Trichiuris Trichiura Research Articles

Geo-helminth infections: Neglected helminthiases among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Nandi-Hills Sub-County Hospital, Nandi County, Kenya

The study investigated prevalence of geo-helminth infection in pregnant women attending antenatal care at Nandi Hills Sub-County Hospital in Nandi County. Stool samples were collected from randomly selected consenting pregnant women to attain a sample size of 300. The samples were processed immediately at the hospital using formal-ether concentration technique and results recorded in terms of either presence or absence of ova. Direct smear egg count was done to quantify worm burden. Capillary blood was obtained by a finger prick for measurement of haemoglobin levels. Participants were requested to fill a questionnaire to obtain information regarding water source, mode of faecal disposal geophagy status and recent chemoprophylaxis. Geohelminth parasites detected were Ascaris lumbricoides (30%), hookworm (15%) and Trichiuris trichiura (1%). There were significant differences in co-infections with A. lumbricoides hookworm (P=0.00) and A. lumbricoides - T. trichiura parasites (P=0.007). Factors that had significant positive association with either A. lumbricoides-hookworm or A. lumbricoides -T. trichiura co-infections were use of piped water, pit latrine, being geophagous and lack of recent chemoprophylaxis.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infection Among the 1-15 Years Age Group Children and Its Association with Iron Deficiency Anemia

Background and Objective Intestinal parasitic infection and iron deficiency anaemia are still, a significant public health concern mostly in developing countries. The present study aimed to study the relationships between intestinal parasitic infections and iron deficiency anaemia among the 1-15 years age group of children. There are many helminths, transmitted through the soil like Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichiuris trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanicus (hookworms). These infections are most prevalent among the children Methods: In this study the stool samples were collected fro[i]m above age group children for parasitic infection and Hb, PBF examination was also conducted to rule out the anemia at verto medical lab. There may be chances of IDA because of the nutrition deficiency but if the occult blood positive and parasites in stool, suggestive of anemia due to the blood loss. Results: The sample was collected and processed out of that 19% samples were positive for intestinal parasites. Particularly the Entamoeba coli was 6%, E. histolytica was 2%, Ascaris and Giardia was 7%. Giardia percentage was high and fecal occult blood was positive of all sample containing parasites except Entamoeba coli, the FOB was negative. The patient with intestinal infection usually having low hemoglobin value and peripheral examination populated with predominately microcytic hypochromic picture. Conclusion: The reveals the relationship between the role of intestinal parasites in loss of iron that gives the impact on hemoglobin synthesis revealed in blood film examination. finding proof of IDA. The study also helpful in early diagnosis of IDA through few parameters mentioned in study.
 

PREVALENCE OF INTESTINAL PARASITES AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN ATTENDING KIBOGORA LEVEL TWO TEACHING HOSPITAL, RWANDA

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasites and associated risk factors among under-five children attending Kibogora Level Two Teaching Hospital in Rwanda. Specific objectives were: to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites among under-five years children attending Kibogora Level Two Teaching Hospital, Rwanda, to identify the source of water and their utilization in intestinal parasitic occurrence among under-five years children attending Kibogora Level Two Teaching Hospital, Rwanda; and to identify the risk factors associated with intestinal parasites occurrence among under-five children attending Kibogora Level Two Teaching Hospital, Rwanda. Methods: retrospective cross-sectional study design with quantitative approaches at Nyamasheke in June 2022. The study includes a target population of 772 children and a sample size of 263. A questionnaire was administered to collect data on hygiene, sanitation, socio-demographic and economic characteristics (risk factors), and secondary data from 2019-2022 were used. Results: the prevalence of intestinal parasites was 102(38.7%). In this study the prevalence of Ascaris 56(21.3%) was the highest followed by amoeba (Entamoeba histolytica) 24(9.1%), Giardia lamblia 8(3.0%), Trichomonas intestinalis 7(2.6%) and Ankilostoma duodenale 7(2.6%). Other intestinal parasites detected such as Necator americanus and Trichiuris trichiura were identified at less than one percent prevalence. A chi-squared test was used to establish a relationship between different variables. The chi-squared shows that there is no statistically significant association between the marital status category of the children and having latrines at home with a chi-squared value of 3.293 and a p-value 0.183 of there was no statistically significant association. utensils drying site with a chi-squared value of 5.422 and p-value of .000 there was a statistically significant association. Drinking boiled water with a chi-squared value of 7.857a and p-value of .97. Washing hands before a meal with a chi-squared value of 7.857a and p-value of 98. Washing hands after defecation with a chi-squared value of 3.293 and p-value of .193, there is no statistical significance. Finally, the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in under-five children warrants strict control measures for microbial reduction through the utensils-drying site, improved hygiene and sanitation, and treatment of drinking water should be considered.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0015/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Overview of Taeniasis Disease Profile in North Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province

Taeniasis is an infectious disease caused by tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia in humans. This study aims to determine the description of the laboratory results of the incidence of Taeniasis in North Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research method is descriptive. The samples obtained were 106 people. The survey results showed no Taenia worm eggs were found but the eggs of the worms Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, and Ancylostoma duodenale. The risk factors for personal hygiene are not cleaning themselves after taking care of livestock 0.9% and the risk factors for environmental sanitation are the type of clean water facilities in the form of springs 86.8%, not having latrines 1.9%, there is no place to dispose of livestock manure 95, 3%, and the distance of waterways ≤ 10 meters. It is necessary to provide counseling to people who have livestock and selective treatment to people with other worm infections.

PREVALENSI HELMINTIASIS PADA SISWA KELAS 1 – 6 SEKOLAH DASAR MANYAR SABRANGAN SURABAYA TAHUN 2020

Worming diseases are still a public health problem in Indonesia. This infection is still often found in cases in Southheast which is in Indonesia. Factors the geographical location on Indonesia,Which has a tropical climate and sufficient humidity, is very supportive for the development of parasites. Primary school age is a group that is often exposed to helminthiasis because is is often assosiated with soil contaminated with worm egg.This study aims to determine the prevalence of worm egg parasitic infections in the feses of student in grade 1 to grade 6 of the manyar sabrangan 231 surabaya elementary school in 2020.The research sample was faeses of grade student 1 – 6 Manyar Elementary school 231 Surabaya.Identification of worm eggs is carried out in E – Labz Telcomedika Surabaya Elementary. Data taken in the form of parasitic worm eggs based on morphological characteristics.From the result of study found in 240 elementary scholl children examined, as many as 29 children (12,1 %) positive for helminthiasis, with parasite rate of 18 children (7,5%) Ascaris lumbricoides, 7 children (2,92%) Trichiuris trichiura. The conclusion of this study, helminthiasis of student in grade 1 to grade 6 of the Manyar Sabrangan Surabaya Elementary School were found ,namely Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichiuris trichiura

Distribution Pattern of Soil-transmitted Helminths and Common Practices Enhancing Transmission in Owena, Southwestern Nigeria

Geohelminth infection are a major public health problem worldwide particularly in Africa. This study was carried out to investigate the distribution pattern of soil-transmitted helminths and common practices enhancing transmission in Owena, Southwestern Nigeria. Two hundred (200) soil samples were obtained from five different locations in Owena community and examined for the presence and absence of geohelminths eggs and larvae using Modified Cobbs decanting and sieving method. Different activities and practices that could enhance parasite transmission in the environment were investigated through a well-designed questionnaire. The result revealed that out of the 200 soil samples, 61% were contaminated with at least one parasite. The parasites encountered include Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis. Hookworm have the highest contamination prevalence of 55.8%. Furthermore, the result showed that 167 (38.5%) of the respondents does not have appropriate means of waste disposal and as such 29 (14.5%) dispose their waste in the river and 165 (82.5%) dispose their waste materials in any available site such as bushes and backyards. In the same vein only 115 (57.5%) have toilet facilities while 82 (42.5%) does not have toilet facilities. With regard to the type of toilet used, 30 (15%) uses water closet toilet, 84 (42%) make use of pit toilet while 86 (43%) get rid of their faeces through any available mean including bushes and backyards. this result is an evidence that geohelminth is still prevalent and pose a significant health challenge to the residents of Owena community. Thus appropriate management strategy such as health education should be encouraged.

Prevalence and seasonal variation of gastrointestinal parasites among captive Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae)

A study on the prevalence and seasonal variations of gastrointestinal parasites of 12 captive Pig-tailed Macaques Macaca leonina housed at Aizawl Zoological Park, Mizoram, India, was conducted. Fresh stool samples were collected on a monthly basis from the study animals was grouped for two seasons—summer (April–June 2017) and monsoon (July–September 2017). Samples were stored in 10% formalin until further processing. Three methods—direct smear, faecal floatation, and faecal sedimentation were used. Two categories of parasites—protozoa and nematodes were recorded. Balantidium coli, a protozoa, Strongyle, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, and nematode parasites were recorded in different stages. Out of 71 samples analysed, 63 samples (88.73%) were positive with ova of gastrointestinal parasites. The prevalence of Balantidium coli was highest with 38.23% and 56.75%, followed by Strongyle 35.29% and 37.83% in summer and monsoon season, respectively. A variation on the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was assessed using chi squared tests between monsoon season and summer season. Variation was found to be significant (χ 2=20.569, P˂0.05 and χ 2=10.857, P˂0.05). The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was higher during monsoon season (91.89%) than summer season (85.29%).

Incidence of geohelminths on fruits and vegetable farms in Owena, Ondo State, south-west, Nigeria

Geohelminths are soil-transmitted parasitic nematodes which present a potential public health hazard in Nigeria. The present study examined soil samples for the incidence of geohelminths on fruits and vegetable farms in Owena Community. Two hundred (200) soil samples were collected from five vegetable and fruits farms at Owena and examined for the presence of geohelminths eggs and larvae using Modified Cobbs decanting and sieving method. Various activities that could enhance parasite transmission in the environment were investigated using structured questionnaire. The result showed that 122 (61%) of the soil samples had egg and/or larvae of the following parasites, hookworms 139 (56%), Ascaris lumbricoides 76 (30%), Strongyloide sstercoralis 27 (11%) and Trichiuris trichiura 7 (3%). Nematode eggs were found in 90% Ojuelegba soil samples, 80% Igbo Epo soil samples, 55% Ipinlerere soil samples, 45% St. Matthew Primary School soil samples and 30% Oke Odo soil samples. In relation to soil type, Prevalence was significantly higher in loamy soil (50%) compare to sandy soil (11%) (p<0.005). This study revealed the potential health implication of consuming vegetables and fruits grown on parasite-contaminated environment. Thus, high level of personal hygiene should be encouraged in this community.Keywords: Parasitic nematodes; geohelminths; parasitic-contaminated environment; vegetables; fruits

Low prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among primary school children in Tengrela, northern Cô€te d’Ivoire

Intestinal helminthiasis are endemic in Côte d’Ivoire and represent a real health problem because of health burden particularly in children. In order to eliminate the disease as a public health problem the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene has been implementing mass drug administration in primary schools since 2012. Five years later, a cross-sectional study (October 2016 to January 2017) was conducted among 515 primary school children aged 4-15 in the department of Tengrela to estimate the prevalence of intestinal helminthiasis and to identify the species causing these parasite infections in order to develop preventive measure. Single stool samples were analysed using the direct smear in saline solution and Kato-Katz techniques. The overall intestinal helminths prevalence was 3.3% (CI 95% = 2.0-5.1). Hookworms (1.0%) and, Trichiuris trichiura (1.0%) were the predominante parasites followed by Ascaris lumbricoides (0.8%), and Hymenolepis nana (0.6%). No polyparasitism case was noted. Walking bare feet was associated to the occurrence of the parasitism (p=0.015). However, gender, age, the faecal disposal system and the mode of drinking water supply were not linked to the intestinal parasitism (p>0.05). The intestinal helminthiasis among primary school children in Tengrela are dominated by the hookworm Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides infections. It is important to provide health education for wearing shoes to avoid infection of skin-penetrators. Interventions aimed to improve sanitation access should be highlighted in the recommendations for the control of intestinal helminthiasis.Keywords: Intestinal helminthiasis; school children; Tengrela; Côte d’Ivoire

Prevalence of geohelminthes in school children in some parts of Lokoja, Kogi state, north-central Nigeria

Geohelminthes are soil transmitted parasites and a major public health challenge in children, particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world where sanitary conditions are poor. A study to determine the prevalence of geohelminthes infections among school children in parts of Lokoja Local Government Area of Kogi State was carried out. Stool specimens were collected from 254 school children in two primary schools and examined using standard concentration method. School children were randomly selected for the study. The overall prevalence of geohelminthes recorded was 58.30%. Five Geohelminthes were observed in order of prevalence; Fasciola spp (33.10%), Trichiuris trichiura (24.30%), Ascaris lumbricoides (21.60%), Hookworm (18.20%) and Enterobius vermicularis (2.70%). The prevalence rate in males was higher (37.80%) than that of the females (20.50%) and statistics significantly different (χ2 = 3.841, p<0.05). The public school showed the highest infection rate (73.60%), while the private school assumed the least prevalence of (42.40%). Chi-square analysis showed a significant difference in the infection among the schools (χ2 = 3.841, p<0.05). Based on these findings, mass treatment of school children, health education campaign, improved sanitary condition, provision of toilet facilities and personal hygiene were recommended as control and prevention measures. Keywords : Prevalence, Geohelminthes infection, Lokoja, Kogi State.

Epidemiological implications of houseflies (&lt;i&gt;Musca domestica&lt;/i&gt;) in the dessimination of diseases in Owerri, south-east Nigeria

The epidemiological implications of houseflies (M. domestica) in human disease transmission were assessed in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria between February and August, 2010. A total of 140 houseflies trapped from different micro-habitats were examined using standard parasitological and microbiological techniques which included washing and examination of external body parts, dissection and examination of internal guts and culture of crushed intestinal samples. Of these, 78 (55.7%) were infected with at least one of 7 parasites of medical importance encountered; Entamoba coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, Microsporidia, Enterobius vermicularis, Hookworm, Trichiuris trichiura and Entamoba histolytica, A. lumbricoides (17.1%) and E. histolytica (13.6%) were significantly higher than others (p&lt;0.05). Infection was significantly higher in refuse dumps and toilets than from other sources (p&lt;0.05). Eight bacterial isolates (opportunistic enteric pathogens inclusive) were recovered; Micrococcus species, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp and Citrobacter spp. Their prevalence differed in the gut contents of houseflies while its public health significance are highlighted.Keywords: Houseflies; diseases; epidemiological implications; Owerri

INTESTINAL PARASITE INFECTION, CHANGE OF COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT, RELATED FACTORS OF PATIENT IN HUE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL

Introduction: Intestinal parasite infections still are very common in Vietnam and have special cause serious consequences for human health. Mastery on the prevalence of them should be done. Materials and methods: A cross session with monitoring study were carried out to use the wet mount direct examination, Kato technique and the complete blood count for evaluation the rate of intestinal parasite infections in 590 patients attending to the Parasitology Department in Hue University Hospital. We also interviewed them to reveal their life’s hygienic condition, knowledge and risk behaviour of intestinal parasite infections. Result: The rate of soil transmitted intestinal helminth was 14.1%. Primarily, patients were infected: hookworm (8.5%), Trichiuris trichiura (4.3%) and then Clonorchis sinensis 0.9%. Being 100% of patients infected with Clonorchis sinensis had eosinophile increased and decreased significantly after 1 month of treatment response. Being 53% of patients infected with hookworm and/or Trichuris trichiura had eosinophils increased, and decrease to the normal after 1 month of treatment response. Only patients, who were infected with hookworm and/or Trichiuris trichiura, had a mild anemia, the rate of cases had mild anemia: hookworm 18.8%, Trichuris trichiura 13.3%. The rate of risk behavior of intesstinal parasite infection were: no hand washing before eating and after defecation, unregular anthelmintic treatment, eating raw beef, pork, and fish. Conclusion: Intestinal parasite infections in patients attending to the Hue University Hospital were mainly hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Clonorchis sinensis. Increasing the eosinophils or decreasing the hemoglobin values or mild anemia is the signs of intestinal parasitic diseases. To prevention of intestinal helminth infection, it should be eating well cooking dishes, washing hands totally and regular anthelmintic treatment. Key words: Nematodes, trematodes, eosinophilia, anemia

Relative abundance of synanthropic flies with associated parasites and pathogens in Minna Metropolis, Niger State, Nigeria

Synanthropic flies constitute a global problem. They are responsible for the transmission of wide varieties of protozoan parasites and other pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and fungi in human and animals. This study was carried out to investigate parasite and pathogens associated with synanthropic flies in Bosso, Chanchaga and Maikunkele in Minna from 4 sampling sites, abattoir, dump sites, open fields and kitchens. The flies were collected with locally designed traps between April and August, 2014. A total of 682 synanthropic flies were sampled and 6 different species identified. Flies identified were Musca domestica 252 (36.95%), Musca sorbens 32(4.92%), Fannia cannicularis 137 (20.09%), Sarcophaga sp 164 (24.05%) while Phormia regina and Stomoxys calcitrans are 24 (3.52%) and 75 (10.10%) respectively. In all the locations, Musca domestica has the highest population 252 (36.95%) and Phormia regina 24 (3.52%) the least. Five parasites and four bacteria were isolated from the flies which include Entamoeba histolytica 30 (53.57%), Ascaris lumbricoides 8 (14.29%), Strongyloides stercoralis 6 (10.71), Hookworm ova 5 (8.93%) and Trichiuris trichiura 7 (12.50%). Bacteria isolated are Streptococcus , Proteus , Pseudomonas , Bacillus and Klebsiella species. Results showed that synanthropic flies pose a serious health risk to the inhabitants of Minna Metropolis and therefore need to be controlled. Keywords: synanthropic flies, parasites, pathogens, viruse, fungi

Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Other Intestinal Parasites in Young Children in Lobata Province, Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe

Rare systemic studies concerning prevalence of intestinal parasites in children have been conducted in the second smallest country in Africa, the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Fecal specimens from 348 children (214 in-hospital attending the Aires de Menezes Hospital and 134 from Agostinho Neto village) in São Tome Island were studied by parasitological and molecular methods. Of the 134 children from Agostinho Neto, 52.2% presented intestinal parasites. 32.1% and 20.2% of these children had monoparasitism and polyparasitism, respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides (27.6%), G. duodenalis (7.5%), T. trichiura (4.5%) and Entamoeba coli (10.5%) were the more frequent species identified in the children of this village. Giardia duodenalis (7.5%) and E. bieneusi (5.2%) were identified by PCR. Nested-PCR targeting G. duodenalis TPI identified Assemblage A (60%) and Assemblage B (40%). The E. bieneusi ITS-based sequence identified genotypes K (57.1%), KIN1 (28.6%) and KIN3 (14.3%). Among the 214 in-hospital children, 29.4% presented intestinal parasites. In 22.4% and 7.0% of the parasitized children, respectively, one or more species were concurrently detected. By microscopy, A. lumbricoides (10.3%) and Trichiuris trichiura (6.5%) were the most prevalent species among these children, and Cryptosporidium was detected by PCR in 8.9% of children. GP60 locus analysis identified 6.5% of C. hominis (subtypes IaA27R3 [35.7%], IaA23R3 [14.3%], IeA11G3T3 [28.6%] and IeA11G3T3R1 [21.4%]) and 2.3% of C. parvum (subtypes IIaA16G2R1 [20.0%], IIaA15G2R1 [20.0%], IIdA26G1 [40.0%] and IIdA21G1a [20.0%]). G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi were identified in 0.5% and 8.9% of the in-hospital children, respectively. G. duodenalis Assemblage B was characterized. The E. bieneusi genotypes K (52.6%), D (26.4%), A (10.5%) and KIN1 (10.5%) were identified. Although further studies are required to clarify the epidemiology of these infectious diseases in this endemic region the significance of the present results highlights that it is crucial to strength surveillance on intestinal pathogens.

Evaluación de tres pruebas para el diagnóstico de geohelmintos en Colombia

Soil-transmitted helminth infections are considered a public health problem in developing countries. The diagnostic tests, both for individual parient diagnosis as for population studies should be evaluated in terms of validity and reliability.To compare the direct examination, the modified Ritchie-Frick method, a Kato-Katz designed by a Brazilian group and one designed by the WHO, for the diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminthes.A diagnostic test reliability study was performed. The same stool sample was analyzed by the same observer using four diagnostic tests. 204 samples were obtained, 194 of those fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. The observers did not know the participants' identity neither the other tests results. For the analysis the Kato-Katz (WHO) was considered as the gold standard. For the reliability assessment percent agreement, positive percent agreement, Kappa statistic, and intraclass correlation were performed.The Brazilian Kato-Katz showed a good performance with high sensitivity and specificity for T. trichiura and Hookworm with values of 0.97 and 0.96 respectively, and a high specificity with mild sensitivity for A. lumbricoides (0.95 and 0.79) meanwhile the direct examination and the Ritche-Frick method showed a performance between mild and poor. The differences were higher for hookworm and Trichiuris trichiura than for Ascaris lumbricoides.The Brazilian Kato Katz test could be implemented, but further studies are needed to correlate its operative capacity with its feasibility, availability and cost.

Intestinal parasites infections in hospitalized AIDS patients in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

To determine the prevalence and the species spectrum of intestinal parasites (IP) involved in hospitalized AIDS patients, a prospective observational and cross-sectional study was carried out in the four main hospitals in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. From November 2006 through September 2007, a single stool sample was collected from 175 hospitalized AIDS patients older than 15 years. Parasites were detected by light microscopy, including Ziehl-Neelsen, Fungi-Fluor, modified trichrome stains, and by immunofluorescence antibody tests and PCR for species diagnosis of microsporidia. At baseline, 19 patients (10.8%) were under antiretroviral therapy and 156 (89.2%) were eligible for ART. The main diagnosis for justifying hospitalization was intestinal infection associated with diarrhea in 87 out of 175 (49.7%). 47 out of 175 (26.9%) were found to harbor an IP, and 27 out of 175 (15.4%) were infected with at least one opportunistic IP (OIP). Prevalence rate for OIP were 9.7%, 5.1%, 1.7% and 0.6% for Cryptosporidium sp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Isospora belli and Encephalitozoon intestinalis respectively. Considering patients with diarrhea only, prevalence rate were 12.6%, 4.6%, 3.4% and 1.1% respectively. The other IP observed were Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar in nine cases (5.1%), Ascoris lumbricoides in seven cases (4.0%), Giardia intestinalis in three cases (1.7%), hookworm in two cases (1.1%) and Trichiuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Schistosoma mansoni in one patient each (0.6%). No significant relationship was established between any individual IP and diarrhea. These results underline the importance of OIP in symptomatic AIDS patients regardless of diarrhea at the time of the hospitalisation, and showed that routine microscopic examination using stains designed for Cryptosporidium spp. or the microsporidia should be considered due to the absence of clinical markers.

Kecacingan, malaria, dan status besi ibu hamil di Kabupaten Batang Hari Provinsi Jambi

Background: Anemia among pregnant women may increase abortion, premature, low birth weight and even mortality before and after delivery. Factors causing anemia in Indonesia are lack of Fe, inadequate intake, demanding needs, and lack of nutrient facilitating Fe absorption. Besides, infection such as worm and malaria may cause anemia as well. Result of household health survey 2001 stated that prevalence of pregnant women with anemia was 40% in Indonesia. In Jambi Province, it was 39% in 2003 and 42.3% for Batang Hari Regency while infection of malaria was 50.0% in all age groups and many other districts that its environment were woods, humid, and wasted that may increase infection of hookworm.Objective: The study was proposed to know the correlation of hookworm, malaria with anemia among pregnant women by analyzing correlation of hookworm, malaria, and anemia and correlation of hookworm, malaria and Fe status among pregnant women.Method: This was cross sectional study. It held from September until December 2005 in Batang Hari Regency, Jambi Province. Subjects were 132 pregnant women. Examination of blood for Hb, malaria and ferritin were taken together while feces were later.Results: There were no significant correlation of Ascaris lumbricoides infection with anemia (p = 0.36; OR = 2.43), Trichiuris thrichiura infection with anemia (p = 0.30), 2 kinds of worm Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiura with anemia (p = 0.08; OR = 4.87), and infection of Ascaris lumbricoides + Necator americanus with anemia (p = 0.30). There was significant correlation of 3 kinds of worm Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiura + Necator americanus with anemia (p = 0.018; OR = 7.3). There were no significant correlation of Ascaris lumbricoides with ferritin (p = 0.17; OR = 3.23) and Trichiuris trichiura with ferritin (p = 0.25). There was significant correlation of 2 kinds of worm Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiura with ferritin (p = 0.04; OR = 6.4). There was no significant correlation of Ascaris lumbricoides + Necator americanus with ferritin p = 0.25. There were significant correlation of 3 kinds of worm (Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiura + Necator americanus) with ferritin p = 0.007; OR = 9.69 and ferritin with anemia p = 0.0001; OR = 17.45.Conclusion: There was no significant correlation of hookworms Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichius trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides + Necator americanus with anemia. There were significant correlation of infection of Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiura + Necator americanus with anemia and malaria with anemia. There was no correlation of hookworms Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichiuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides + Neca- tor americanus with anemia. There were correlation of infection Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides + Trichiuris trichiuris + Necator americanus with ferritin, malaria with ferritin, and ferritin with anemia.

The efficiency of Lutz, Kato-Katz and Baermann-Moraes (adapted) techniques association to the diagnosis of intestinal helmints

The association of Lutz/Kato-Katz and Lutz/Baermann-Moraes (adapted) techniques was used to improve better results that ranged from 0.4 to 11 times in the search of eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma mansoni, Trichiuris trichiura, Taenia sp. and larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis.