 (P < 0.01), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) (P < 0.05)), and soluble CD4 (P < 0.01) and CD8 (P < 0.01) in the serum were significantly different between the FI and control groups. Serum M-csf mRNA level of the FI group was significantly higher than the control group 20 days after fungal challenge (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates how the immune system responds to infection with T. mentagrophytes and provides potential targets for the prevention and treatment of dermatophytosis.

A Case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection in Rabbits Accompanied by Farm Staff Infection in China

A Case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection in Rabbits Accompanied by Farm Staff Infection in China

동물원 새끼 사자의 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 감염과 사육사에 전파된 원형피부백선 증례

동물원 새끼 사자의 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 감염과 사육사에 전파된 원형피부백선 증례

The use of a one-step PCR method for the identification of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of pets.

Dermatophytes are a closely related group of keratinophilic fungi. They encompass important etiological agents of superficial fungal infections. These fungi are able to invade keratinized tissues of humans and animals, causing dermatophytosis (ringworm) of hair, nails or skin. Traditional diagnostics of ringworm is based on morphological identification of cultured fungi and is time-consuming. In this study, we applied a method patented by Brillowska-Dabrowska and coworkers (Brillowska-Dąbrowska A, Saunte DM, Arenderup MC, 2007, Five-hour diagnosis of dermatophyte nail infections with specific detection of Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol 45: 1200-1204) which involves extraction of fungal DNA and PCR amplification with pan-dermatophyte primers to confirm the presence of dermatophytes. The method used here is able to confirm the presence of dermatophyte DNA in pure cultures in less than 5 hours.

A case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)

A 2-year-old male fennec fox presented with a 4 month history of nonpruritic, crusty skin lesions on the forehead, the pinnae and the tail tip. Initial investigations, including routine haematology, biochemistry profile, multiple skin scrapings, trichoscopic examination, Wood's lamp examination and fungal culture, failed to reveal any abnormalities. Histopathological examination of a first set of skin biopsies showed an interface dermatitis pattern, with lymphocyte infiltration in the basal layer, a significant lymphocytic exocytosis and occasional apoptotic basal epidermal keratinocytes; periodic acid Schiff stain did not reveal any fungal elements. On further biopsies, there was a pustular neutrophilic dermatitis, with numerous crusts containing high numbers of arthrospores and fungal hyphae. Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection was confirmed on fungal culture and PCR. The fennec fox received oral itraconazole (5 mg/kg once daily for 6 weeks) combined with a miconazole and chlorhexidine shampoo applied on affected areas once weekly, followed with an enilconazole dip. The fox improved dramatically, and a fungal culture performed at 6 weeks was negative. Unfortunately, a few days later the fennec fox developed anorexia, icterus and died. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of Trichophyton infection in a fennec fox and, although a postmortem examination was not performed, this is possibly the first report of fatal acute liver failure associated with itraconazole in a canid.

特異な臨床像を呈したＴｒｉｃｈｏｐｈｙｔｏｎ ｍｅｎｔａｇｒｏｐｈｙｔｅｓによる顔面白せんの１例 原因菌の分子生物学的検討

We report a case of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. A 27-year-old female dairy worker visited our hospital in August 2001 for evaluation of an erythematous lesion near her right eye. The patient had been treated with antibiotics and an anti-allergic drug at another clinic with no effect on the lesion. KOH preparation of the scale revealed mycelia and T. mentagrophytes was isolated from the culture. The isolated pathogen was identified as T. mentagrophytes animal type 1 by the classification system based on the cluster analysis of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA sequences. The oral administration of terbinafine at 125 mg/day and antifungal cream was effective. T. mentagrophytes is one of the most common dermatophytes isolated from humans and animals. We should be aware that animals may carry this kind of fungal pathogen.

Concurrent hyperadrenocorticism in a minature schnauzer with severe Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection

A 4‐year‐old intact female schnauzer dog was presented with a history greater than 1 year of alopecia, thick crusting and secondary seborrhea with mild pruritus. The dog was diagnosed pituitary‐dependant hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) concurrent with severe Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. The dog showed generalized alopecia, enlarged pendulous abdomen, mild polydipsia, polyuria and polyphagia. Liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) were normal. ACTH stimulation and low‐dose dexamethasone suppression tests were performed prior to therapy. The concentrations of serum cortisol were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods. The results of both assay systems indicated PDH. Fungal cultures showed T. mentagrophytes infection in 4 days. Histological examination of a skin biopsy specimen revealed severe irregular acanthosis accompanied by compact hyperkeratosis, and numerous dermatophytic spores and hyphae heavily colonized in the keratin layer. After 3 months of oral terbinafine (25 mg kg−1, once daily) and mitotane therapy, the hair regrew and the result of an ACTH stimulation test were normal. Three sets of biweekly fungal cultures were negative after 6 months. In this case, terbinafine was given concurrently with mitotane without detectable adverse effects (no abnormal clinical signs were observed and liver enzymes remained within normal ranges). Thus, the combination of terbinafine and mitotane appears to be a safe therapeutic protocol in treatment of PDH with dermatophytosis. This study was supported by The Association of Veterinary Dermatology, Taipei.

Detection by ELISA of the humoral immune response in rabbits naturally infected with Trichophyton mentagrophytes

An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and its diagnostic potential evaluated for rabbits infected by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Within-run and between-run coefficient of variance varied from 2.3 to 7.7% and from 5.9 to 8.5%, respectively, indicating satisfactory reproducibility of the ELISA. There was no significant cross-reaction with antigens of Microsporum canis, Malassezia pachydermatis and Aspergillus fumigatus. The level of specific IgG to Trichophyton mentagrophytes was measured in sera of 25 11-week-old and 12 younger infected rabbits. There was no significant difference in the IgG level between 12 5-week-old infected rabbits and controls ( p = 0.38). The antibody response was higher in 12 7-week-old rabbits compared with controls ( p = 0.001). The IgG level in 25 11-week-old rabbits differed from the controls very significantly ( p < 0.0001). Increased specific IgG in 11-week-old rabbits exhibited 96% sensitivity and 94% specificity. Predictive values of a positive and a negative test were 96 and 94%, respectively. Western immunoblotting associated three protein bands (21.5, 31, 44 kDa) with Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection.

In vitro and in vivo activities of SCH 42427, the active enantiomer of the antifungal agent SCH 39304.

SCH 39304, a new triazole antifungal agent, is a 50:50 racemic mixture of two enantiomers, SCH 42427 and SCH 42426. The activities of these three compounds were compared in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. SCH 42427 was twofold more active in vitro against a variety of yeasts and dermatophytes than SCH 39304, while SCH 42426 was inactive (MICs greater than 64 micrograms/ml). In a systemic Candida albicans infection in mice, SCH 42427 administered orally (p.o.) (50% protective dose [PD50], 0.17 mg/kg of body weight; 50% effective dose, [ED50], 0.47 mg/kg) had greater efficacy than SCH 39304 (PD50, 0.21 mg/kg; ED50, 0.62 mg/kg) and SCH 42426 (greater than 100 mg/kg for PD50 and ED50). In a pulmonary Aspergillus flavus infection in mice, SCH 42427 p.o. (PD50, 13 mg/kg) was also more effective than SCH 39304 (18 mg/kg) and SCH 42426 (greater than 250 mg/kg). In a C. albicans vaginal infection in hamsters, SCH 42427 p.o. (ED50, 3.5 mg/kg) was more active than SCH 39304 (8.5 mg/kg) and SCH 42426 (320 mg/kg). Following topical administration, against a Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in guinea pigs, SCH 42427 was about 2-fold more active than SCH 39304 and about 100-fold more active than SCH 42426. These and other results indicated that SCH 42427 is the active enantiomer, responsible for all the antifungal activity observed with SCH 39304.

Treatment of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits

Summary Copper sulfate and a metastabilized chlorous acid/chlorine dioxide (meca) compound were evaluated for efficacy in treating Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in rabbits. Forty rabbits naturally infected with T mentagrophytes were allotted to 5 treatment groups: nontreated control, sham dip, 1% copper sulfate dip, meca dip, and meca spray. Results of lesion culture, regression of gross lesions, and histopathologic findings were documented. Copper sulfate and meca were effective in treating clinical dermatophytosis and in decreasing T mentagrophytes carrier status in rabbits.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection in a Two‐day‐old Infant

International Journal of DermatologyVolume 30, Issue 3 p. 209-210 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection in a Two-day-old Infant Ashok Ghorpade M.D., Corresponding Author Ashok Ghorpade M.D. Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, and Microbiology, J.N. Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India.Address correspondence to: Ashok Ghorpade, M.D., 1B/Street 13, Hospital Sector, Bhilai Nagar (MP)-490 006, India.Search for more papers by this authorCherukot Ramanan M.D., Cherukot Ramanan M.D. Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, and Microbiology, J.N. Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India.Search for more papers by this authorPadma Durairaj M.Sc., Padma Durairaj M.Sc. Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, and Microbiology, J.N. Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India.Search for more papers by this author Ashok Ghorpade M.D., Corresponding Author Ashok Ghorpade M.D. Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, and Microbiology, J.N. Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India.Address correspondence to: Ashok Ghorpade, M.D., 1B/Street 13, Hospital Sector, Bhilai Nagar (MP)-490 006, India.Search for more papers by this authorCherukot Ramanan M.D., Cherukot Ramanan M.D. Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, and Microbiology, J.N. Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India.Search for more papers by this authorPadma Durairaj M.Sc., Padma Durairaj M.Sc. Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, and Microbiology, J.N. Hospital and Research Centre, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, India.Search for more papers by this author First published: March 1991 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb03854.xCitations: 11AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume30, Issue3March 1991Pages 209-210 RelatedInformation

Experimental Dermatophytosis in Nude Guinea Pigs Compared with Infections in Pirbright White Animals

With this investigation we wanted to compare the suitability of two different strains of guinea pigs to evaluate topical antifungals after experimental Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection. The "hairless"-strain was compared with the hairy Pirbright White strain. The infection areas were treated with a skin retention test (application before infection) and two sets of therapy tests (application after infection). In the retention test the different antimycotic compounds led to better gradations. Also, in the two sets of therapy tests the gradations among the compounds were more clearly and more comparable to published results of clinical trials. In the histological investigations the infections in the "hairless" animals developed in a way which is known from dermatophytoses in human skin. In the Pirbright White strain, however, due to the adjacent hair roots, a marked inflammatory reaction of the tissue persisted for 3 weeks which is not observed on human skin of the trunk and extremities. We, therefore, consider the "hairless" strain of guinea pigs to be more suitable than hairy animals for the comparison of topical antimycotics.

Possible Effect of Vaccination against Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection in a Swedish Fox Farm

Possible Effect of Vaccination against Trichophyton mentagrophytes Infection in a Swedish Fox Farm

Pradimicins A, B and C: New antifungal antibiotics. II. In vitro and in vivo biological activities.

Pradimicins A, B and C specify novel antibiotics produced by Actinomadura hibisca No. P157-2 (ATCC 53557) possessing potent and broad antifungal activity in vivo. They showed moderate in vitro antifungal activity against a wide variety of fungi and yeasts including clinically important pathogens, and were highly effective in systemic infection with Candida albicans in mice after iv and im administrations. Pradimicin A showed in vivo therapeutic activity against C. albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus in both normal and immunocompromized mice. 5-Fluorocytosine- and azole-resistant C. albicans strains were susceptible to pradimicin A. This antibiotic also demonstrated therapeutic efficacy against lung candidiasis and aspergillosis, vaginal candidiasis and skin Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in mice with iv or topical treatment. The LD50 values after a single iv or im administration were 120 mg/kg and more than 400 mg/kg, respectively. Against various cultured mammalian cells, pradimicin A was noncytotoxic at 100 or 500 micrograms/ml, and showed potent anti-influenza virus activity with an IC50 value of 6.8 micrograms/ml.

An outbreak of Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection in a rat breeding stock and its successful control

An outbreak of dermatophytosis by Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection was observed in a breeding stock of the Wistar-Imamichi rat. Typical cutaneous lesions such as alopecia and hyperkeratosis due to the fungus were observed in 10% and 44% of adult females, and males respectively. No infection was seen in infant, even in those fostered by infected females. By 3 repeated cultivations of the hair, T. mentagrophytes was isolated from 107 (90.7%) of 118 rats clinically diagnosed as dermatophytosis. In order to maintain the original stock, the usual wholesale slaughter program was avoided and the following control measures were taken. After sacrificing all rats with the cutaneous lesions, the breeding colony was transferred temporarily to a separate animal room. The resulting vacant room was then disinfected 3 times with 10% formalin, followed by spraying with 3% sodium propionate solution 3 month later. The progenies from the non-infected mothers were dipped into 3% sodium propionate solution and transferred back into the disinfected animal room for re-colonization. Frequent sterilization of all equipment with iodophor, balsam and formalin was carried out. The room sterilized monthly with iodophor and 70% alcohol. Daily observation of all rats and monthly screening by culture test was done thereafter. As a result, no infection has been detected 4 month after recolonization, except for the 3 rats which were sacrificed immediately after detection. On the basis of the culture test and clinical observation, no infection was observed in the treated rat colony for the next five following years. Therefore, the effectiveness of these procedures of the eradication of T. mentagrophytes infection from a rat colony was shown to be quite reliable.

An experimental model for evaluation of antifungal agents in a Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of guinea pigs.

A Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of guinea pigs induced by an occlusive procedure is described. The method of evaluation permits comparison of efficacy of antifungal agents which are not tested simultaneously. Activity was demonstrated following topical application of clotrimazole, miconazole, tolnaftate or griseofulvin and oral administration of griseofulvin. Oral ketoconazole had little effect in this dermatophyte model.

Trichophyton mentagrophytes Granulomas

A man had Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection that ultimately involved the lymph nodes, testes, vertebrae, and CNS. It was associated with anergy and defective lymphocyte transformation to T mentagrophytes antigen. The patient was also anergic to repeated delayed skin testing with PPD and dinitrochlorobenzene. His lymphocyte responsiveness, as demonstrated by lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin and PPD, was substantially decreased. However, the results of an in vitro leukocyte migration inhibition assay showed that his lymphocytes were responsive to T mentagrophytes antigen as well as to PPD. The patient's serum IgE level was increased, but serum transferrin levels were persistently abnormal. Therapeutic attempts, including the systemic administration of griseofulvin, amphotericin B, clotrimazole, and transfer factor failed, and the patient died five years after systemic disease onset.