Tricholoma Giganteum Research Articles

Utilization of laccase immobilized CdO nanoparticles in synthesis of industrially potent organics and their molecular docking studies.

In the present study, Tricholoma giganteum AGHP laccase was immobilized on amino-functionalized cadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdO NPs) which was carried out by glutaraldehyde. The synthesized CdO NPs were characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which reflected the NPs had an average size of 35nm with hexagonal and irregular shapes. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) study of laccase with amino-functionalized CdO (lac-CdO) NPs confirmed the crosslinking of laccase with CdO NPs. With immobilized laccase, a shift in pH (5.5) and temperature (35℃) optima was observed, when compared to free laccase (pH 4.5, 30℃). Lac-CdO NPs displayed 1.15 times higher stability (90 ± 0.47%) than free laccase (78 ± 0.69%) at optimum pH of 5.5. Immobilized laccase showed 1.19-fold improvement in thermal stability and 2.25-fold increment in half-life after 3h of incubation at 50℃ as compared to free laccase. Recycling capability study demonstrated that lac-CdO NPs were able to retain 85 ± 0.68% of relative activity at the end of 20th 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiozoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) oxidation cycle. In addition, lac-CdO NPs showed remarkable reusability in catalysing various organic synthesis reactions even after several cycle of catalysis. Furthermore, the interactions of organic synthesis reactions and interacted residues were observed by assessing the molecular docking poses of T. giganteum laccase with substrates. The obtained results would be advantageous to develop a biocatalyst over a chemical catalyst for effective synthesis of potent organics having industrial importance.

Selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols by laccase from white-rot mushroom Tricholoma giganteum AGHP: Total synthesis of taccabulin A, taccabulin D and taccabulin E

The green and selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols to corresponding aldehydes using laccase enzyme, produced by mushroom Tricholoma giganteum AGHP in presence of TEMPO as a mediator under mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions with excellent yield (up to 95%) in 8–24 h. The applicability of this methodology has been extended to various substrates and in the total synthesis of anticancer agents, natural dihydrochalcones taccabulin A, taccabulin D, and taccabulin E.

Selective Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols by Laccase from White-Rot Mushroom Tricholoma Giganteum Aghp: Total Synthesis of Taccabulin a, Taccabulin D and Taccabulin E

Selective Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols by Laccase from White-Rot Mushroom Tricholoma Giganteum Aghp: Total Synthesis of Taccabulin a, Taccabulin D and Taccabulin E

Morphological and molecular identification of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) tree

Identification of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi in different ecosystems has major significance. In this research, to identity ECM fungi, we used two methods including the morphological method and the molecular method that is more precise. Basidiocarp collection of fungi associated with oak tree (Quercus brantii Lindl.) roots was carried out in the spring season 2016 and was identified by morphological and molecular methods. We also checked macroscopic and microscopic features and measured each structure using BioloMICS Measures software. To verify the morphological identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR using the primer pair ITS1/ITS4, and the sequences were analyzed. According to the morphological observations, the identified species were Amanita crocea, Boletus comptus, Tricholoma giganteum, and Inocybe rimosa. Besides, based on molecular techniques by comparing sequences, we identified five species out of the eight ones as A. crocea and other species as T. giganteum, I. rimosa and B. comptus. Both morphological and molecular methods are necessary for identifying ECM fungi associated with tree roots in the Zagros zone in the west of Iran.

Exploiting the potential of metal and solvent tolerant laccase from Tricholoma giganteum AGDR1 for the removal of pesticides

Laccase from previously reported hardwood degrading fungus, Tricholoma giganteum AGDR1, was isolated, identified at molecular level, biochemically characterized and also utilized for pesticide degradation. Laccase gene is comprised of 3752 bp, which encompassed 742-bp of 5′ flanking upstream sequence with 12 introns and 12 exons. Mature enzyme possesses 391 amino acids and signal peptide, which is determined to be monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 41 kDa and 6.45 pI. Higher optimal activities were observed at 45 °C and pH 3.0 and surprisingly, it exhibited more than 20% of relative activity at pH 1.5. Purified laccase was tolerant to 100 mM of metals (i.e. Se, Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd), organic solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol and acetone) and potent inhibitors (hydroxylamine, thiourea, NaF and Na-azide) as compared to reported laccases. It was able to degrade 29%, 7% and 72% of chlorpyrifos, profenofos and thiophanate methyl within 15 h, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed that higher binding efficacy of these pesticides is observed with H83, H320, A95, V384, and P366 which are presented near to the catalytic site. Based on the results, T. giganteum AGDR1 laccase can be applied for the potential remediation and industrial applications under harsh conditions.

Assessment of white rot fungus mediated hardwood degradation by FTIR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

Evaluating the biomass degradation using fast, validate and sensitive techniques for exploratory purposes of biofuel production has been developed since last decade. Thus, we assessed the degradation of two Indian hardwoods using FTIR and chemometric approaches. Two white rot fungi, namely Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola AGST3 and Tricholoma giganteum AGDR1, were selected among twenty-one fungal isolates for higher hardwood degradation. In the screening, P. acaciicola AGST3 and T. giganteum AGDR1 depicted the dry woody mass loss of 20.51% and 22.38%, respectively. Cellulose crystallinity of P. acaciicola AGST3 treated hardwoods was 4-fold lower than untreated hardwoods, showing the higher cellulose degradation efficiency. P. acaciicola AGST3 treated samples exhibited maximum deviation of guaiacyl units of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. T. giganteum AGDR1 treated hardwoods showed maximum deviation of guaiacyl- and syringyl- units of lignin and hemicelluloses. Multivariate approach revealed the degradation patterns and preferences are varied based on the fungi and hardwood. The approach used in the present study can certainly distinguish the variations among the different biomass samples that having similar composition. Additionally, higher lignin degradability of these fungi can be used in biomass pretreatment, which significantly utilized to produce second-generation biofuels.

The Development of Basidiomycota Fungi with The Concept of Integrated Forest Management

The development of Basidiomycota that is cultivated by utilizing space on the forest floor has not been done much, especially in Indonesia. The Basidiomycota found in Indonesia have very high diversity, but have not been explored so far. Basidiomycota fungi is an alternative as a source of natural nutraceuticals. This study aims to obtain Basidiomycota fungi isolates that have the potential as a nutraceutical source. As the first stage in this research, the activities carried out were exploration, isolation on culture media, and identification of fungi based on genotypic characters. The results of this research have found eight types of basidiomycota that have the potential to be a source of nutraceutical in the geulis mountain forest area of ​​West Java Indonesia. The fungi identified based on their genotypic characters were Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma cf, resinaceum, Lentinula edodes, Vanderbylia fraxinea, Auricularia delicate, Pleurotus giganteus, Auricularia sp., and Tricholoma giganteum.

O2O Business Mode Construction Analysis of Tricholoma Giganteum

O2O (Online to Offline) refers to a new kind of business mode that online resource and offline business opportunity fully interact. The O2O mode will be applied to Tricholoma giganteum development by combining the consumption online and experience offline, which can overcome the problems of circulation by traditional channels and provide tailored services for consumers. The article mainly states the construction of the operating system of O2O Tricholoma giganteum circulation pattern.

Degradation of hardwoods by treatment of white rot fungi and its pyrolysis kinetics studies

The present work investigated the degradation of two Indian hardwoods (Pithecellobium dulce and Tamarindus indica) and the activities of lignocellulolytic enzymes by Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola AGST3 and Tricholoma giganteum AGDR1. Laccase exhibited the highest ligninolytic activity, followed by manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase in both white rot fungi. Accessory enzymes such as aryl alcohol oxidase and cellobiose dehydrogenase showed higher activities till 21 days after incubation and then declined till 30 days. Xylanase and β-glucosidase were also found to be stable in both fungi during the degradation of hardwoods. The cultures, P. acaciicola AGST3 and T. giganteum AGDR1 accumulated high amounts of oxalic acid and produced weddellite (0.2–9 μm) and whewellite (5–21 μm) crystals, respectively. Comparative decay studies revealed that both the fungi were able to degrade lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses of two hardwoods efficiently. During the pyrolysis reaction, decrease in onset temperature and activation energy was observed with the fungal treated wood as compared to the untreated wood. The basidiomycete cultures used in the study are efficient lignin degraders and can be applied as a pretreatment for second generation biofuels.

Optimization of Extraction Technology of Polysaccharide of <i>Tricholoma giganteum</i>

Tricholoma giganteum also being called Tricholoma lobayense, belongs to Basidiomycotina, Hymenomycetes, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae and Tricholoma. It has high economic and medicinal values and is a kind of rare edible mushroom. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that T. giganteum have antitumor, antioxidant, antimicrobial and free radicals scavenging activity, and it can inhibit high blood pressure and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In this study, the technologies of isolation and purification of polysaccharides of T. giganteum were systematically studied. T. giganteum polysaccharides were obtained by hot-water extraction method. The infection of the extraction temperature, the extraction time, the solvent-solid ratio and the volume of solvent used during precipitation on the polysaccharides extraction ratio were studied. The extraction process was optimized by the uniform design (UD) method on the basis of the results of the single-factor experiments. The optimum extraction conditions of the mushroom polysaccharides (MP) were as follows: Extraction temperature was 100℃; extraction time was 3 hours; solvent-solid ratio was 20:1 and 5 times volume of 95% ethanol. The yield of polysaccharides of T. giganteum was 12.92%.

왕송이버섯(Tricholoma giganteum)균의 저장조건

균주보존기관에서 분양받은 버섯 원균은 선발된 한천배지 시험관에 배양한 다음 <TEX>$4{\sim}10^{\circ}C$</TEX> 정도에서 간이보존하면서 일정기간 마다 계대배양하여 이용하고 있다 이때 일부 버섯균은 균사체 재생이 지연되어 어려움을 겪는 경우가 있다. 본 시험은 왕송이버섯(Tricholoma giganteum)균의 간이보존 방법을 구명하기 위하여 저장온도(4, 15, <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX>), 용기종류(시험관, 바이알), 저장기간(배양직후, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12개월)을 달리한 후 균사절편(코르크보러, 직경 8 mm)을 한천배지상에 옮겨 <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 7일간 배양하고 균사직경을 비교하였다. 왕송이버섯균은 저장온도 <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 한천배지에 <TEX>$1{\sim}12$</TEX>개월간 저장시는 모두 균사생장이 안되었으나, 톱밥배지에 저장 2개월까지는 균사생장이 양호하였고, 6개월 이후에는 재생이 안 되었다. 저장온도 <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서는 한천배지의 용기종류, 톱밥배지 공히 6개월 저장까지는 균사생장이 되었으나 12개월에는 조금 낮아지는 경향이었다. 이에 비하여 느타리버섯(춘추2호)은 <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> 및 <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 6개월까지 배지종류에 상관하지 않고 균사생장이 잘 되었으며 12개월에는 조금 낮아지는 경향이었다. 따라서 왕송이버섯균은 저장온도에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 판단되며, <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX>에서 저장하면서 6개월 이내에 계대 배양하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. In some cases, the problem with the mycelium of Tricholoma giganteum is delayed mycelial growth or non-regeneration. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the mycelial storage condition of T. giganteum and to investigate the regeneration ratio of mycelial growth. T. giganteum obtained from KACC in RDA was evaluated for its simple preservation at <TEX>$10^{\circ}C$</TEX> and subcultured on different media. Mycelium of T. giganteum was cultured on the PBA (potato bamboo extract medium) for seven days at <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>. Using simple preservation method, the mycelium of T. giganteum (MKACC 50852) and Pleurotus ostreatus (Chunchu No. 2) were stored on six different media in two kinds of storage vessels (tube and vial) for a period of 1-12 months at <TEX>$4^{\circ}C,\;15^{\circ}C$</TEX>, and <TEX>$25^{\circ}C$</TEX> storage temperatures. At <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> storage condition, mycelial regeneration was failed in all agar media, but was successful in the sawdust medium for 3 months. At <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX> storage, mycelial activity was maintained up to six months. On the other hand, P. ostreatus produced well-regenerated mycelia both at <TEX>$4^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX> storage up to 12 months. In conclusion, it is estimated that the mycelia storage condition of T. giganteum must be done at <TEX>$15^{\circ}C$</TEX> and subcultured within six months.

Isolation of trichogin, an antifungal protein from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Tricholoma giganteum

An antifungal protein was isolated from the mushroom Tricholoma giganteum var. golden blessings. The protocol included ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, and gel filtration by fast protein liquid chromatography on Superdex 75. The antifungal protein, designated trichogin, was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose but was adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-cellulose. It exhibited antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola and Physalospora piricola. Trichogin inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 83 nM.

Isolation and characterization of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from the edible mushroom Tricholoma giganteum

The fruiting body of Tricholoma giganteum has many pharmaceutical uses and has long been utilized as a home remedy in Asia. This study describes the extraction and characterization of the first angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from T. giganteum. The maximum ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.31 mg) was obtained when the fruiting body of T. giganteum was extracted with distilled water at 30 °C for 3 h. After the purification of ACE inhibitory peptides with ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC, an active fraction with an IC50 of 0.04 mg and a yield of 0.3% was obtained. The ACE inhibitory peptide was a novel tripeptide, showing very low similarity to other ACE inhibitory peptide sequences, and was sequenced as Gly–Glu–Pro. The purified ACE inhibitor from T. giganteum competitively inhibited ACE, and it maintained inhibitory activity even after incubation with proteases. ACE inhibitor from T. giganteum showed a clear antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), at a dosage of 1 mg/kg.

Isolation and characterization of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from the edible mushroom Tricholoma giganteum

The fruiting body of Tricholoma giganteum has many pharmaceutical uses and has long been utilized as a home remedy in Asia. This study describes the extraction and characterization of the first angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from T. giganteum. The maximum ACE inhibitory activity (IC 50: 0.31 mg) was obtained when the fruiting body of T. giganteum was extracted with distilled water at 30 °C for 3 h. After the purification of ACE inhibitory peptides with ultrafiltration, Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and reverse-phase HPLC, an active fraction with an IC 50 of 0.04 mg and a yield of 0.3% was obtained. The ACE inhibitory peptide was a novel tripeptide, showing very low similarity to other ACE inhibitory peptide sequences, and was sequenced as Gly–Glu–Pro. The purified ACE inhibitor from T. giganteum competitively inhibited ACE, and it maintained inhibitory activity even after incubation with proteases. ACE inhibitor from T. giganteum showed a clear antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), at a dosage of 1 mg/kg.

Purification of a novel low-molecular-mass laccase with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the mushroom Tricholoma giganteum

A laccase with a novel N-terminal sequence, a low molecular mass of 43 kDa smaller than those of previously reported laccases, a pH optimum of 4, and a temperature optimum at 70 °C was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the mushroom Tricholoma giganteum. The activity of the enzyme rose steadily from 20 to 50 °C, increased very slowly from 50 to 70 °C, and fell slightly when the temperature was further increased to 80 °C. The activity of the laccase underwent little changes over the pH range 3.0–5.0. However, the enzyme activity dwindled to nothing after exposure to 100 °C for 10 min and when the ambient pH was 7 or above. The procedure used for purifying the enzyme included ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose, and FPLC-gel filtration on Superdex 75. The laccase was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and CM-cellulose. It inhibited HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 2.2 μM.

Antioxidant properties of several specialty mushrooms

Four specialty mushrooms are commercially available in Taiwan, including Dictyophora indusiata (basket stinkhorn), Grifola frondosa (maitake), Hericium erinaceus (lion's mane), and Tricholoma giganteum (white matsutake). Methanolic extracts were prepared from these specialty mushrooms and their antioxidant properties were studied. The antioxidant activities at 1.2 mg ml −1 were in the order of basket stinkhorn>lion's mane>maitake>white matsutake. Basket stinkhorn showed an excellent reducing power of 1.09 at 3 mg ml −1. At 6.4 mg ml −1, scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 92.1% for basket stinkhorn and 63.2–67.8% for other specialty mushrooms. At 40 mg ml −1, scavenging effects were 75.0 and 69.4% for basket stinkhorn and lion's mane and 39.6 and 47.4% for maitake and white matsutake, respectively. At 24 mg ml −1, chelating effects on ferrous ions were 91.9% for basket stinkhorn and 46.4–52.0% for other specialty mushrooms. Total polyphenols were the major naturally occurring antioxidant components found in the methanolic extracts from these specialty mushrooms.

Non-volatile taste components of several speciality mushrooms

Abstract Four speciality mushrooms are commercially available in Taiwan, including Dictyophora indusiata (basket stinkhorn), Grifola frondosa (maitake), Hericium erinaceus (lion's mane), and Tricholoma giganteum (white matsutake). Protein contents ranged from 14.6 to 22.3%. Carbohydrate contents were high in basket stinkhorn and white matsutake (67.0 and 70.1%) and low in maitake and lion's mane (58.8 and 57.2%, respectively). Contents of total soluble sugars showed two distinct levels, white matsutake (349 mg g−1) and other mushrooms (153–188 mg g−1). Total free amino acid contents ranged from 7.41 to 12.3 mg g−1. Contents of monosodium glutamate-like components ranged from 0.68 to 1.09 mg g−1. Contents of flavor 5′-nucleotides were high in white matsutake, moderate in basket stinkhorn, and low in lion's mane and maitake. In this study, the four speciality mushrooms, in addition to their characteristic appearances, were distinctly different in both their proximate compositions and their taste components.

Study on Content of Cyanide in Basidiomycetes and the Effect of Cooking

The present study was carried out to examine the content of cyanide in basidiomycetes on the market and those in their natural habitat, and to investigate the chemical form of cyanide in basidiomycetes and the effect of cooking. The chemical form of cyanide in basidiomycetes was suggested to be free, because there was no significant difference in the quantities of cyanide found upon distillation of basidiomycetes immediately and after incubation with two kinds of beta-glucosidase for 16 hours. The content of cyanide was examined in a total of 85 samples of 54 kinds of basidiomycetes on the market and those in their natural habitat, and cyanide was detected in 44 samples of 18 kinds. The content of cyanide in basidiomycetes on the market was the highest in Tricholoma giganteum at the level of 86 to 283 mug/g (n = 11), and was high in Grifola frondosa at 1.8 to 46 mug/g (n = 6), and in Pleurotus eryngii at 1.1 to 26 mug/g (n = 7). The contents in sample in the natural habitat were less than 1.0 mug/g. The remaining percentage of the cyanide in T. giganteum after grilling for 6 minutes was 65 %, while that after boiling for 3 minutes was 46 % (27 % in basidiomycetes and 19 % in broth). The level of residual cyanide in T. giganteum after cooking might be sufficient to cause poisoning with symptoms such as vomiting

Antitumor activity and chemical modification of polysaccharides from niohshimeji mushroom, Tricholma giganteum.

Two chemical modification procedures, Smith degradation and formolysis processes, were used in an attempt to improve the antitumor activity of water-soluble and water-insoluble polysaccharides prepared from the fruiting body of niohshimeji, Tricholoma giganteum. The chemically modified products were examined for their antitumor effects on Sarcoma 180 solid tumor implanted in mice. The following results were as follows: Some Smith degradation products, i.e., O-R-Flo-c-beta and O-R-FA-2 prepared from water-soluble polysaccharides, and O-R-FII-1 and O-R-FIII-2-c from water-insoluble polysaccharides, had higher antitumor activities than the original polysaccharides. None of the formolysis products, F-Flo-a, F-W-Flo-a, F-FA-3, F-W-FA-3 from water-soluble polysaccharides, and F-FII-2, F-W-FII-2, F-FIII-2-b, and F-W-FIII-2-b prepared from water-insoluble polysaccharides had improved antitumor activities.

Contents of amino acids, organic acids and 5′‐nucleotides in Tricholoma giganteum

AbstractTricholoma giganteum fruiting‐bodies ere collected in a grassy place in Amami Oshima (Kagoshima Pref.) in October 1988 and the quantitative difference of 5′‐nucleotides, free amino acids and organic acids, hich are responsible for the taste of dried mushrooms ere investigated. The amount of 5′‐CMP, 5′‐AMP, 5′‐UMP and 5′‐GMP ere 1250, 637, 863 and 566 mg kg−1 respectively. 5′‐GMP amounted to 17.1% of the total 5′‐nucleotides. In the amino and organic acids, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid and acetic acid ere present in the largest amounts.