Tricalcium Silicate Research Articles

Molecular Insights into the CO2 Mineralization Process with Tricalcium Silicate

Molecular Insights into the CO₂ Mineralization Process with Tricalcium Silicate

The Effect of Ethylene Diamine Tetra(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Sodium on the Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate at 80 °C

The Effect of Ethylene Diamine Tetra(Methylene Phosphonic Acid) Sodium on the Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate at 80 °C

Effects of Adding Tricalcium Silicate Nanoparticles to the Universal G2 Bond Adhesive as Self-Etch Mode on the Shear Bond Strength to the Orthodontic Bracket.

This study investigated the effects of adding tricalcium silicate nanoparticles (TCSNp) to the universal G2 bond adhesive (G2BU) in self-etch (SE) mode on shear bond strength (SBS) to orthodontic brackets, cytotoxicity, and degree of conversion (DC). A total of 176 human teeth were divided into four groups based on TCSNp concentration in G2BU adhesive: 0% (control), 1%, 3%, and 5%. The G2BU adhesive consists of a hydrophilic primer (P) and a hydrophobic bonding agent (2B). TCSNp were added to the 2B component by mixing 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g of TCSNp with 9.9, 9.7, and 9.5 g of 2B, respectively. SBS was assessed after 24 h of water storage and 5000 thermocycles using a universal testing machine. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay on rat embryo fibroblast cells, and DC was measured using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test, with significance set at p < 0.05. After 24 h, mean SBS values were 15.58 MPa (control), 13.66 MPa (1% TCSNp), 15.99 MPa (3% TCSNp), and 12.04 MPa (5% TCSNp). After 5000 thermocycles, SBS values decreased to 12.91 MPa (control), 12.42 MPa (1% TCSNp), 11.11 MPa (3% TCSNp), and 10.21 MPa (5% TCSNp). ANOVA showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05), except between the control and 3% TCSNp groups. Cell viability increased with higher TCSNp concentrations, with significant differences at 72 h between control and 5% TCSNp groups (p = 0.014). Mean DC values were 51.66% (control), 49.33% (1% TCSNp), 49.66% (3% TCSNp), and 48% (5% TCSNp). ANOVA indicated no significant differences between groups. Adding TCSNp to G2BU in SE mode maintains clinically acceptable SBS levels and enhances cytocompatibility. Higher TCSNp concentrations may reduce SBS and DC slightly. Further studies are needed to evaluate long-term effects.

Investigation on structurally reinforced synthetic bone grafts via tricalcium silicate

AbstractTricalcium silicate (C3S) is one of the main components of mineral trioxide aggregates, which is used in dental endodontic treatment. C3S provides workable viscosity itself and fast hydration when water is added, and it is known to be nontoxic, noncarcinogenic, nongenotoxic, biocompatible, and insoluble in tissue fluids. In this study, C3S is added to synthetic bone‐graft materials from 30% to 60% to deliver viscosity to increase workability in the early stage of implant surgical procedure and to attain some degree of compressive strength after the hydration. Additionally, the porosity is not overly reduced to maintain the ability for bone regeneration. The porosity of the samples was confirmed to be 40%–50% with the formation of the C3S matrices. Simultaneously, the maximum compressive strength was ensured at 14.9 MPa within 24 h of curing time. The radiopacity required for post‐procedural diagnosis was evaluated. The radiopacity of the samples with 50% and 60% C3S was 1.0 mm Al and 1.1 mm Al, respectively. When ZrO2 was added, the radiopacity was enhanced to 1.6 mm Al. Overall, the experimental results showed that the bone‐graft added C3S would be suitable for alveolar bone support and rigid matrix formation in implant surgery.

An all solid waste CO2 sequestration material consist of multiple calcium silicate clinkers by carbide slag, copper tailing and red mud: Clinker crystal transformation and carbonation hardening properties

In this study, a CO2 sequestration material was obtained by all components solid wastes, i.e., carbide slag and copper tailing based on red mud (RM) as crystal regulator after a sintering and carbonation process. With the increasing dosage of RM, the mineral compositions of generated RM-modified clinkers were mainly γ-C2S (i.e., around 80 %) at low dosage RM (i.e., 3.0 %), and was gradually increased content of β-C2S (β-dicalcium silicate), C3S (tricalcium silicate) and C2AS (gehlenite) at high dosage RM (i.e., from 3.0 % to 10.0 %). Moreover, the compressive strength of various carbonated compacts made by RM-modified clinkers after CO2 curing were shows firstly increased and then decreased with a RM dosage inflection of 5.0 %. This compressive strength results should be attributed to their carbonation activity, i.e., higher carbonation activity, higher compressive strength. The obvious carbonation activity difference of various RM-modified clinkers were not simply depends on their only γ-C2S content, only β-C2S content, only C3S content or the sum of calcium silicate minerals, but more closely relate to their combined effect. This work provides a new utilization strategy of RM as crystal regulator according to its high alkaline and high Fe content composition characteristic for obtaining a CO2 sequestration materials. And also laid a new insight for a synergistic CO2 sequestration by multiple calcium silicate clinkers in the future.

Importance of adsorption compared with complexation for retarding C3S hydration via adding sodium gluconate

Adsorption effect on particle surfaces and complexation effect with free Ca2+ mostly determine the retarding performance of organic admixtures on cement hydration. However, it is difficult to identify which effect plays a more important role in retarding hydration by experimental methods. Here, a theoretical model was developed to investigate the retarding mechanisms of sodium gluconate (SG) on hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S). Based on obstruction theory and complexation reaction kinetics, effects of adsorption and complexation were simulated to examine the retarding performance of C3S hydration with addition of SG. The proposed model well predicted the effect of additional dosing of SG on the retarding performance of C3S hydration. Theoretical parameter studies demonstrated that adsorption ratio contributed much largely to the delays in C3S hydration, compared with rate constant of complex generation. Therefore, it is confirmed that adsorption plays a more important role in regulating the retarding mechanism of C3S hydration.

Study on the mechanisms of retardation of cement hydration by zinc and acceleration of hardening by sodium aluminate from crystallographic phase analysis

AbstractZinc was focused on as an element causing hardening retardation due to delayed hydration of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), and its hardening inhibitory effect and the mechanism of hardening enhancement by sodium aluminate were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The addition of zinc hydroxide retarded hardening at more than 0.3 mass%, as previously reported, and zinc produced calcium zincate hydrates (qatranaite) and inhibited the hydration of tricalcium silicate (C3S), the main component of hydration of OPC. After the zinc had been fully consumed in qatranaite formation, C3S started normal hydration. The addition of sodium aluminate caused earlier re-hydration of C3S, which was inhibited by hydration, as the hydrates produced appeared to consume zincate anions. The rapid setting effect of sodium aluminate addition was also delayed by zinc hydroxide, but it was estimated that the addition of the same amount of zinc would ensure initial strength through early formation of hydrocalumite. In the longer term, strength was considered to be more enhanced by the onset of C3S hydration.

EFFECT OF GALAM LEAF EXTRACT AND TRI-CALCIUM SILICATE CEMENT ON NEUTROPHIL CELLS IN WISTAR RAT PULP

Background: Pulp capping is a method of sealing the pulp chamber in teeth with cavities that extend to the pulp. Direct pulp capping involves applying a material directly onto the exposed pulp tissue. Tri-calcium silicate cement (Ca3SiO5) is commonly used due to its nanoparticle mineral composition, but it can cause continued inflammation. Galam leaf (Melaleuca cajuputi) is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, owing to secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and saponins, potentially compensating for the drawbacks of tri-calcium silicate cement. Purpose: To determine the effect of combining Galam leaf extract (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. Cumingiana (Turz) Barlow) with tri-calcium silicate cement as a direct pulp capping material on neutrophil cell count in the pulp of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This pure experimental study used a posttest-only control design. Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into nine groups: one received a combination of 100% Galam leaf extract and tri-calcium silicate cement; one positive control group received tri-calcium silicate cement alone; and one negative control group received direct placement with glass ionomer cement (GIC). The neutrophil cell count was assessed on days 1, 2, and 3. Results: Two-way ANOVA results indicated a significant effect based on treatment and time (p &lt; 0.05). Further analysis with the Post Hoc Bonferroni test (p &lt; 0.05) revealed differences in neutrophil cell counts across nearly all groups on days 1, 2, and 3. Conclusion: The combination of 100% Galam leaf extract and tri-calcium silicate cement significantly reduced neutrophil cell counts compared to both positive and negative control groups on days 1, 2, and 3, indicating anti-inflammatory effect.

EFFECT OF GELAM LEAF EXTRACT (Melaleuca cajuputi) AND TRICALCIUM SILICATE CEMENT AS DIRECT PULP CAPPING

Background: Reversible pulpitis is mild pulp inflammation. The treatment is direct pulpcapping. Tricalcium silicate cement has been better at inducing reparative dentin than other materials. Tricalcium silicate cement can cause inflammation 1-2 weeks after application, that natural ingredients need to improve the quality. Tricalcium silicate cement can be combined with galam leaf extract which contains anti-inflammatory properties by accelerating lymphocyte cells. Purpose: To analyzed the effect of gelam leaf extract (Melaleuca cajuputi) concentration of 100% and Tricalcium Silicate Cement on the number of lymphocyte cells on day 3 and 5 in direct pulp capping treatment. Methods: This research is a true experimental study with a post test-only with control design. This study used 24 Wistar rats, divided into 3 treatment groups with 2 different days, namely the group given a combination of Gelam leaf 100% + tricalcium silicate cement, tricalcium silicate cement as positive control, and without treatment as negative control. Results: One-way ANOVA test obtained p value=0.00&lt;0.05, which indicates there is a significant difference between each group. Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed significant difference between galam leaf extract and tricalcium silicate cement, tricalcium silicate cement, and no treatment on days 3 and 5. Conclusion: The combination of galam leaf extract and tricalcium silicate cement can increase the number of lymphocyte cells on day 3 of pulp inflammation and reduce the number of lymphocyte cells on day 5 more effectively than tricalcium silicate cement and without treatment on days 3 and 5 so that the healing process is faster.

Unveiling the carbonation behavior of T-C3S and M-C3S: A comparative investigation

Numerous studies have investigated the carbonation process of tricalcium silicate (C3S). However, research on the carbonation of its different crystal forms remains relatively limited. This study explored the effects of accelerated carbonation on the performance and microstructure of T-C3S and M-C3S. The findings indicated that both T-C3S and M-C3S exhibited a rapid carbonation reaction rate during the initial 12 h, which subsequently declined gradually. The carbonation products of T-C3S and M-C3S primarily consisted of calcite, with T-C3S also containing a proportion of aragonite calcium carbonate. The decomposition peak temperature of calcium carbonate weight loss increased with prolonged carbonation time for both C3S crystal forms. Prismatic or cubic morphology calcite formed in T-C3S and M-C3S during the initial carbonation stages, leading to a denser microstructure. As the carbonation duration increased, the particle size of calcite also grew, displaying a more irregular morphology. Furthermore, needle-like or rod-like aragonite calcium carbonate was observed in T-C3S. T-C3S exhibited superior compressive strength compared to M-C3S at all stages of carbonation. Additionally, a relationship was established between compressive strength, calcium carbonate content, and CO2 uptake. This study provided evidence that the crystal structure of C3S not only influenced the rate of the carbonation reaction but also impacted the type and morphology of calcium carbonate products and the development of compressive strength.

A ternary calcium silicate bone cement with high mechanical properties and good operability

The treatment of vertebral compression fractures of the spinal necessitates the use of injectable bone repair materials with the adaptive modulus of elasticity. Currently, newly developed injectable self-curing materials for minimally invasive surgery are primarily categorized into calcium phosphate and calcium silicate systems, both of which exhibit excellent biocompatibility. However, calcium phosphate bone cement lacks adequate mechanical properties and the stress does not match between bone and material. Calcium silicate cement has a long curing time, low mechanical strength, and high alkalinity. These deficiencies render them inadequate for meeting clinical requirements. Therefore, we incorporated inorganic disodium phosphate, organic polyvinyl alcohol, and solid component cerium oxide into the matrix phase of tricalcium silicate bone cement to establish a ternary self-curing hydration reinforcement system and produced an organic-inorganic composite injectable bone cement. Even though the composite bone cement has a longer setting time, it exhibited high compressive strength (61.9Mpa) and fracture strain (7.88 %), demonstrating excellent mechanical properties. Furthermore, it also demonstrates good injectable properties (86 %), anti-collapse properties, good biological activity, and outstanding antibacterial properties. The composite bone cement has great potential to develop a new injectable self-curing material to replace PMMA bone cement in clinical vertebral compression fractures.

Technology verification of Portland cement clinker production driven by concentrated solar energy directly

Fuel substitution is an important measure for heat substitution and carbon emissions reduction in cement production by using low-carbon fuels such as solid waste, natural gas, biomass energy and solar energy. In this study, a technology that uses concentrated solar energy to directly drive solar cement clinker production is proposed and its feasibility is experimental demonstrated. The results showed that cement clinker could be burned using concentrated solar energy. Because the sintering rate is rapid, rapid burning and/or under-burning also occurs during the sintering process, which causes the clinker structure exhibit a sheet structure. The chemical composition analysis showed that the total mass fraction of dicalcium silicate (C2S) and tricalcium silicate (C3S) exceeded 70 %, the mass fraction of f-CaO was higher than the standard value (≤1.5 %). Controlling the sintering temperature and time, and increasing the cooling rate are significant factors in ensuring the quality of the cement clinker.

Enhancing the Physical, Antimicrobial, and Osteo/Odontogenic Properties of a Sol-Gel-Derived Tricalcium Silicate by Graphene Oxide for Vital Pulp Therapies.

This study developed a sol-gel tricalcium silicate/graphene oxide (TCS-GO) composite and examined its physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and osteo/odontogenic effect on dental pulp stem cells. Tricalcium silicate was synthesized and combined with graphene oxide at three different concentrations, namely 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08% w/w, while tricalcium silicate and mineral trioxide aggregate served as controls. The setting time, compressive strength, pH, and calcium ion release of the composites were evaluated, as well as antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Additionally, the viability of dental pulp stem cells; apatite forming ability; and the gene expression of Alkaline phosphatase, Dentin sialophosphoprotein, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 were assessed. TCS-GO (0.08%) showed a significantly shorter setting time and higher compressive strength when compared to MTA (p < 0.05). Additionally, tricalcium silicate and TCS-GO groups showed a higher release of Ca ions than MTA, with no significant difference in pH values among the different groups. TCS-GO (0.08%) also demonstrated a significantly stronger antimicrobial effect against Lactobacillus acidophilus compared to MTA (p < 0.05). ALP expression was higher in TCS-GO (0.08%) than MTA on days 3 and 7, while DSPP expression was higher in TCS-GO (0.08%) than MTA on day 3 but reversed on day 7. There was no significant difference in RUNX2 expression between TCS-GO (0.08%) and MTA on days 3 and 7. The TCS-GO (0.08%) composite demonstrated superior physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial properties compared to MTA. Moreover, the early upregulation of ALP and DSPP markers in TCS-GO (0.08%) indicates that it has the potential to promote and enhance the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs.

СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ЭНДОДОНТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ

Endodontic treatment requires special manual skills from the dentist. The use of innovative treatment methods in endodontics helps to achieve conditions that ensure a successful treatment result, which, in turn, leads to a healthy state of periapical tissues. The paper presents an analysis of literature data on innovative methods in endodontic dentistry. provides information on the use of a dental microscope, the use of a modern irrigation solution for medicinal treatment of the root canal system, information on the concept of innovative technology of self-adapting files through selective laser melting, and a review of data on modern endoseal based on tricalcium silicate material.

Hydration and microstructure evolution of cement paste in low vacuum environments

Low vacuum is one of the most challenging service environments for cementitious materials, which would affect their hydration and microstructure, and thereby impair strength and durability. In this study, the hydration phases and microstructural evolution of pastes based on Portland cement (PC), sulphoaluminate cement (SAC), and tricalcium silicate (C3S, the clinker of PC) were investigated under low vacuum conditions. The results show that rapid mass loss could be observed at the initial stage of low vacuum treatment, which was mainly attributed to the dissipation of free water. After that, the mass loss rate was greatly slowed down and maintained at a relatively low level, which was primarily due to the loss of chemical bound water in hydration products. As a result, C3S samples, with the slowest early hydration procedure, exhibited the highest mass loss, which was followed by PC and SAC samples. The dissipation effect by low vacuum treatment resulted in the inhabitation of cement hydration, and correspondingly the contents of hydration products remained almost constant, or even decreased especially for ettringite (AFt). Moreover, the examination of the hydration product morphology demonstrates that under low vacuum conditions, the needle-like morphology of the hydration product C-S-H transferred gradually from divergence to convergence or underwent collapse, while the AFt crystals experienced degradation and then transformed into an amorphous state. This consequently led to the sample after low vacuum treatment exhibiting increased total volume of pores less than 100 nm and elevated percentage of pores with sizes from 50 nm to 100 nm. Overall, this research holds great scientific significance in guiding the engineering application of concrete in low vacuum environments.

Comparison of remineralization ability of tricalcium silicate and of glass ionomer cement on residual dentin: an in vitro study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the remineralization effects of a calcium silicate-based cement (Biodentine) and of a glass ionomer cement (GIC: Fuji IX) on artificially demineralized dentin.MethodsFour standard cavities were prepared in dentin discs prepared from 34 extracted sound human third molars. In each disc, one cavity was covered with an acid-resistant varnish before demineralization (Group 1). The specimens were soaked in a chemical demineralization solution for 96 h to induce artificial carious lesions. Thereafter, one cavity each was filled with Biodentine (Group 2) and GIC (Group 3), respectively, and one carious lesion was left unrestored as a negative control (Group 4). Next, specimens were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days. After cross-sectioning the specimens, the Ca/P ratio was calculated in each specimen by using scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Finally, data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni correction.ResultsBoth cement types induced dentin remineralization as compared to Group 4. The Ca/P ratio was significantly higher in Group 2 than in Group 3 (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe dentin lesion remineralization capability of Biodentine is higher than that of GIC, suggesting the usefulness of the former as a bioactive dentin replacement material.Clinical relevanceBiodentine has a higher remineralization ability than that of GIC for carious dentin, and its interfacial properties make it a promising bioactive dentin restorative material.

Assessment method of carbonation degree and activity of a wide range of calcium/magnesium containing solids

This work provides a systematic analysis and comparison of the assessment methods for determining the carbonation degree of materials containing calcium or magnesium. The analysis is conducted from three key perspectives, namely the consumption of carbonation reactive components, the production of carbonation product and the dry mass change resulted from carbonation reaction. The carbonation degree of steel slag, tricalcium silicate and carbide slag were assessed at liquid-to-solid ratios of 0 and 0.15 using quantitative X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and weighing at temperature of 25 °C, relative humidity of 60% and carbon dioxide concentration of 40%. The utilization of scanning electron microscope was employed to reveal the significant impact of liquid water on the carbonation degree. The results indicate that the carbonation degrees obtained by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry are quite similar, whereas the values obtained through weighing method drift away a little, particularly when liquid water is present. Nevertheless, all the methods investigated in this study exhibit great consistency and reliability, including the dry mass change method given its acceptable deviation from others and its convenience in testing. Furthermore, a novel method on assessing the carbonation activity is proposed based on the 24-h carbonation degree at the liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.15, which enables to efficiently distinguish the carbonation potential of different materials. In the end, carbonation activity inventory is established in which a wide range of calcium/magnesium contained materials are categorized into five groups, suggesting its suitability for evaluating the carbonation activity of various solid wastes and cement-based materials.

Invitro Activity of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Modification from Rice Hull Ash Silica and Calcium Oxide from Clamshells

The impact of SrO particles and hydroxyapatite (HA) on the characteristics of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) from silica Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) from clam shell has been studied in this research. Silica and calcium oxide are used as material to form tricalcium silicate (C3S) and dicalcium silicate (C2S) in MTA. Bi2O3 and SrO were added in MTA with 18% (w/w) total percentage. MTA was made with a sol-gel process and used catalyst NH3. After synthesis, material was calcined at 1000 oC for 3 h. HA was added at percentages of 3, 6, and 9% in 5% SrO modified MTA to see the effect of its addition on the material. The modified MTA (MTA-SrO-HA) were hydrated water using water to powder method with ratio of 3:1. The MTA-SrO5/HA6 showed higher compressive strength and dentine interaction to the commercial MTA (Proroot brand) in days 3 and 7. This material had potential as a root canal filling in dental endodontic treatment.

Simulation analysis of microstructure development of tricalcium silicate using the needle model of calcium silicate hydrate

This study proposes a two-scale model for tricalcium silicate (C3S) hydration to examine the microstructure of hydrated C3S paste. The needle-like morphology of a calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) layer, as observed in many studies, was constructed using this model based on the assumption of C-S-H needles. The boundary nucleation and growth pattern of the C-S-H needles were illustrated, and the impingement among C-S-H needles and particles was considered. The pore size distribution was calculated using the rolling sphere method for the hydrated particle system and C-S-H layer. The simulation results were compared with existing experimental data, revealing consistency for the C3S paste with different hydration times. The shape and growth parameters of the C-S-H needles were studied to model their microstructure. The microstructure constructed using this model was found to be more reasonable and could provide a more accurate description of the C-S-H morphology.

Effect of interface properties between functionalized cellulose nanocrystals and tricalcium silicate on the early hydration mechanism of cement

The hydration process is a critical stage in the development of the properties of cement-based materials，however, the influence of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) on cement during the early hydration is controversial. This study uses pure tricalcium silicate (C3S) as the object to analyze the influence of carboxyl CNC (CCNC) and sulfonic CNC (SCNC) on hydration parameters such as hydration rate, types, quality, and pore structure of hydration products during the early hydration period. The dissolution of C3S and the interaction between fluids and minerals at the C3S/CNC interface is the core mechanism of the early hydration. Ultraviolet and energy spectrum analyzed adsorption between CNC and C3S from a physical perspective, and molecular dynamics simulations deeply discussed the adsorption behavior between C3S/Water/CNC at nano-scale. The results show that CNC prolongs the hydration induction and acceleration period, delays the early hydration of C3S; CCNC exhibits a more significant effect than SCNC. Under the action of Ca-O and hydrogen bonds, CNC will adsorb on the surface of C3S and cover its surface, reducing the number of waters on the surface of C3S. Hydrophilic CNC molecules attract water molecules close to the CNC chain, and solidifying water molecules prevents it from entering the hydration surface. CNC also restricts the diffusion of Ca2+ on the surface of C3S to outside, improving the stability of Ca-O coordination, promoting the accumulation of hydration products at the C3S surface, and inhibiting the dissolution of C3S. Understanding the effect of functionalized CNCs on the diffusion and sedimentation mechanism of water molecules and Ca2+ during hydration can provide insights for guiding the design of nanomaterials with strong compatibility with cement systems and enlarging the application of functionalized nanomaterials in cement-based materials engineering fields.