Tricalcium Silicate Cement Research Articles

EFFECT OF GELAM LEAF EXTRACT (Melaleuca cajuputi) AND TRICALCIUM SILICATE CEMENT AS DIRECT PULP CAPPING

Background: Reversible pulpitis is mild pulp inflammation. The treatment is direct pulpcapping. Tricalcium silicate cement has been better at inducing reparative dentin than other materials. Tricalcium silicate cement can cause inflammation 1-2 weeks after application, that natural ingredients need to improve the quality. Tricalcium silicate cement can be combined with galam leaf extract which contains anti-inflammatory properties by accelerating lymphocyte cells. Purpose: To analyzed the effect of gelam leaf extract (Melaleuca cajuputi) concentration of 100% and Tricalcium Silicate Cement on the number of lymphocyte cells on day 3 and 5 in direct pulp capping treatment. Methods: This research is a true experimental study with a post test-only with control design. This study used 24 Wistar rats, divided into 3 treatment groups with 2 different days, namely the group given a combination of Gelam leaf 100% + tricalcium silicate cement, tricalcium silicate cement as positive control, and without treatment as negative control. Results: One-way ANOVA test obtained p value=0.00<0.05, which indicates there is a significant difference between each group. Post Hoc Bonferroni test showed significant difference between galam leaf extract and tricalcium silicate cement, tricalcium silicate cement, and no treatment on days 3 and 5. Conclusion: The combination of galam leaf extract and tricalcium silicate cement can increase the number of lymphocyte cells on day 3 of pulp inflammation and reduce the number of lymphocyte cells on day 5 more effectively than tricalcium silicate cement and without treatment on days 3 and 5 so that the healing process is faster.

EFFECT OF GALAM LEAF EXTRACT AND TRI-CALCIUM SILICATE CEMENT ON NEUTROPHIL CELLS IN WISTAR RAT PULP

Background: Pulp capping is a method of sealing the pulp chamber in teeth with cavities that extend to the pulp. Direct pulp capping involves applying a material directly onto the exposed pulp tissue. Tri-calcium silicate cement (Ca3SiO5) is commonly used due to its nanoparticle mineral composition, but it can cause continued inflammation. Galam leaf (Melaleuca cajuputi) is known for its anti-inflammatory properties, owing to secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and saponins, potentially compensating for the drawbacks of tri-calcium silicate cement. Purpose: To determine the effect of combining Galam leaf extract (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. Cumingiana (Turz) Barlow) with tri-calcium silicate cement as a direct pulp capping material on neutrophil cell count in the pulp of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This pure experimental study used a posttest-only control design. Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into nine groups: one received a combination of 100% Galam leaf extract and tri-calcium silicate cement; one positive control group received tri-calcium silicate cement alone; and one negative control group received direct placement with glass ionomer cement (GIC). The neutrophil cell count was assessed on days 1, 2, and 3. Results: Two-way ANOVA results indicated a significant effect based on treatment and time (p < 0.05). Further analysis with the Post Hoc Bonferroni test (p < 0.05) revealed differences in neutrophil cell counts across nearly all groups on days 1, 2, and 3. Conclusion: The combination of 100% Galam leaf extract and tri-calcium silicate cement significantly reduced neutrophil cell counts compared to both positive and negative control groups on days 1, 2, and 3, indicating anti-inflammatory effect.

Biological properties versus solubility of endodontic sealers and cements.

Endodontic sealers and cements used in root canal treatment have different compositions and properties. Common to all materials is that their primary goal is to fill gaps and voids, making a permanent seal of the root canal system. Furthermore, aspects such as antibacterial properties, cytotoxicity, setting time, solubility and biocompatibility are also crucial and ought to be considered. Over the years, a shift in the view on the importance of these aspects has ocurred. Whereas the antibacterial properties were considered important when the technical factors in endodontics were less developed, the sealing ability and biocompatibility have later been considered the most critical factors. The introduction of tricalcium silicate cements and sealers has led to a renewed interest in material properties, as these cements seem to have good sealing ability and at the same time combine favourable antimicrobial effects with excellent biocompatibility. This review discusses how the various properties of root canal sealers and cements may conflict with the primary aim of providing a permanent seal of the root canal system.

Antibacterial behavior of calcium fluoride-modified tricalcium silicate cement against different oral bacterial strains

Antibacterial behavior of calcium fluoride-modified tricalcium silicate cement against different oral bacterial strains

Enhancing Physical-Thermal-Mechanical Properties of Biobased Ceramic Composite Utilizing Natural Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate, Glass, and Tricalcium Silicate

Eggshells, a sustainable raw material, accumulate in millions of tons daily after consumption and are utilized across various industries including food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and cosmetics. Composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with a purity exceeding 98 wt%, eggshells serve as raw material for producing beta tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca3(PO4)2). The addition of tricalcium silicate cement (C3S) enhances thickening, ductility, and setting properties, facilitating polymerization and solidification through curing and hydration processes. Incorporating soda lime glass powder at varying concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%) improves the mechanical and thermal properties of biobased ceramic composite. Higher concentrations of embedded soda lime glass powder have demonstrated increased compressive strength, reduced water absorption, decreased thermal expansion coefficient, and lowered firing temperature. This renders it a promising alternative for replacing and repairing materials in medical applications such as bone grafts and splints.

Evaluation of bioactivity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of tricalcium silicate bone cement modified with wollastonite/ fluorapatite glass and glass-ceramic

This work's main objective is to assess the effects of wollastonite/fluorapatite glass (G) and glass-ceramic (GC) on tricalcium silicate's (TCS) bioactivity and physico-mechanical properties. To achieve this goal, 10 and 20 wt percent of G or GC were used in place of TCS. The constructed specimens were kept submerged in SBF solution for 4 weeks at a temperature of approximately 37 ± 0.5 °C to create the hydroxyapatite layer (HA) on the cement paste surface and evaluate their biological behavior. Additionally measured were bulk density, apparent porosity, and compressive strength. The principal components had been studied using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. An energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)-equipped scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the materials' morphology. The antibacterial and cytotoxic properties were also evaluated. The findings demonstrated that during soaking in SBF, bulk density and porosity ranged from 1.38 to 1.5 g/cm3 and from 44.99 to 39.12 %, respectively, and the results for compression strength varied from 65 to 88 MPa. The outcomes demonstrated that all of the prepared samples' surfaces had the hydroxyapatite layer (HA) formed on them following their immersion in the biological fluid (SBF). Additionally, it was discovered that raising the percentage of GC (TCS/20GC) in synthetic samples improves TCS cement's physico-mechanical and bioactivity characteristics. Furthermore, these substances had minimal cytotoxic effects on the typical fibroplast cell line of humans (BJ1), indicating their potential utility in dental applications. Ultimately, the antimicrobial test demonstrated good inhibitory behavior against the pathogens Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Comparative Evaluation of a New Tricalcium Silicate Cement With Calcium Hydroxide as Direct Pulp Capping Agents: A Clinical Study.

Background and objectives Direct pulp capping (dPC) is a therapeutic process that involves the application of a protective chemical to an exposed pulp with the intent to facilitate the restoration and preservation of its vitality and function. Despite numerous proposed solutions, researchers have yet to find a dependable, non-absorbable bioactive pulp capping substance that constantly activates cellular healing processes, consequently preserving pulpal vitality over an extended period of time. The objective of this study was to assess and contrast the efficacy of a novel tricalcium silicate cement and calcium hydroxide in preserving the long-term health of the dental pulp following dPC using clinical and radiographic observations. Materials and methods A total of 60 individuals with symptoms of reversible pulpitis associated with deep carious lesions were chosen for dPC in the study. Two groups comprising 30 patients each underwent dPC using the novel tricalcium silicate cement (experimental group) and calcium hydroxide (control group) out of the total number of patients. A thin protective covering of self-curing glass ionomer base was applied on top of the capping material. The dentist provided instant permanent restoration employing direct posterior composite resin. Follow-up examinations were conducted three, six, nine, and 12 months after the procedure, during which assessments were performed using clinical and radiographic parameters. Results The minimum age of the study group was 16, and its maximum age was 34 (22.35 ± 2.3 years). The control group consisted of 12 males and 18 females, while the Biodentine group consisted of 13 males and 17 females. The age and gender distribution were determined to have insignificant statistical differences across the groups. The pain score exhibited statistical significance at both the three-month and six-month follow-up visits (p < 0.05). The pain score at the 12-month follow-up was 0.38 ± 0.52 in the case group and 0.42 ± 0.61 in the control group (p = 0.79). The average Periapical Index (PAI) score for the Dycal and Biodentin groups after the 12-month follow-up was 1.38 ± 0.97 and 1 ± 0.3, respectively. This difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.044). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the PAI score at the three-month, six-month, and nine-month follow-ups (p < 0.01). During the entirety of the follow-up duration, one individual in the Biodentine group had tenderness upon percussion, a negative reaction for pulp vitality, pulpal changes, and a widening of the periodontal space. Statistically significant differences were observed in pulpal changes and tenderness on percussion during the nine-month and 12-month follow-up periods (p < 0.05). After 12 months, the rate of success in the group treated with Dycal was 91.3%, while the success percentage in the group treated with Biodentine was 98.55%. This difference in outcomes was determined to be statistically significant (λ2 = 5.46; p = 0.019). Conclusion The study findings indicate that Biodentine, a novel tricalcium silicate cement, outperforms calcium hydroxide in preserving pulp vitality over the long term following dPC. The Biodentine group attained an overall success rate of 98.55%, whereas the Dycal group had a success rate of 91.3% following 12 months of subsequent follow-up visits.

How Does Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Irrigation Affect Biodentine? A Multimethod Ex Vivo Study.

The activity of biomaterials used during endodontic treatment can be affected by various factors. One of them is the chemical action of the irrigant that they are exposed to. The aim of this multimethod ex vivo study was to evaluate the influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the surface appearance and chemical composition of Biodentine used in perforation repair. Twenty material specimens were prepared according to manufacturers' recommendations and divided into two setting-time-based groups, tested after 45 min (group A) and 24 h (group B) of setting. Material was irrigated with 17% EDTA solution with or without simultaneous ultrasonic activation. The surface characteristics and the chemical composition analysis of the Biodentine specimens were performed with the aid of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) method, respectively. The volumetric loss of material was measured by dedicated digital software in an optical microscope. Statistical analysis was performed. The EDS study confirmed that after the rinsing protocol, the percentage content of elements differed between the groups. The EDTA rinse, whether ultrasonically activated or not, visibly affected the surface appearance and chemical composition of Biodentine. The specimens' surface subjected to irrigation was more irregular under SEM than in a control group. The US activation of the liquid amplified its impact on the tested material. The average volume loss in group A after 5 min irrigation was 3.98 µm3 for each µm2 of the chosen area and it increased up to 7.74 µm3/μm2 after the ultrasonic activation. In group B, indicated volume loss values were 6.30 and 11.70 µm3/μm2 for 5 min irrigation without and with US activation, respectively. Using a 20 min irrigation time and ultrasonic activation increased it up to 32.71 µm3/µm2. Each rinsing protocol involving irrigation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid modified the surface features and the chemical composition of the evaluated hydraulic tricalcium silicate cement. Further research is needed to indicate the possible impact of the observed changes on its long-term clinical performance.

Revascularization of Non-Vital, Immature, Permanent Teeth with Two Bioceramic Cements: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The aim of this study was to clinically and radiographically assess the effects of two bioceramic cements as coronal plug materials for the revascularization of non-vital, immature, permanent teeth with apical periodontitis. Twenty non-vital, immature, permanent, anterior teeth with apical periodontitis were included in this study. Samples were randomly divided into two groups based on the coronal plug materials used; group I (GI): Well Root PT (Vericom, Gangwon-do, Korea) and group II (GII): MTA Biorep (Itena Clinical, Paris, France) (n = 10). Follow-up was conducted clinically and radiographically for up to 12 months to evaluate the changes in root dimensions and resolution of the periapical disease and investigate the degree of success. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA tests and Mann–Whitney U tests at a 0.05 significance level. At 12 months, none of the patients in either test group had clinical signs/symptoms. There was a slight increase in root length (4.4% in GI and 3.4% in GII) and a slight increase in dentin wall thickness (10.2% in GI and 9.9% in GII) with no statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05) differences. Whilst there was a significant decrease in lesion dimension in all patients after 12 moths of treatment (93% in GI and 91% in GII), there were no statistically significant differences between the two study groups (p &gt; 0.05). Regarding the degree of success, all cases (100%) achieved the primary goal (the elimination of symptoms and the evidence of bony healing), while 60% in GI and 40% in GII achieved the secondary goal (increased root wall thickness and/or increased root length). No statistically significant difference was found between groups (p &gt; 0.05). Both bioceramic cements showed satisfactory clinical and radiographic findings. Premixed calcium aluminosilicate and tricalcium silicate cements could be used as coronal plug materials in revascularization procedures. Bioceramic cements can be considered promising coronal plug materials for the revascularization of immature, permanent teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis due to their physicochemical and biological properties.

Dislodgement resistance and structural changes of tricalcium silicate-based cements after exposure to different chelating agents.

This study aimed to evaluate the dislodgement resistance and structural changes of different mineral trioxide aggregate cements (MTA) like Pro-Root MTA, Ortho MTA, and Retro MTA after exposure to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), NaOCl-Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-bisphosphonate (Dual Rinse HEDP), and NaOCl-Maleic acid (MA). The root canal spaces of 150 dentine slices were obturated using tricalcium silicate cements and divided into 3 groups (n = 50): Group1: ProRoot MTA, Group2: Retro MTA, and Group3: Ortho MTA. The samples in each group were further subdivided into four experimental (n = 10) and one control groups (n = 10): 2.5% NaOCl-17% EDTA, Dual Rinse HEDP, 2.5% NaOCl-7% Maleic acid, 2.5% NaOCl, distilled water (control). The dislodgement resistance and structural changes of cements were measured. Use of DR HEDP resulted in higher dislodgement resistance compared to17% EDTA and 7% MA in the samples obturated with Ortho MTA and Pro-Root MTA (p<0.001). In Retro MTA group, samples treated with DR HEDP and 17% EDTA had higher dislodgment resistance compared to 7% MA (p<0.001). On microstructural and elemental analysis of all the three MTA cements, samples treated with 17% EDTA and 7% MA were more amorphous and granular when compared to DR HEDP, which was pettle shaped. Calcium level was decreased more in samples treated with 17% EDTA and 7% MA when compared to DR HEDP.

Effects of Superfine Tricalcium Silicate Powder on the Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of Its Premixed Cement as a Root Canal Filling Material.

Calcium silicate-based cement is a promising material for filling root canals. However, it has several drawbacks to its clinical application, including difficult operation and low curing strength. In this study, we successfully prepared an ultrafine tricalcium silicate powder and investigated the effects of this ultrafine powder on the performance of the premixed tricalcium silicate cement, including the curing process, setting time, hydration products, microstructure, injectivity, fluidity, and compressive strength. The results demonstrate that the addition of ultrafine tricalcium silicate powder alters the hydration product content and product morphology of the premixed cement. By increasing the content of the ultrafine powder, the injectable property of the cement can be increased to more than 95%, the fluidity can be increased from 18 mm to 35 mm, and the curing time can be shortened from 13 h to 11 h. Notably, the addition of the ultrafine powder greatly enhances the compressive strength of the hardened cement, which increases from 20.6 MPa to 51.0 MPa. These results indicate that altering the particle size distribution of the powder is an effective method for enhancing the physicochemical and mechanical properties of tricalcium silicate cement as a root canal filling material.

Regenerative potential of a novel aloe vera modified tricalcium silicate cement as a pulp capping material: An animal study.

This study compared the histologic response of a pulp capping material Matreva MTA modified with different concentrations of aloe vera (AV) solutions to Biodentine cement. Ninety dogs' teeth were included and categorized according to the capping material into five groups (18 teeth each); Group I (Biodentine), group II (Matreva MTA), group III (Matreva MTA 10% AV), group IV (Matreva MTA 20% AV) and group V (Matreva MTA 30% AV). The histopathological findings were recorded at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Matreva MTA and Biodentine groups showed the highest inflammatory cell count compared to the AV-modified Matreva MTA groups at 2- and 4-week intervals (p>0.05). Moreover, the AV-modified Matreva MTA and Biodentine groups showed higher dentin bridge thickness compared to unmodified Matreva MTA at different follow-up periods (p<0.05). AV can significantly enhance the in vivo bioactivity of Matreva MTA, inducing mild inflammation and good dentine bridge formation comparable to Biodentine.

Guided Autotransplantation of an Immature Premolar to the Maxillary Incisor Region with Immediate Restoration of Esthetics: A Case Report

This case report describes the treatment of two maxillary central incisors following a traumatic injury with tooth #8 developing replacement resorption and #9 developing inflammatory root resorption. A 10-year-old girl presented complaining of pain in her maxillary central incisors. Upon clinical examination, teeth #8 and #9 were tender to percussion and palpation of the buccal soft tissues. Thermal and electrical pulpal sensitivity tests for teeth #8 and #9 were negative. An intraoral periapical radiograph revealed resorptive defects in tooth #8, which were filled with bone-like tissue, while tooth #9 had radiolucent resorptive defects along the root surface and a periapical radiolucency. A diagnosis of replacement resorption was made for tooth #8 and external inflammatory root resorption for tooth #9. Tooth #8 was treated with a multidisciplinary approach utilizing a guided template for premolar autotransplantation with an immediate veneer restoration, while tooth #9 was managed with root canal treatment using a tricalcium silicate cement to fill the canal. At the 1, 4, 8, 12, and 24-month follow-ups, the patient remained asymptomatic, and there was no radiographic evidence of root or periapical pathosis on either tooth. The root-end of the donor tooth transplanted to the #8 site continued to develop. This case report highlights successful interdisciplinary management of two forms of root resorption using modern treatment strategies that provided immediate function and esthetics to the maxillary central incisors in a young patient following trauma.

Effect of incorporation of nano-graphene oxide on physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of tricalcium silicate cement

ObjectiveEvaluation of setting time, compressive strength, pH, calcium ion release, and antibacterial activity of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) after modification with three different concentrations of nano-graphene oxide (GO) powder compared to unmodified Biodentine as a commercial control. MethodsGO powder, unhydrated and hydrated cements were characterized using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). GO was also analyzed using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) to determine average lateral dimensions. Specimens were prepared and grouped according to the concentration of GO added to Rootdent MTA (control, 1, 3, and 5 wt%) and the material used (MTA and unmodified Biodentine) into five groups. Setting time was evaluated using Gillmore penetrometer (n = 5). Compressive strength was evaluated using universal testing machine (n = 7). pH and calcium ion release were assessed using pH meter and Induced Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days (n = 7). Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans using direct contact test (n = 7). One-way and repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test were used for data analysis with significance level set at p ≤ 0.05. ResultsAddition of GO to MTA reduced both initial and final setting time. GO modified MTA groups and unmodified Biodentine showed significantly increased calcium ion release at 14 and 28 days. All cements showed alkaline pH of the storage media at all tested time intervals. 1 wt% GO recorded the highest compressive strength values in MTA modified groups. The increased concentration of GO from 1 to 5 wt% successively increased antibacterial activity of MTA, with Biodentine showing the lowest significant value. ConclusionAddition of 1 wt% GO can significantly improve the tested properties of tricalcium silicate-based cements without compromising their compressive strength. Clinical significanceGO is a promising modification for tricalcium silicate cements to improve setting time, compressive strength, and antibacterial activity to provide a variety of materials for different clinical situations. This in turn can reduce the risk of reinfection and allow placement of the final restoration in a single visit.

Effects of Tricalcium Silicate Cement on Corneal Cell Proliferation and Its Relationship with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Level and Receptor Typing

This research analyzed the effects of tricalcium silicate (C3S) cement and hypoxia on proliferation of human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiCs) and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors (VEGFRs). Nanoscale C3S was prepared using a combustion method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser particle size (LPS) analyzer. HCEpiCs were cultured, and influences of C3S with changed concentrations on proliferation of (HCEpiCs were analyzed. The cells were treated with hypoxia or with low-concentration (0.5 mg/mL, LC-C3S), medium-concentration (5 mg/mL, MC-C3S), or high-concentration (50 mg/mL, HC-C3S) of C3S. Meanwhile, normal HCEpiCs were undertaken as controls (Ctrl group). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of target genes were detected using CCK-8, Annexin V-FITC/PI, fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (fqPCR), and Western blotting (WB). The results suggested that nanoscale C3S had multiple morphologies and an average particle size (APS) of (231.5±8.3) nm. With increasing nanoscale C3S concentration, proliferation of HCEpiCs increased (P &lt; 0.05), and the highest proliferation was visualized at 5 mg/mL. Based on the conditions in the Ctrl group, the hypoxia group exhibited a decreased proliferation rate (PR), an increased apoptosis rate (AR), downshifted VEGF, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and elevated VEGFR-1 (P &lt; 0.05). Based on the hypoxia group, the LCC3S, MC-C3S, and HC-C3S groups presented increased cell PRs, decreased APs, upshifted VEGF, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and downregulated VEGFR-1 (P &lt; 0.05). The MC-C3S group showed an increased cell PR, a decreased AP, upregulated VEGF, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and downregulated VEGFR-1 to the LC-C3S group (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, the HC-C3S group had a decreased cell PR, an increased AP, upregulated VEGF, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and a downshifted VEGFR-1 to the MC-C3S group (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, C3S promoted proliferation of HCEpiCs, upregulated VEGF, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, and downregulated VEGFR-1.

Evaluation of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of a newly developed bioceramic cement derived from cockle shells: an in vitro study

BackgroundTricalcium silicate is the main component of commercial bioceramic cements that are widely used in endodontic treatment. Calcium carbonate, which is manufactured from limestone, is one of the substrates of tricalcium silicate. To avoid the environmental impact of mining, calcium carbonate can be obtained from biological sources, such as shelled mollusks, one of which is cockle shell. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the chemical, physical, and biological properties of a newly developed bioceramic cement derived from cockle shell (BioCement) with those of a commercial tricalcium silicate cement (Biodentine).MethodsBioCement was prepared from cockle shells and rice husk ash and its chemical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The physical properties were evaluated following the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9917-1;2007 and 6876;2012. The pH was tested after 3 h to 8 weeks. The biological properties were assessed using extraction medium from BioCement and Biodentine on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) in vitro. The 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2 H-tetrazolium hydroxide assay was used to evaluate cell cytotoxicity following ISO 10993-5;2009. Cell migration was examined using a wound healing assay. Alizarin red staining was performed to detect osteogenic differentiation. The data were tested for a normal distribution. Once confirmed, the physical properties and pH data were analyzed using the independent t-test, and the biological property data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test at a 5% significance level.ResultsThe main components of BioCement and Biodentine were calcium and silicon. BioCement’s and Biodentine’s setting time and compressive strength were not different. The radiopacity of BioCement and Biodentine was 5.00 and 3.92 mmAl, respectively (p < 0.05). BioCement’s solubility was significantly higher than Biodentine. Both materials exhibited alkalinity (pH ranged from 9 to 12) and demonstrated > 90% cell viability with cell proliferation. The highest mineralization was found in the BioCement group at 7 days (p < 0.05).ConclusionsBioCement exhibited acceptable chemical and physical properties and was biocompatible to human dental pulp cells. BioCement promotes pulp cell migration and osteogenic differentiation.

EVALUATION OF THE ADHESION AND MORPHOLOGY OF STEM CELLS FROM APICAL PAPILLA IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH MTA AND BIODENTINE

Purpose: To investigate the use of tricalcium silicate cement Biodentine as an alternative to MTA in regenerative endodontic procedures by assessing the morphology and adhesion of stem cells from apical papilla in direct contact with these materials Materials/Methods: Glass ionomer cement, MTA and Biodentine disks with identical size were created. Stem cells from apical papilla were incubated on these disks, and their size and morphology were assessed with a scanning electron microscope. Results: No adhesion of SCAP was observed when incubating cells with glass ionomer disks, which can be explained by a decrease in pH and a delay in cell proliferation. Cell adhesion was observed in the groups incubated in the presence of MTA and Biodentine discs. Cells adhered to the calcium silicate cements have different morphology and can be round or flat, with several processes. Conclusions: Stem cells from apical papilla adhere to MTA and Biodentiе when in direct contact with discs made of these materials. The cells show different morphology and can be round or flat, with several processes. Calcium silicate cements have biocompatibility and bioactivity and they are suitable materials for the biological treatment of pulp and regenerative endodontics.

Conservative Management of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Using Biomimetic Material in a 9-Year-Old Boy

Comprehensive management of severe molar incisor hypomineralization with dental caries in a 9-year-old boy is reported. After the consultation, diagnosis and treatment planning; upon obtaining the consent from parents, and behavior modification of the child over a preparatory visit, three of the four permanent first molars (PFMs) were treated: two with indirect pulp therapy and one with direct pulp capping using tricalcium silicate cement. After observation of 1 month for each tooth, preformed stainless steel crowns (SSCs) were placed on all three PFMs in a diagonal manner for minimizing occlusal discomfort. The remaining PFM (36), restored earlier by another dentist, developed a dentoalveolar abscess during the course; the same was treated endodontically and a coronal seal was established with an SSC. A quadrant approach was adopted to complete extractions of all carious primary teeth along with the treatments of PFMs during the same appointments to minimize the number of visits. Local anesthesia with 4% articaine with adrenaline infiltrations was used for all quadrants except for the third where an inferior alveolar nerve block with 2% lignocaine with adrenaline was given. Follow-up of all PFMs, over a period of over 9 months, was uneventful. The endodontically treated PFM, too, showed satisfactory recovery, posttreatment.

Characterization, Physical Properties, and Biocompatibility of Novel Tricalcium Silicate-Chitosan Endodontic Sealer.

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics, physical properties, and biocompatibility of the novel tricalcium silicate-chitosan (TCS-C) sealer with AH Plus and Sure-Seal Root. The TCS-C powder was prepared by mixing tricalcium silicate with 2% water-soluble chitosan at a 5:1 ratio, followed by sufficient addition of 10 g/mL ratio of double-distilled water to form a homogeneous cement. Material characterizations (the Fourier Transform InfraRed [FTIR] and X-ray diffraction [XRD]), physical property investigations (flow and film thickness), and cytotoxicity tests in 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast cell (MTT assay method) were performed on sealers, and the results were compared with those of the commercial products. Statistical analysis was performed on flow and film thickness. The normality of the data was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The TCS-C showed a mean flow of 31.98 ± 0.68 mm, compared with Sure Seal Root at 26.38 ± 0.69 mm and AH Plus at 26.50 ± 0.12 mm. The TCS-C showed a mean film thickness of 60 ± 10.0 mm compared with Sure-Seal Root at 50 ± 10.0 mm and AH Plus at 40 ± 15.8 mm. The TCS-C exhibited low to no cytotoxicity in fibroblast cell at all concentrations and exposure times. Adding water-soluble chitosan may improve the physical and biologic properties of tricalcium silicate cement. The novel TCS-C sealer did not fully meet the physical properties of an endodontic sealer, but it was not cytotoxic to fibroblast cells.

Anti-washout tricalcium silicate cements modified by konjac glucomannan/calcium formate complex for endodontic applications

Although tricalcium silicate (TCS)-based cement showed a great clinical success as the dental filling material, a big challenge encountered by TCS is its poor anti-washout property. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop a novel TCS-based cement with excellent anti-washout ability by incorporation of konjac glucomannan (KGM)/calcium formate (CF) complex. The self-setting characteristics, anti-washout ability, setting time, compressive strength, porosity, injectability and flowability of the cements were investigated. Furthermore, antibacterial property and cell cytocompatibility of TCS/CF were also assessed. The results showed that KGM could enhance the washout resistance of TCS pastes while it hindered hydration reaction. CF can further increase the anti-washout ability of TCS cement and shorten its setting time from 420 to 174 min because of the accelerating effect of CF on hydration kinetics of TCS. Compared with TCS pastes, TCS cement containing CF showed an increased compressive strength while the addition of CF decreased the injectability of pastes without an obvious effect on flowability. The antibacterial activity of TCS/CF against S. aureus increased with the amount of CF. Moreover, TCS/CF had good cell cytocompatibility. Our results suggested that incorporation of KGM/CF is a superior strategy to enhance the anti-washout ability of TCS-based dental cements, which have the potential use for endodontic applications.