Trichloropropane Research Articles

Adsorption Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Chlorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Aquifer Medium

To determine the competitive adsorption characteristics and influencing factors of chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons on the aquifer medium, toluene, benzene, 1,2−dichloropropane, and 1,2,3−trichloropropane (TCP) were selected as typical pollutants for adsorption tests. The results showed that the adsorption process of pollutants on the aquifer medium conformed to the first−order kinetic and Henry linear model equation, and the adsorption capacity decreased in the order of toluene, benzene, 1,2−dichloropropane, and TCP. Benzene promoted the adsorption of toluene on the aquifer medium, while toluene reduced the adsorption of benzene conversely. 1,2−dichloropropane restrained the adsorption of TCP, and TCP had no significant effect on the adsorption of 1,2−dichloropropane. The adsorption capacity of TCP on the aquifer increased with the concentration of toluene. TCP acted as a stimulus for the adsorption of toluene when the initial concentration of toluene was lower than 2 mg/L. In contrast, TCP served as an inhibitor for the adsorption of toluene on the aquifer medium. Furthermore, the adsorption of all pollutants increased with decreasing medium size. The promotion rates for aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons were 7.2~41.1% and 2.7~27.1%, suggesting that the promotion effect on aromatic hydrocarbons was stronger than that on chlorinated hydrocarbons. Natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the adsorption of pollutants on the aquifer medium (especially for high concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons), and the adsorption rate increased by more than 60% when OM decreased from 0.25% to 0.08%. Clay minerals improved the adsorption of organic pollutants in different compound pollution systems, and montmorillonite exhibited a stronger promoting effect than kaolin.

Adsorption behaviour of trichloropropane and tetrachloroethylene on δ-phosphorene sheets: A first-principles insight

We determined the structural firmness of delta phosphorene nanosheet (del-PNS) and investigated the adsorption behaviour of hazardous halogenated compounds such as trichloropropane (TCP) and tetrachloroethylene (TCE) on del-PNS based on the framework of density functional theory. The stability of del-PNS is ensured with a formation energy of −3.81 eV/atom. Also, the energy gap of isolated del-PNS is observed as 0.22 eV indicating semiconductor behaviour. Particularly, three different preferential adsorption sites including bridge, hollow and top site of TCP and TCE molecules on del-PNS were studied with the influence of adsorption energy, Bader charge transfer, and average band gap changes. Further, the calculated adsorption energy of preferential adsorption sites is noticed to be in the range of −0.09 eV to −0.60 eV supporting the physisorption type of adsorption of chief halogenated compounds on del-PNS. The variation of electronic properties such as band gap variation, electron difference density, and charge transfer are noticed owing to adsorption of TCP and TCE on del-PNS. The overall outcomes suggest that the del-PNS can be practically used to detect TCP and TCE halogenated compounds.

Improved Solid Electrolyte Interface on Lithium Metal Using High-Sulfur-Content Polymers

Recent studies in lithium-sulfur batteries have demonstrated the need to balance suppressing the lithium polysulfide effect with protecting lithium metal anodes. On one hand, polysulfides - intermediates of lithium’s reaction with sulfur that are soluble in compatible electrolytes - react with and shuttle between the cathode and the anode, contributing to undesired self-discharge and capacity fading. On the other hand, those same polysulfides, working in conjunction with lithium nitrate (LiNO3, a common electrolyte additive), help form a stable SEI and suppress lithium dendrite formation by limiting unfavorable electrolyte decomposition reactions. The objective, then, is to find electrolyte additives that can protect lithium metal like polysulfides do, but without the self-discharge and capacity fading issues. We explore high-sulfur content polymers to accomplish this task. In this study, we specifically experiment with high-sulfur-content polymers based on trichloropropane (TCP). TCP-based sulfur polymers are synthesized via a facile emulsion method, with CTAB serving a phase transfer catalyst between TCP and lithium/sodium polysulfides. The sulfur content in the polymers can be highly controlled and can be as high as 90 wt%. Upon reacting with lithium, these polymers form both inorganic polysulfides and organic Li-S-C species, which improves the mechanical stability of the SEI. A lithium deposition efficiency of >99% can be achieved for 400 cycles using these high-sulfur-content polymers. Sulfur cathodes and lithium metal anodes could potentially move battery technology into the 21st century, but challenges still remain to realize their full potential. High-sulfur content polymers mimic the positive effects that lithium polysulfides have on the SEI of lithium metal, while also mitigating self-discharge and capacity fading.

Trichloropropane and dichlorohydrin associated with painful peripheral neurotoxicity

Trichloropropane (TCP) and dichlorohydrin are widely used in industrial production; however, TCP and dichlorohydrin poisoning are rarely encountered in clinical practice. There have been no cases of peripheral neurotoxicity previously reported. A cluster of 23 patients who had been exposed to high levels of TCP and dichlorohydrin presented with painful peripheral neuropathy, and the pain was assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were performed in all patients. All patients demonstrated symmetrical pin-prick pain in a stocking distribution in the lower limbs, with VAS scores between 3 and 10, with an average score of 6.8. NCS showed a mild mixture of axonal and demyelinating sensorimotor polyneuropathy in 14 of the 23 patients. After administration of standard neuropathic pain medication, pain was relieved in most patients. Painful peripheral neuropathy was the primary symptom observed in our patients, which differs from clinical and animal model reports of TCP or dichlorohydrin poisoning. However, the pathogenesis remains unidentified. TCP may be added to the list of industrial products that are toxic to the peripheral sensory nerves.

The clinical analysis of 18 cases with acute trichloropropane poisoning

To summarise the clinical features of 18 cases with acute trichloropropane (TCP) poisoning for improving the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Exposure history, clinical manifestations, laboratorial examinations, poisoning causes and treatment were retrospectively reviewed in 18 cases with acute TCP poisoning. The results of peripheral lymphocyte micronucleus tests were compared with the healthy control group (n = 33). The common clinical symptoms were as following: respiratory symptoms were the earlier one set, such as chest tightness in 13, dry and sore throat in 7, cough and runny nose in 2. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common, such as abdominal pain in 18, nausea and vomit in 14. Only 1 out of 18 patients was found with liver injury. The major manifestation was the increase in ALT and AST, which was returned to normal after treatment. ALL of the 18 patients were found TCP in their serum which concentration was from 39.0 to 310.0 ng/ml, and the average was (68.9 ± 42.1) ng/ml. The symptoms of toxic peripheral neuropathy were typical in all the patients, such as fatigue and numb limb in 18, burning pain of the distal lower limbs in 14, the symmetrical sock-like sensory dysfunction of pain, touch and vibration of the lower limbs in 13, muscle strength reduced in 7, hyporeflexia knee-jerks in 4, hyporeflexia ankle-jerks in 3. The peripheral nerve conduction velocity (NCV) examinations were as followed: the (sensore-nerve conduction velocity) SCV of peroneus super nerve in 18 and the (motor-nerve conduction velocity) MCV of tibial nerve in 8 was slowed down and the distal latency in 18 was prolonged. Micronucleus were found in all 18 cases. The micronucleus rate was 10.06‰ ± 2.80‰ and 8.24‰ ± 2.67‰ in acute TCP poisoning group and healthy control group, respectively. The difference was significant (P < 0.05). The common clinical manifestations of respiratory exposure of TCP poisoning patients were respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms and the symptoms of toxic peripheral neuropathy. Liver injury in those 18 cases was not obvious. Lymphocyte micronucleus of peripheral blood were found in all 18 cases.

Direct preparation of dichloropropanol from glycerol and hydrochloric acid gas in a solvent-free batch reactor: Effect of experimental conditions

Solvent-free direct preparation of dichloropropanol (DCP) from glycerol and hydrochloric acid gas was carried out in a batch reactor with a variation of reaction conditions (agitation speed, reaction time, reaction temperature, and reaction pressure), amount of H3PW12O40 catalyst, and amount of water absorbent (silica gel blue). The reaction was conducted at high agitation speed in order to avoid mass transfer limitation between glycerol and hydrochloric acid gas. In the direct preparation of DCP from glycerol and hydrochloric acid gas, DCP formation was increased with increasing reaction time, reaction temperature, and reaction pressure. Chlorination of glycerol occurred via the following consecutive reaction steps: glycerol→monochloropropanediol (MCPD)→dichloropropanol (DCP)→trichloropropane (TCP). Reaction rate decreased in the order of first-step reaction>second-step reaction>third-step reaction. The presence of H3PW12O40 catalyst and water absorbent (silica gel blue) enhanced the formation of DCP. DCP formation was increased with increasing the amount of H3PW12O40 catalyst and water absorbent (silica gel blue). Strong Bronsted acid site of H3PW12O40 catalyst and water removal from the reaction system favorably served in improving DCP formation.

Removal of Alkene and Alkane Compounds from a Chemical Industry Groundwater Using Fenton's Process - Bench and Pilot Scale Results

Removal of Alkene and Alkane Compounds from a Chemical Industry Groundwater Using Fenton's Process - Bench and Pilot Scale ResultsA major chemical manufacturer operates a treatment system for removal of alkene and alkane compounds from groundwater. The treatment system comprises of Powdered Activated Carbon followed by Granular Activated Carbon. The PACT process was unable to significantly reduce the concentration of certain volatile organic compounds such as cis-1,2-Dichloroethene. Since cis-1,2-DCE has a lower...Author(s)Patrick J. CyrMohan S. NayakGary RichardsJack TuckerSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 17 - Advanced Oxidation of Industrial WastewatersDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2009ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20090101)2009:17L.690;1-DOI10.2175/193864709793956040Volume / Issue2009 / 17Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)690 - 703Copyright2009Word count173Subject keywordsFenton's processGranular Activated Carbon (GAC)Powder Activated Carbon (PACT)Trichloropropane (TCP)cis-1,2-Dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE)Trichloroethene (TCE)

Detection of a new crosslinking and properties of liquid polysulfide polymer

Polysulfide polymer was found in the 19th century. At present, this polymer consists of the repetition of disulfide linkage and diethyl formal and has SH terminals. This liquid polymer (LP) is cured by lead dioxide. We studied polysulfide polymerization and elastomeric mechanical properties of cured LP. The condition of polymerization greatly influenced its elastomeric mechanical properties. These phenomena could not be explained from the point of residual unreacted chlorine or produced OH terminals. We found that additional crosslinking sites are produced during polymerization besides crosslinking agents trichloropropane (TCP) by using the Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) method. We proposed their chemical structures and reaction scheme of their formation. TCP and also these additional crosslinking sites influence the modulus of cured LP. The sum of the intensity of their crosslinking sites by 13C-NMR had good correlation with 300% modulus of cured LP. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 59–66, 1999

Changes in serum enzymes in rats after inhalation of organic solvents singly and in combination

Using death as an endpoint, it has been demonstrated that tetrachloroethylene (TCE) produces a greater-than-additive effect when given orally in combination with several other compounds. We have attempted to determine more sensitive indicators which would respond in a synergistic fashion when animals are exposed by inhalation to combinations of organic solvents. Male rats were exposed for 4 hr to various concentrations of TCE, dioxane, butyl ether (BE), acetonitrile (ACN), trichloropropane (TCP), and dichloropropane (DCP). The serum enzymes, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), and ornithine carbamyl transferase (OCT) were measured in rats prior to exposure, immediately after exposure, and at 24 and 48 hr after exposure. The enzymes, SGOT, SGPT and OCT, were markedly elevated as a result of exposure to the above compounds, whereas G-6-Pase was only occasionally altered. Neither TCE in combination with dioxane, BE, or ACN nor TCP with DCP resulted in a greater-than-additive effect. On the contrary, in many instances the effects were significantly less-than-additive when tested for interaction.