Trichomonas Infection Research Articles

Concomitant Diseases in Pregnant Women Suffering with Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C

The work identified concomitant diseases in 120 pregnant women suffering from chronic viral hepatitis B and C (CHB and CHC), aged 19 to 30 years. In the structure of extragenital pathology, the largest percentage belongs to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which was detected in 71.0% of 69 patients with CHB, in 76.5% of 51 pregnant women with CHC and in 42.1% of 57 relatively healthy pregnant women. Among the nosological forms were mainly chronic gastritis, chronic gastroduodenitis, biliary dyskinesia and chronic pancreatitis. Chronic viral hepatitis in pregnant women determines a high incidence of gastrointestinal tract damage due to biliary dyskinesia, apparently associated with viral liver damage. Urogenital infections among pregnant women are significantly more common in patients with CHB (59.4%) and CHC (80.3%) (p <0.05) than in those without liver pathology (21.5%). Among the urogenital infections, the most common was a combination of chlamydia and candidiasis, and less frequently, trichomonas infection, and only one patient was diagnosed with syphilis. Chronic viral hepatitis is a factor contributing to the development of urogenital infection in pregnant women.

Prevalence of Trichomonas Infection in Relation to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in Pap Smear Samples of Female Patients Referred to Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd (Iran).

Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) infections have been proposed as risk factors for cervical cancer. This study has been conducted with the aim of investigating the prevalence of TV and its relationship with HPV in women who underwent Pap smear testing as part of cancer screenings. Materials and methods The sampling of liquid-based cervical tissue was conducted among 500 women referred to the women's clinic of Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd, Iran. The studied samples were examined for Pap smear tests and microscopic identification of TV, as well as HPV-DNA detection and the determination of high-risk and low-risk HPV types by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24 (Released 2016; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York) software. Results The individuals included in the study were 16-72 years old. The prevalence rate of TV infection in this population was found to be 29.2%, and the frequency rate of HPV was reported to be approximately 19.4%, with high-risk HPV, including HPV-56, having the highest frequency. The Pap smear test results were reported as abnormal in 20.2%, anda significant correlation was observed between HPV infection and an abnormal Pap smear test (P < 0.05). In addition, a notable correlation was detected between TV infection and high-risk and low-risk HPV (P < 0.05). Conclusion According to the significant relationship found between the two pathogens, TV and HPV, in the abnormal Pap smear test results, TV infection can be considered a risk factor for HPV infection, as well as uterine lesions and cancer.

Investigation of the frequency and relationship between trichomonas infection in the preterm delivery (a case-control study in Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Semnan).

Preterm delivery is a common complication during pregnancy periods and imposes a high cost on the healthcare system due to the care needs of premature babies. Sexually transmitted infections are one of the effective factors in the occurrence of preterm delivery and the diagnosis and treatment of these infections are effective in reducing complications and preventing preterm delivery. In this study, the role of Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis [TV]) infection in preterm delivery has been evaluated. In a prospective case-control study, women with preterm birth were assigned to the case group, and women with full-term delivery on the same day were also assigned randomly to the control group. After receiving the history and physical examination, a sample was taken from the cervix for TV culture. The data were included in the SPSS version 23 software. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. The overall prevalence of this infection was 10%. The prevalence of chlamydial infection was 2% among mothers with full-term delivery and 16.4% among mothers with premature birth, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.021). The logistic regression analysis to determine the effect of Trichomonas infection on premature birth showed that there was the probability of the occurrence of premature delivery increases in mothers with trichomoniasis infection with lower age, higher body mass index, the presence of underlying disease, lower educational level, housewives, lower parity and gravity and having a history of fetus abortion more than 13 times with its occurrence probability occurs in mothers without Trichomonas infection (P = 0.046, Exp (β) =13.266). According to the present results, TV screening for pregnant women, especially in high-risk groups, is emphasized to reduce the incidence of preterm delivery and related complications, especially neonatal complications.

IJCM_95A: To Assess the knowledge and practice regarding reproductive tract infection among female of reproductive age group in Raipur city Chhattisgarh

Background: Reproductive tract infection (RTI) is a global health problem among women, especially in South East Asia Region (SEAR) countries. They may progress to serious complications and cause a high degree of morbidity during the sexually active period of life. More than a million women and infants die of the complications of RTI every year. RTI has become a silent epidemic that devastates women’s lives. Globally, three different types of RTI cause significant amounts of morbidity and mortality among women – sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (including gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, trichomonas, and HIV infections); endogenous infections resulting from the overgrowth of organisms normally present in the reproductive tract (such as candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis); and iatrogenic infections related to medical procedures (such as menstrual regulation, abortion or IUD insertion). The presence of STI increases the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection by three to five times. Objectives: 1- To Assess the knowledge of female what is reproductive tract infection how it occur and spread among residents of Raipur City, Chhattisgarh. 2- To Assess the Factors associated with Knowledge among residents of Raipur City, Chhattisgarh. Methodology: This is an observational cross-sectional study conducted in Raipur City of Chhattisgarh state during the month October 23-January 2024. A pre-designed, self-administered, semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Systematic Random sampling technique was adopted to select the 350 Study participants. Results: The majority of subjects were between the age of 15-34 year. Most of the subject were of lower middle class socioeconomic status. Additionally, 37.8% of participants were graduates, 59.4% were married and 70% were unemployed. 30.3% subjects had not heard about Reproductive tract infection. 50.6% subjects don’t know about symptoms of RTI, almost half 49.4% subject don’t have knowledge about effect of RTI on health and only 84% female believed that good personal hygiene prevent RTI. 45.1% subjects did not wash their private part after urination, 10.5% female did not wash their used cloth daily after each use. 63.9% female used feminine hygiene products to maintain personal hygiene, 10% female did not change their cloth daily, 33.1% women did not change their pad/ cloth within every 4–6-hour interval during menstruation. Conclusion: Educate women through camps about genital hygiene practices to reduce the risk of RTI. For increased usage of Sanitary pads, more number of sanitary vending machine should be installed in schools, colleges, and health facilities. Implement awareness programs, promoting regular check- ups and safe sex practices to mitigate the risk of RTI.

Gut microbiota and Tritrichomonas foetus infection: A study of prevalence and risk factors based on pet cats

Tritrichomonas foetus (T. foetus) is a protozoal pathogen that infects cats and constitutes a significant cause of chronic colitis and diarrhea. Perturbations in the gut microbiota (GM) are affected by Trichomonas infection. Furthermore, dysregulation of the host GM enhances Trichomonas pathogenicity. However, it remains unclear whether the occurrence of diarrhea is associated with a dysregulation in GM following T. foetus infection in cats. Hence, the primary objective of this investigation was to explore the correlation between T. foetus infection and dysregulation in GM by analyzing fecal samples obtained from pet cats in Henan Province, central China. We randomly collected 898 fecal samples from pet cats living in 11 prefectural cities within Henan Province, and T. foetus was screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification based on the 18 S rRNA gene. Subsequently, six T. foetus-positive and six T. foetus-negative samples underwent analysis through 16 S rRNA gene sequencing to evaluate the gut microbiota's composition. The overall prevalence of T. foetus infection among the collected samples was found to be 6.01% (54/898). Notably, a higher prevalence of infection was observed in young, undewormed, unimmunized, and diarrheic pet cats. T. foetus infection was found to significantly alter the composition of the pet cat fecal microbiota, leading to dysfunctions. Moreover, it resulted in a substantial increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Phascolarctobacterium spp., while decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) and the abundance of Actinobacteria, Clostridiaceae_Clostridium spp., Phascolarctobacterium spp., SMB53 spp., and Blautia spp. We constructed ROC curves to assess the diagnostic value of specific bacterial taxa in discriminating T. foetus infection. The analysis revealed that Proteobacteria and Clostridiaceae_Clostridium spp. were the most reliable single predictors for T. foetus infection. This finding suggests that alterations in the GM may be strongly associated with T. foetus infections.

Reducing Barriers for Expedited Partner Treatment in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) face significant barriers to screening, testing, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Expedited partner therapy (EPT) streamlines partner treatment of STIs, but use among adolescents is low. We aimed to increase EPT offering and provision at 2 adolescent medicine clinics (AMCs) and the emergency department (ED) in an urban children's hospital. We addressed barriers at provider, pharmacy, and patient levels. We compared EPT offering and provision for chlamydia ( Chlamydia trachomatis [CT]) and trichomonas ( Trichomonas vaginalis [TV]) infection at baseline and across 2 intervention cycles. Baseline data were collected from July 2019 to March 2020 and our intervention time frame spanned from April 2020 to October 2021. Laboratory codes identified patients with CT or TV infections. Cycle 1 allowed providers to order EPT within a patient's chart. The second cycle targeted education and standardization for STI/EPT notification and counseling. During this cycle, notification of ED patients was centralized to the AMC nurses. A total of 747 CT and TV cases were identified. In the AMC, EPT offering increased from 77.3% to 87.7% ( P = 0.01). Expedited partner therapy provision increased from 32.3% to 69.9% ( P < 0.001). Expedited partner therapy offering for ED patients increased by 82.3%. Retesting rates remained consistent, with a significant drop in reinfection rates ( P = 0.003) within patients seen in the AMC. This quality improvement initiative successfully increased EPT offering and provision among the cases identified. Future cycles may include longer-term follow-up to confirm partner treatment and testing per guidelines.

Boric Acid for the Treatment of Vaginitis: New Possibilities Using an Old Anti‐Infective Agent: A Systematic Review

Introduction. Increasing microbial resistance to conventional pharmaceuticals calls for nonpharmaceutical treatments of vaginitis. This systematic review summarizes the efficacy of the antiseptic agent boric acid (BA) as a treatment option for microbial vaginitis in comparison to conventional therapies and proposes clinical recommendations. Materials and Methods. PubMed and Embase were searched for “boric acid” and “microbial vaginitis.” A protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020160146). Inclusion criteria included clinical trials, observational and interventional studies, including case series/reports. Exclusion criteria included in vitro and animal studies, non‐English language, and no BA treatment outcome. Primary outcomes included microbial, clinical, and complete cure. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, relapse/reinfection rates, evidence levels, microorganisms, treatment regimens, and follow‐up time. Data were extracted to a predefined Excel sheet. Results. Of 195 identified unique articles, 54 were retrieved and 41 met our inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity precluded the conduction of a meta‐analysis. Conclusion. An average cure rate of 76% was found for vulvovaginal candidiasis BA treatment. Recurrent bacterial vaginosis was controlled with BA and 5‐nitroimidazole with promising results. Maintenance BA was equal to maintenance oral itraconazole therapy in vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis in a retrospective study. Prolonged BA monotherapy cured three of six recurrent Trichomonas infections. Adverse events (7.3%) were typically mild and temporary. Based on our findings and the rising antimicrobial therapy resistance, we suggest intravaginal BA 600 mg/day for 2 weeks for (recurrent) vulvovaginal candidiasis and 600 mg/day for 2‐3 weeks for recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Rare resistant Trichomonas infections can be treated with BA 600 mg × 2/day for months and in combination with oral antimicrobials. We suggest a maintenance regimen of BA 600 mg × 2/week for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. In case of resistant bacterial vaginosis, we suggest BA 600 mg × 2‐3/week. Data on maintenance therapy and BA treatment of bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis are however limited.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew Extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis

Background: Trichomonas infection is a common sexually transmitted infection, and concerns about drug resistance to this infection are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Pelargonium quercetorum extracts on Trichomonas protozoans. Methods: One isolate of Trichomonas vaginalis was subjected to susceptibility testing against ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and aqueous extracts of P. quercetorum using the microtiter plate method. The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of the extracts was measured in comparison with metronidazole under aerobic conditions. Results: All extracts had antiprotozoal activities against Trichomonas. After 48-hour exposure, the most antitrichomonal activity of the extracts belonged to the ethyl acetate, with an MLC of 250 µg/mL, followed by the n-hexane (500 µg/mL) and aqueous (25 mg/mL) extracts in comparison with metronidazole, with an MLC of 3.1 µg/mL. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that P. quercetorum has potential properties against Trichomonas protozoans, although further studies are needed to evaluate the antiprotozoal activity of its components.

Association between Risk Factors and Trichomoniasis among Women in Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria

Historically, the presence of T. vaginalis has been viewed to be associated with certain risk factors. This study is focused on assessing the association between selected risk factors and trichomoniasis. The cross-sectional study was composed of 650 women, 450 of them were tested for trichomonas infection using urine samples while the remaining 200 were tested for trichomonas infection using a high vagina swab (HVS). These women were randomly selected among pregnant women, women with HIV, Out-patient, and healthy volunteers. After consenting to participate in the study, data concerning their exposure to selected risk factors were gathered through a filled questionnaire. The results revealed that there was an association between “engaging in unprotected sex” and trichomoniasis (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, there were associations between the prevalence of trichomoniasis and “wearing air-tight underwear” (p&lt;0.05), “repeating underwear” (p&lt;0.05), “knowledge of trichomoniasis” (p&lt;0.05) and “source of information” (p&lt;0.05). This study has shown that engaging in unprotected sex, wearing air-tight underwear, repeating underwear, knowledge of trichomoniasis and source of infection are significant risk factors of trichomoniasis among women in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH).

Association of TLR7 and MyD88 Gene Polymorphism with Trichomoniasis vaginalis Infection

Objective: Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and MyD88 represent important components of the innate immune response which play a crucial role in recognition of T. vaginalis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs and MyD88 were manifested as key determinant affecting the susceptibility to trichomoniasis. This study aims to examine the impact of two SNPs, designated rs179008 and rs4988453 in TLR7 and MyD88, respectively, on Iraqi women infected with T. vaginalis.&#x0D; Methods: Women vaginal swabs as well as blood samples were collected from 186 female patients diagnosed clinically by gynecologists. These pateints were admitting the gynecology clinics in three public hospitals in Babel governorate in Iraq. Clinical samples were obtained for molecular identification of the parasite, sequencing of the TLR7 and MyD88 genes as well as performing the corresponding immunological studies.&#x0D; Results: The PCR assays showed 40 positive women (95% CI, 15.85 to 28.11) of T. vaginalis β-tubulin gene. Genetic studies of rs179008 SNP in TLR7 showed that the mutant T allele revealed significantly more prevalence in women infected with T. vaginalis in comparison with controls (p&lt;0.001), furthermore, AT and TT genotypes distribution were significantly greater in patients than that in controls (p&lt;0.01). Moreover, genetic analysis of rs4988453 SNP in MyD88 demonstrated that the mutant A allele almost has close frequency between patients and controls, and the heterozygous CA and homozygous AA genotypes were almost normally distributed between controls and patients. Finally, the concentrations of TLR7 and MyD88 were significantly elevated in the majority of women patients aged between 16-40 years.&#x0D; Conclusion: The mutant allele A of rs4988453 SNP in MyD88 did not show an association with increased risk of trichomonas infection, however, the mutant allele T of rs179008 SNP in TLR7 might make women more sensitive for infection with T. vaginalis. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and to understand the underlying involved mechanisms.

Comparison of the Frequency of Vaginal Infections in Women with Premature Delivery and Women with Term Delivery in Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital of Zahedan in 2018

Introduction: Premature birth is one of the most common causes of infant mortality worldwide. In many countries, preterm birth rates increased between 1990 and 2010. Vaginal infections are important causes of preterm labor (PTL). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of vaginal infections in causing preterm labor. Method: This study was a case-control study. The target population was pregnant women referring to Ali Ibn Abitaleb Hospital in Zahedan, Iran, in 2018 who were aged 20 to 38 years and were diagnosed with PTL. The control group included an equal number of women with the same age range but term labor. To investigate candida, trichomonas, bacterial vaginosis, and group B streptococcali, swab samples were taken from the vagina and rectum. Different laboratory methods were performed to isolate the above-mentioned microorganisms, including microscopy of wet mount smear, Gram stain, culture on Sabouraud agar, and 5% sheep blood agar. Moreover, four Amsel criteria were used to diagnose bacterial vaginosis. At last, the collected data were analyzed by SPSS-19 software with a p-value of 0.05. Results: A total of 300 patients were included in the study, and the mean age was not statistically significantly different between the two groups of PTL and term labor. No statistically significant difference was observed in the frequency of vaginal candidiasis (P=0.081), bacterial vaginosis (P=0.906), and trichomonas infection (P=0.904) between the two groups. Conclusion: It seems that the genital infections examined in this study do not play a role in increasing the prevalence of premature birth.

Parasite exchange and hybridisation at a wild-feral-domestic interface

Interactions between wild, feral, and domestic animals are of economic and conservation significance. The pigeon Columba livia is a synanthropic species in a feral form, but it also includes the rare Rock Dove. Columba livia is an important player at the wild-domestic interface, acting as a carrier of avian diseases, and the feral form threatens Rock Doves with extinction via hybridisation. Despite its abundance, little is known about drivers of disease prevalence in C. livia, or how disease and hybridisation represent synergistic threats to Rock Doves. We focused on infection by the parasite Trichomonas, first collating prevalence estimates in domestic and free-living populations from relevant studies of C. livia. Second, we characterised variation in the diversity and prevalence of Trichomonas among three C. livia populations in the United Kingdom: a feral, a Rock Dove, and a feral-wild hybrid population. Across multiple continents, free-living pigeons had lower Trichomonas infection than captive conspecifics, but the effect was weak. Environmental factors which could impact Trichomonas infection status did not explain variation in infection among populations. Among the British populations, strain diversity varied, and there was lower parasite prevalence in Rock Doves than feral pigeons. Individual infection status was not explained by the available covariates, including hybrid score and site. The drivers of Trichomonas prevalence are unclear, perhaps due to idiosyncratic local-scale drivers. However, given the population-level variation in both infection prevalence and introgressive hybridisation, the potential combined effects could accelerate the extinction of the Rock Dove. Further study of the synergistic effects of multiple types of biotic interactions at the wild-feral-domestic interface is warranted, especially where vagile, globally distributed and superabundant animals are involved.

Ayurvedic Management of Kaphaja Yonivyapada (Trichomonas Vaginitis) - A Case Report

Yoni Srava is an annoying symptom that usually reflects infective conditions of genital tract in females. One of the Yonivyapada having Yonisrava as its prominent symptom is Kaphaja Yonivyapada which can be co-related to Trichomoniasis or Candidiasis infections. In Kaphaja Yonivyapada, symptoms of itching along with sticky and unctuous discharges per vaginum have been illustrated. The patient may experience either mild and dull pain or no pain at all. In severe Trichomonas infection, there is mild to moderate pain at the genital organs due to inflammatory changes, though in most cases, it may be painless. Considering all the symptoms, mentioned by Acharya Charaka and others, the Kaphaja Yonivyapada can be closely compared with Trichomonas Vaginitis. A 46 years old female patient was presented with the complaints of itching in vulvar region and white discharge per vaginum since 3 months. On clinical evaluation, ulceration was present on bilateral labia minora along with strawberry spots on vaginal walls, yellowish-white discharge and cervical congestion. Aim and Objective: To study the efficacy of Sthanik Chikitsa along with oral Ayurvedic formulations in Kaphaja Yonivyapada (Trichomoniasis). Nimbadi Kshaya Yoni Dhavan followed by Mahanimba Taila Pichu twice a day for seven days along with oral herbal formulation is prescribed to the patient. Results: After completion of the treatment protocol patient got relief in her symptoms like itching in vulvar region and white discharge per vaginum. Conclusion: In Kaphaja Yonivyapada, especially Trichomonas Vaginitis Ayurvedic management by the use of Mahanimba (Melia azedarach) containing formulations for Sthanik Chikitsa are quite effective as Mahanimba is having Krimighna and Kandughna properties.

Preventative interventions by dental care professionals in Africa on oral human papillomavirus, gonorrheal, chlamydial, syphilitic and trichomonas infections: A scoping review.

Oral human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrheal, chlamydial, syphilitic and trichomonas infections are very common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Africa. However, no known study has reviewed the available evidence concerning the preventative interventions by dental care professionals (DCPs) in Africa on oral STDs; hence, this scoping review was conducted to evaluate the research landscape of this topic area in Africa. The scoping review methodology and documentation were informed by the Arksey and O'Malley's guideline, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for conducting Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist, and the AMSTAR-2 guideline. Ten electronic research databases were searched to retrieve literatures relevant to the scoping review question. The retrieved literature were deduplicated and screened for eligibility based on the review's selection criteria. Data charting, collation and summarization were intended to be done in this review, but it could not be done because no relevant literature was found eligible for inclusion into this scoping review. A total of 523 literature were retrieved. After deduplication of the retrieved literatures, the residual literatures (n = 353) were screened for eligibility for inclusion into the review, of which no eligible article was found. Hence, this scoping review was an empty review. This empty scoping review demonstrates that DCPs in Africa do not engage in research-based oral STD prevention. Therefore, the implementation of research-based preventative interventions, by DCPs, on oral STDs should be encouraged in Africa.

Green synthesis of nano-liposomes containing Bunium persicum and Trachyspermum ammi essential oils against Trichomonasvaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic flagellated protozoan, is one of the main non-viral sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Treatment options for trichomoniasis are limited to nitroimidazole compounds. However, resistance to these drugs has been reported, which requires the development of new anti-Trichomonas agents that confer suitable efficacy and less toxicity. In the present work, we assessed the effectiveness of the liposomal system containing essential oils of Bunium persicum and Trachyspermum ammi against T. vaginalis invitro. The chemical composition of B. persicum and T. ammi were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Liposomal vesicles were prepared with phosphatidylcholine) 70%) and cholesterol)30%) using the thin-film method. The essential oils of B. persicum and T. ammi were loaded into the liposomes using the inactive loading method. Liposomal vesicles were made for two plants separately. Their physicochemical features were tested using Zeta-Sizer, AFM and SEM. The anti-Trichomonas activity was determined after 12 and 24h of parasite cultures in TYI-S-33 medium. After 12 and 24h of administration, the IC50 of the B. persicum essential oil nano-liposomes induced 14.41μg/mL and 45.19μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 of T. ammi essential oil nano-liposomes induced 8.08μg/mL and 25.81μg/mL, respectively. These data suggested that nano-liposomes of the essential oils of B. persicum and T. ammi may be a promising alternative to current treatments for Trichomonas infection.

Role of Ayurveda in Trichomonas Vaginitis- A Case Report.

Health of a woman plays a very important role in family which reflects on society too. Most women suffer with vaginal infection; among them Trichomonas vaginitis is very common. Though it is projected to be 40 to 50% in the age group of childbearing women, the incidence of trichomonas infection is about 10-15%. The inflammation and itching at the site of the vulva and vagina indicate the sign of probably of trichomonas vaginitis. Methodology: In this present case study, Patient age 47 year came to OPD with complaint of pain lower abdomen off and on since 2 yrs , pt had no other symptom . On basis of these complaints along with P/A examination, P/V and P/S examination have been done, which reveals trichomonas infection. She was supposed to be treated with traditional ayurvedic formulations; the case was treated for 7 days with a combination of different traditional Ayurvedic drugs, and sthanik chikitsa with the goal of relieving symptoms and curing the disease. This patient was treated with traditional Ayurvedic formulations like Triphala Guggulu, Chandraprabha Vati, Gandhak Rasayana, Sthanik Chikitsa - Yoni Dhawana (Vaginal douche) with Panchvalkala Kwatha followed by Yoni Pichu with Jatyadi Taila once in a day for 7 days. Result: Only traditional Ayurvedic medicines were used during the course of the treatment. Follow-up showed complete disappearance of strawberry appearance of cervix and symptoms also subsided to a great extent. Discussion: The present study emphasizes the role of Ayurveda in bringing a positive result in the management of Trichomonas vaginitis

Investigation and Analysis of 49343 Case Women's Vaginal Microecology.

Background:We aimed to investigate the pathogen infection in vaginal secretions of women in Linyi area.Methods:From October 2016 to September 2018, a total of 49,343 vaginal secretion specimens from women who attended Women and Children’s Health Care Hospital of Linyi District, Shandong Province, China were used to detect the cleanliness, Candida, clue cells, Trichomonas, etc. with Ultra-high power microscopy.Results:Among the 49343 patients, 6377 had vaginal cleanliness of degree I∼II, the detection rate was 37.89%; 10455 cases of III∼IV degree, the detection rate was 62.11%; 13193 cases of simple vaginal pathogen infection, the detection rate was 26.74%. Among them, 9256 cases of vaginal Candida (VVC) had a detection rate of 18.76%; 3176 cases of Bacterial vaginosis (BV) had a detection rate of 6.44%; and 761 cases of Trichomonas infection (TV) had a detection rate 1.54%; 899 cases of mixed infection. The detection rate was 1.82% and the detection rate of each pathogen in the 18–30 year old group was the highest. The detection rates of VVC, BV, TV and MVI were 10.80%, 3.25%, 0.65%, 1.00%, repsectively.Conclusion:The incidence of VVC women with vaginitis in Linyi was the highest, and the incidence was mainly between 18 and 40 years old. The infection rate of VVC, BV and MVI pathogens was the highest in summer, and the infection rate of TV was the highest in autumn.

Features of biochemical parameters and non-specific resistance factors of vaginal contents in women with urogenital trichomoniasis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia against the background of papillomavirus infection

Research objective: to improve the effectiveness of diagnosis and prognosis of complications in women of reproductive age with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (ASCUS/CIN) of the cervix in Trichomonas and papillomavirus infection by studying the main biochemical and immunological parameters of vaginal contents. Materials and methods. 200 women of reproductive age with ASCUS/CIN of the cervix were examined against the background of papillomavirus infection associated with trichomoniasis, who were divided into three main groups according to the results of the PAP-test. Group I consisted of 50 patients with ASCUS, II – 118 women with LSiL, III – 32 patients with HSiL. The control group included 50 healthy non-pregnant women. The analysis of biochemical parameters of vaginal contents was carried out, which included determining the concentration of total protein, urea, studying mineral and lipid metabolism, glucose, enzyme activity, as well as factors of non-specific resistance – secretory immunoglobulin A and hydrogen peroxide.Results. There was a 2.6-fold increase in the amount of discharge from the genital tract and their pathological nature in patients with urogenital trichomoniasis and ASCUS/CIN against the background of papillomavirus infection, an increase in acidity by 1.2 times, the indicator of the amine test by 13 times, protein concentration by 2.3 times, compared with similar indicators in healthy women. Analysis of mineral metabolism in this contingent of patients revealed a decrease in the concentration of copper ions by 1.7 times, iron by 1.9 times, and calcium by 1.6 times. Evaluation of the enzyme activity revealed an increase in the level of alkaline phosphatase by 3.7 times, creatine phosphokinase by 10.6 times, AST by 6.5 times, ALT by 9.1 times, lactate dehydrogenase by 5.4 times, and α-amylase by 3.3 times compared to women in the control group. A decrease in the average value of sІgA content in patients with ASCUS/CIN on the background of HPV and Trichomonas invasion was found than in healthy women by 1.7, 1.9 and 2 times, respectively, in the I, II and III main groups, which can serve as a predictor of the development of post-trichomonas vaginal dysbiosis.Conclusions. Analysis of the results of studies of vaginal contents in women with ASCUS/CIN against the background of human papillomavirus and Trichomonas invasion revealed significant changes in biochemical parameters and factors of non-specific resistance, determining the corresponding pathological changes in the functional activity of the vaginal epithelium and the composition of the vaginal biotope.

Trichomonas infection in pregnant women: a nationwide cohort study.

Trichomoniasis is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide, and is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) has received little public health attention, and only limited data are available on prevalence of TV and other Trichomonas-associated syndromes in pregnant women. This study aimed to determine associations between pregnancy and incident trichomoniasis-related diseases. Data of pregnant women were extracted from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan. The pregnant cohort included 113,781 women, and cases were randomly matched by age, and index year with those of non-pregnant women (n = 113,781). Risk of incident trichomoniasis-related diseases was also not significantly different between pregnant and non-pregnant women. However, after stratifying by age or level of care, the younger subgroup among pregnant women had a higher risk of incident trichomoniasis-related diseases than did the younger subgroup in non-pregnant women, while the elder subgroup among pregnant women had a lower risk of incident trichomoniasis-related diseases than did the same subgroup in non-pregnant women (all p < 0.05). The higher level of care (medical center) subgroup among pregnant women had a lower risk of incident trichomoniasis-related diseases than did the same subgroup in non-pregnant women. In conclusions, although pregnancy is not significantly associated with risk of trichomoniasis-related diseases, data of the present study support an enhanced high level of medical care for pregnant women, emphasizing the potential of high medical care in reduced incidence of trichomoniasis-related diseases. This may be an effective strategy for reducing various pregnancy complications associated with trichomoniasis-related diseases.

Diagnosis and Management of Trichomonas vaginalis: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2021 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines.

Trichomonas vaginalis is likely the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection, affecting an estimated 3.7 million women and men in the United States. Health disparities are prominent in the epidemiology of trichomoniasis, as African Americans are >4 times more likely to be infected than persons of other races. Since publication of the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, additional data have bolstered the importance of T. vaginalis infection sequelae in women, including increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition, cervical cancer, preterm birth, and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Less is known about the clinical significance of infection in men. Newly available diagnostic methods, including point-of-care assays and multiple nucleic acid amplification tests, can be performed on a variety of genital specimens in women and men, including urine, allowing more accurate and convenient testing and screening of those at risk for infection. Repeat and persistent infections are common in women; thus, rescreening at 3 months after treatment is recommended. In vitro antibiotic resistance to 5-nitroimidazole in T. vaginalis remains low (4.3%) but should be monitored. High rates of T. vaginalis among sexual partners of infected persons suggest a role for expedited partner treatment. A randomized controlled trial in HIV-uninfected women demonstrated that multidose metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for 7 days reduced the proportion of women with Trichomonas infection at 1 month test of cure compared with women receiving single-dose therapy (2 g). The 2-g single-dose oral metronidazole regimen remains the preferred treatment in men.