Tricalcium Phosphate Powder Research Articles

Mechanically synthesized TCP/OCP composite coatings on the plasma electrolytic oxidized cold-worked pure titanium for bio-implant use

The study investigated the surface characteristics and bone formation mechanisms of titanium (Ti) dental implants coated with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP) using a mechanically synthesized coating (MSC) method. Custom-manufactured TCP and OCP powders were applied to plasma electrolytic oxidized (PEO) Ti implant surfaces to enhance biocompatibility and bioactivity. A comprehensive surface characterization was conducted using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, wettability testing, atomic force microscopy, FESEM, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, corrosion testing, and biocompatibility assessment in simulated body fluid. The results revealed that the MSC process effectively filled the PEO layer pores, creating a uniform and compact surface. Notably, a composition of 75 % TCP and 25 % OCP significantly enhanced the surface properties, corrosion resistance (Ecorr of −193.1 mV, an icorr of 0.2 x 10-7 A/cm2, and Rp of 7.8 x 109 Ω.cm2), and bioactivity of the coated CW-PTi substrate. This optimized ratio demonstrated promising potential for improving the performance and longevity of dental implants, as TCP and OCP play crucial roles in bone formation and influence the rate and process of ossification. The findings of this study contribute to the advancement of dental implant technology and may lead to improved clinical outcomes in implant dentistry.

Analysis of surface morphology and elemental composition in a glass-ceramic implanted in rat calvaria using MEV and EDX

The objective of this study was to analyze the surface morphology and elemental composition of a glass-ceramic developed with different proportions of wollastonite (W) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) implanted in a rat calvaria. The glass-ceramic was prepared with a mixture of W and TCP powders in proportions (W%/TCP%) equal to 20/80%, 60/40% and 80/20%, followed by sintering and processing to obtain granules with sizes between 400 and 600 μm, which were implanted in rat calvaria and analyzed at biological points of 7, 15 and 45 days after implantation. For morphological analysis, the samples were micrographed under a scanning electron microscope and analyzed using the software ImageJ. The elemental analysis was carried out using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the different proportions of W and TCP promoted different changes in the microstructure of the remaining glass-ceramic along the biological points, as well as presenting different concentrations of O, Si, Ca and P. It is concluded that the different proportions of W and TCP gave the glass-ceramic different biodegradability behaviors after implantation in a bone site.

Biodegradation of phenol-contaminated soil and plant growth promotion by Myroides xuanwuensis H13.

Physicochemical methods for remediating phenol-contaminated soils are costly and inefficient, making biodegradation an environmentally friendly alternative approach. This study aims to screen for potential phenol-degrading bacteria and to verify the removal capacities of a selected strain in a bioaugmentation experiment at the greenhouse level using Brassica chinensis L. (Chinese cabbage) as the model plant and phenol-contaminated soil. In parallel, pot experiments were conducted using a collaborative approach based on this model system. We found that Myroides xuanwuensis strain H13 showed a high degradation capability, with a 97.67% efficiency in degrading 100 mg/L phenol. Under shaking flask conditions, H13 facilitated the solubilization of tricalcium phosphate and potassium feldspar powder. Pot experiments suggested a phenol removal percentage of 89.22% and enhanced availability of soil phosphorus and potassium for plants with H13 inoculation. In this case, the abundance of soil microbes and the activity of soil enzymes significantly increased as well. Furthermore, both photosynthesis and the antioxidant system in Chinese cabbage were enhanced following H13 inoculation, resulting in its increased yield and quality. Partial least squares path modeling revealed that H13 can primarily affect plant root growth, with a secondary impact on photosynthesis. These findings highlight the potential of biodegradation from phenol-degrading bacteria as a promising strategy for efficient phenol removal from soil while promoting plant growth and health.IMPORTANCEThis study is significant for environmental remediation and agriculture by its exploration of a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective bio-strategy in treating phenol-contaminated soil. These findings have essential implications for environmental remediation efforts and sustainable agriculture. By utilizing the biodegradation capabilities of Myroides xuanwuensis strain H13, it is possible to remove phenol contaminants from the soil efficiently, reducing their negative effects. Furthermore, the enhanced growth and health of the Chinese cabbage plants indicate the potential of this approach to promote sustainable crop production.

Exosomes endow photocurable 3D printing 45S5 ceramic scaffolds to enhance angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling for accelerated bone regeneration

The reconstruction of the vascular network is crucial step in bone regeneration. Therefore, effectively modulating angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling in bone tissue engineering scaffolds is currently an urgent need. In this study, we employed silane coupling agents containing double bonds to modify tetrahedral silicate, resulting in the preparation of a photocurable precursor of 45S5 bioactive glass (PG). PG was utilized as a binding agent for tricalcium phosphate (TCP) powder, and we employed a one-step photocuring 3D printing approach to fabricate PG/TCP (PT) scaffolds. Furthermore, the endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes (EPC-exos) was encapsulated by GelMA and anchored onto the PT scaffolds to create exosome-functionalized PT/G@Exos composite scaffolds. In summary, the PT/G@Exos composite scaffold effectively orchestrates the creation of a vascularized bone regeneration microenvironment by releasing EPC-exos, as well as calcium, silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P) elements. This enables an efficient modulation of the angiogenesis-osteogenesis coupling of bioactive scaffolds and accelerates bone regeneration.

Cryochemical Synthesis of Tricalcium Phosphate Powders and Mixed Sodium-Containing Silicophosphates and Phosphate-Germanates for Formation of Bioceramics Using Stereolithographic 3D Printing

Cryochemical Synthesis of Tricalcium Phosphate Powders and Mixed Sodium-Containing Silicophosphates and Phosphate-Germanates for Formation of Bioceramics Using Stereolithographic 3D Printing

Mechanical Properties and Liquid Absorption of Calcium Phosphate Composite Cements.

Calcium phosphate cements present increased biocompatibility due to their chemical composition being similar to that of the hydroxyapatite in the hard tissues of the living body. It has certain limitations due to its poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile strength and increased brittleness. Thus, the optimal way to improve properties is through the design of novel composite cements. The purpose was fulfilled using a 25% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) mixed with 3% urethane dimethacrzlate (UDMA) base matrix with various ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) and polycaprolactone (PCL). Mineral filler is based on tricalcium phosphate (TCP) with different chitosan ratio used as bio-response enhancer additive. Four mixtures were prepared: S0-unfilled polymer matrix; S1 with 50% TCP filler; S2 with 50% chitosan + TCP filler; and S3 with 17.5% chitosan + TCP mixed with 17.5% nano hydroxyapatite (HA). The mechanical properties testing revealed that the best compressive strength was obtained by S2, followed by S3, and the worst value was obtained for the unfilled matrix. The same tendency was observed for tensile and flexural strength. These results show that the novel filler system increases the mechanical resistance of the TCP composite cements. Liquid exposure investigation reveals a relative constant solubility of the used filler systems during 21 days of exposure: the most soluble fillers being S3 and S2 revealing that the additivated TCP is more soluble than without additives ones. Thus, the filler embedding mode into the polymer matrix plays a key role in the liquid absorption. It was observed that additive filler enhances the hydrophobicity of UDMA monomer, with the matrix resulting in the lowest liquid absorption values, while the non-additivated samples are more absorbent due to the prevalence of hydrolytic aliphatic groups within PEG 400. The higher liquid absorption was obtained on the first day of immersion, and it progressively decreased with exposure time due to the relative swelling of the surface microstructural features. The obtained results are confirmed by the microstructural changes monitored by SEM microscopy. S3 and S2 present a very uniform and compact filler distribution, while S1 presents local clustering of the TCP powder at the contact with the polymer matrix. The liquid exposure revealed significant pore formation in S0 and S1 samples, while S3 and S2 proved to be more resistant against superficial erosion, proving the best resistance against liquid penetration.

In vitro studies of factors affecting debridement of dental implants by tricalcium phosphate powder abrasive treatment

Peri-implantitis is a common complication characterized by inflammation in tissues surrounding dental implants due to plaque accumulation, which can lead to implant failure. While air flow abrasive treatment has been found to be effective for debriding implant surfaces, little is known about the factors that affect its cleaning capacity. This study systematically examined the cleaning capacity of air powder abrasive (APA) treatment with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) powder, using various powder jetting strengths and different particle sizes. Three sizes of β-TCP powder (S, M, and L) were prepared, and different powder settings (low, medium, and high) were tested. The cleaning capacity was determined by quantifying ink removal, which simulated biofilm removal from the implant surfaces at different time points. The results of the systematic comparisons showed that the most efficient cleaning of implant surfaces was achieved using size M particles with medium setting. Additionally, the amount of powder consumed was found to be critical to cleaning efficiency, and the implant surfaces were altered in all tested groups. These systematically analyzed outcomes may provide insights into the development of potential non-surgical strategies for treating peri-implant diseases.

Impact of multi-pass friction stir alloying on the characterization of Mg based bio-ceramic nano composites

Multi-pass friction stir alloying is performed to incorporate bio-ceramic Nano-powders with MB3 magnesium alloy. The reinforcement bio-ceramic particles were hydroxyapatite (HA), tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) Nano powders. The results revealed that the increased number of FSP passes caused a refinement in the grain structure, resulting in increasing average microhardness values in the stirred zone. Furthermore, all processed samples revealed tensile and yield strength values lower than that of the base material, with an enhancement in their ductility. While, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed a higher radius capacitive loop of the 4-pass manufactured composites, and the best corrosion behavior was achieved at the 4-pass Mg-HA composite. Moreover, the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) results showed lower current density with higher polarization resistance values (Rb) of the manufactured composites compared to the base material which reflects the improvement in the corrosion behavior. Moreover, the immersion test results displayed also lower corrosion rates of all processed samples, where the lowest corrosion rate was achieved at 4 passes Mg-HA composite with a reduction of about 27 % of the BM after 7 days of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF).

Influence of Synthesis Conditions on Gadolinium-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramics and Its Physicochemical, Biological, and Antibacterial Properties.

Gadolinium-containing calcium phosphates are promising contrast agents for various bioimaging modalities. Gadolinium-substituted tricalcium phosphate (TCP) powders with 0.51 wt% of gadolinium (0.01Gd-TCP) and 5.06 wt% of (0.1Gd-TCP) were synthesized by two methods: precipitation from aqueous solutions of salts (1) (Gd-TCP-pc) and mechano-chemical activation (2) (Gd-TCP-ma). The phase composition of the product depends on the synthesis method. The product of synthesis (1) was composed of β-TCP (main phase, 96%), apatite/chlorapatite (2%), and calcium pyrophosphate (2%), after heat treatment at 900 °C. The product of synthesis (2) was represented by β-TCP (main phase, 73%), apatite/chlorapatite (20%), and calcium pyrophosphate (7%), after heat treatment at 900 °C. The substitution of Ca2+ ions by Gd3+ in both β-TCP (main phase) and apatite (admixture) phases was proved by the electron paramagnetic resonance technique. The thermal stability and specific surface area of the Gd-TCP powders synthesized by two methods were significantly different. The method of synthesis also influenced the size and morphology of the prepared Gd-TCP powders. In the case of synthesis route (1), powders with particle sizes of tens of nanometers were obtained, while in the case of synthesis (2), the particle size was hundreds of nanometers, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The Gd-TCP ceramics microstructure investigated by scanning electron microscopy was different depending on the synthesis route. In the case of (1), ceramics with grains of 1–50 μm, pore sizes of 1–10 µm, and a bending strength of about 30 MPa were obtained; in the case of (2), the ceramics grain size was 0.4–1.4 μm, the pore size was 2 µm, and a bending strength of about 39 MPa was prepared. The antimicrobial activity of powders was tested for four bacteria (S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhimurium, and E. faecalis) and one fungus (C. albicans), and there was roughly 30% of inhibition of the micro-organism’s growth. The metabolic activity of the NCTC L929 cell and viability of the human dental pulp stem cell study demonstrated the absence of toxic effects for all the prepared ceramic materials doped with Gd ions, with no difference for the synthesis route.

Silver- and/or titanium-doped β-tricalcium phosphate bioceramic with antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus

Ag- and/or Ti-doped apatitic-tricalcium phosphate powders were synthesized by wet chemical precipitation method. Regardless of the element composition, calcination of the Ag- and/or Ti-doped apatitic tricalcium phosphate powders at 900 °C gave phase-pure β-tricalcium phosphate. Cumulative release of Ca(II) and Ag(I) ions in TRIS-HCl buffer solution was determined. Increase of the solubility of the β-tricalcium phosphate was observed with the addition of Ti. Furthermore, prolonged (up to 28 days) release of the Ag(I) ions from the Ag-doped and the Ag- and Ti-co-doped β-tricalcium phosphate was observed. Minimum inhibitory concentration and antibacterial activity of the Ag- and/or Ti-doped β-tricalcium phosphate powders against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus was determined. It was observed that the addition of both, Ti and Ag, confers antibacterial properties of the β-tricalcium phosphate against Staphylococcus aureus.

Influence of Natural Polysaccharides on Properties of the Biomicroconcrete-Type Bioceramics.

In this paper, novel hybrid biomicroconcrete-type composites were developed and investigated. The solid phase of materials consisted of a highly reactive α -tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) powder, hybrid hydroxyapatite-chitosan (HAp-CTS) material in the form of powder and granules (as aggregates), and the polysaccharides sodium alginate (SA) or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The liquid/gel phase in the studied materials constituted a citrus pectin gel. The influence of SA or HPMC on the setting reaction, microstructure, mechanical as well as biological properties of biomicroconcretes was investigated. Studies revealed that manufactured cement pastes were characterized by high plasticity and cohesion. The dual setting system of developed biomicroconcretes, achieved through α-TCP setting reaction and polymer crosslinking, resulted in a higher compressive strength. Material with the highest content of sodium alginate possessed the highest mechanical strength (~17 MPa), whereas the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose led to a subtle compressive strength decrease. The obtained biomicroconcretes were chemically stable and characterized by a high bioactive potential. The novel biomaterials with favorable physicochemical and biological properties can be prosperous materials for filling bone tissue defects of any shape and size.

Synthesis of eggshell based hydroxyapatite using hydrothermal method

Eggshell are rich sources of calcium carbonate and calcium oxide, but treated as bio-waste material. The natural origin and wide availability of eggshell are suitable to synthesize hydroxyapatite having chemical composition and crystalline structure similar to human teeth and bones. In present work, eggshell powders are sintered at different temperature 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, 800°C and 900°C for 1 h time duration in muffle furnace. The sintered powders are cold compacted at a fixed load of 15 tons for 10 min duration in a hydraulic pellet press. A suitable die set having 13 mm diameter is used to prepare compacted powder samples of 6 mm height. The sintered eggshell pellets are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Vickers hardness tester. Chemical composition of eggshell pellet changes from calcium carbonate to calcium oxide at 900°C for 1 h time duration and noticed through XRD. Increased hardness of the sintered eggshell pellet is noticed at more than 600°C temperature. The waste eggshells can be utilized to synthesize hydroxyapatite with the help of ball milling and subsequently heat treatment. A straight forward and cost effective method (i.e. hydrothermal method) is proposed for converting eggshell into hydroxyapatite. In this method, a solution of calcium oxide powder obtained from eggshell, tri calcium phosphate powder and demineralized water in stoichiometric proportions is employed as the precursor. Now, this solution is heat treated at 1050°C for 3 h time duration in muffle furnace to complete the reaction. X-ray diffraction result confirms the formation of hydroxyapatite, apart from little amount of other compounds in final product.

Fracture behavior of Alumina-Tricalcium phosphate-Titania composites for bone tissue reconstruction

In the present work, the fracture behavior of bioceramic composites for bone tissue reconstruction is evaluated under opening/shearing modes using an approach combining experiments and numerical computations. Different microstructure configurations of the biomaterials are examined in the aim to improve the crack resistance by considering as constituents commercial Alumina (Al2O3), synthesized Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and commercial Titania powder (TiO2). The effects of TCP and TiO2 additives on the fracture toughness of Al2O3-TCP-TiO2 composites are studied using Cracked Straight Through Brazilian Disc specimens. An anisotropic stress-based damage model, implemented into a finite element program, is used to compute the patterns of the two competitive damage modes and to identify the loading angle resulting in pure shearing mode effects in the bioceramics. The implication of additives in the crack resistance improvement of Al2O3-TCP-TiO2 composites is then highlighted under both opening mode and shearing mode. The toughening mechanism of optimal Al2O3-TCP-TiO2 composites is further analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy.

The preparation and application of calcium phosphate biomedical composites in filling of weight-bearing bone defects

Nowadays, artificial bone materials have been widely applied in the filling of non-weight bearing bone defects, but scarcely ever in weight-bearing bone defects. This study aims to develop an artificial bone with excellent mechanical properties and good osteogenic capability. Firstly, the collagen-thermosensitive hydrogel-calcium phosphate (CTC) composites were prepared as follows: dissolving thermosensitive hydrogel at 4 °C, then mixing with type I collagen as well as tricalcium phosphate (CaP) powder, and moulding the composites at 37 °C. Next, the CTC composites were subjected to evaluate for their chemical composition, micro morphology, pore size, Shore durometer, porosity and water absorption ability. Following this, the CTC composites were implanted into the muscle of mice while the 70% hydroxyapatite/30% β-tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) biomaterials were set as the control group; 8 weeks later, the osteoinductive abilities of biomaterials were detected by histological staining. Finally, the CTC and HA/TCP biomaterials were used to fill the large segments of tibia defects in mice. The bone repairing and load-bearing abilities of materials were evaluated by histological staining, X-ray and micro-CT at week 8. Both the CTC and HA/TCP biomaterials could induce ectopic bone formation in mice; however, the CTC composites tended to produce larger areas of bone and bone marrow tissues than HA/TCP. Simultaneously, bone-repairing experiments showed that HA/TCP biomaterials were easily crushed or pushed out by new bone growth as the material has a poor hardness. In comparison, the CTC composites could be replaced gradually by newly formed bone and repair larger segments of bone defects. The CTC composites trialled in this study have better mechanical properties, osteoinductivity and weight-bearing capacity than HA/TCP. The CTC composites provide an experimental foundation for the synthesis of artificial bone and a new option for orthopedic patients.

Effects of surface area and topography on 3D printed tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone grafting applications.

Additive manufacturing (AM), or 3D printing, of bioceramic scaffolds promises personalized treatment options for patients with site-specific designability for repair and reconstruction of bone defects. Although the theory for creating these complex geometries has already been made possible through AM's advancement, such shapes' manufacturability is difficult due to printing with ceramics' inherent complexities. Ceramics have the added challenge of being highly brittle, poor handleability of green (pre-sintered) parts, making complex shape high strength parts challenging to manufacture. This has led to a significant literature gap regarding the feasibility of creating bioceramic scaffolds with unique architectures that can be used in site-specific, individualized patient treatment. This work aims to successfully create complex topographical surfaces of cylindrical bone-like scaffolds to understand the correlation of increasing the scaffold surface area on mechanical properties and in vitro osteoblast cell proliferation. An increase in osteoblast cell proliferation and facilitation in cellular attachment can ultimately lead to improved bone healing. This work explores the printing parameters within an Innovent+® ExOne binder jet 3D printer to produce scaffold designs from synthesized tricalcium phosphate powder. Mechanical testing reveals the designed structures enhance scaffold compressive strength by 30% compared to control dense cylindrical scaffolds. Osteoblast cell proliferation is also increased due to changes in surface topography with a nearly 2-fold increase. Our work incorporates macro-level topographical changes to increase surface area, which is another avenue that could be combined with other scaffold features such as porosity. Results show bulk surface topography modifications via 3D printing can increase surface area to support enhanced biological response without compromising mechanical properties. This discovery may enable a future generation of porous scaffolds with external structures for further progress towards proper defect-specific synthetic bone grafts.

Effect of carbon fibre layer with alumina and tri calcium phosphate on mechanical properties of denture base

In this study unreinforced and reinforced samples with uncoated and coated woven carbon fibres (WCF) with alumina (Al2O3) and tri calcium phosphate (TCP) powders were incorporated into heat polymerised polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin in addition to poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) with 0.02 and 0.09 weight fraction (wi). Impact, flexural strength and water absorption of layered denture base resin have been studied. Surface morphology of the coating layers has been examined by field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and the toxicity of reinforcing materials were also investigated in human blood cells. Uncoated WCF sample showed high impact and flexural strength, but it still exhibits poor aesthetic. A significant increase of the impact strength values was observed in the coated specimens, in expense of flexural strength. The effect of TCP on PMMA resin was higher than when using alumina particles. Aesthetic, impact and flexural strength have improved together when PVA increased.

Mechanical properties and wear behaviour of alumina/tricalcium phosphate/titania ceramics as coating for orthopedic implant

This research work reports the impact of adding synthesized Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) and commercial Titania powder (TiO2) on the mechanical and tribological properties of Alumina (Al2O3). In fact, the commercial Al2O3 mingled with β-TCP and commercial (TiO2) to obtain a mixture which considered as a bioactive coating that may be used in orthopedic implants. Representative bioceramic samples of such blends were prepared with different formulations and then tested using numerous methods and techniques. Mechanical properties, hardness and fracture toughness were evaluated by semi-circular bending (SCB) and instrumented indentation tests. A pin-on-disk tribometer was retained to ensure friction and wear experiments against zirconia ball. A 2D profilometer was used to measure and estimate the wear volume generated after sliding tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was equally used to examine wear mechanisms for worn surfaces of the tested samples.From the main results, it was found that the best wear resistance was measured for Al2O3-10 wt% TCP-5 wt% TiO2 formulation under dry conditions. Also, the lowest friction coefficient was found to correspond to the same biocomposite. Finally, the best mechanical and fracture properties, in terms of micro-hardness and fracture toughness, were obtained for Al2O3-10 wt% TCP −5 wt% TiO2 composition.

Bioceramic powders for bone regeneration modified by high-pressure CO2 process

Non-stoichiometric nanocrystalline apatites present enhanced bioactivity compared to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite. The purpose of this work was to modify the calcium phosphates (CaP) generally used to prepare bioactive ceramics in the aim of obtaining a biomimetic apatite powder. Hydroxyapatite (HA) powder, amorphous tricalcium phosphate (amTCP) powder and a blend of these two were modified by means of an innovative, simple, “green” carbonation process, involving water and high-pressure CO2 (80 bar). This process induced a modification of the CaP, which is sensitive to the environment in which it is located and, in particular, to the pH variations that occur during the treatment phase (decrease in the pH) and during the degassing phase (return to neutral pH). FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, XRD and SEM analyses showed that, depending on the type of initial CaP powder, high-pressure CO2 treatment led to the formation of different types of calcium phosphate phases. This process allowed partial dissolution of the initial powder, mainly of TCP when present, and precipitation of a new CaP phase. HA and HA/amTCP powders were transformed into a mixture of OCP and immature carbonated apatite (PCCA) phases, including OCP maturation/transformation into PCCA. In the case of amTCP powder, a DCPD phase was also present due to the high TCP solubility and an earlier precipitation during the degassing step. This work shows the great potential of such an innovative low-temperature and high-pressure process to transform HA, HA/TCP and TCP powder into bioactive biphasic ceramics composed of OCP and PCCA similar to bone mineral.

Porogen Effect on Structural and Physical Properties of β-TCP Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Scaffolds for bone tissue applications have been an outstanding alternative to repair and regenerate bone tissue defects caused by traumas or illness. There are many methods available to fabricate porous scaffold such as solvent casting, gas bubble, phase separation, electrospinning, particle-leaching, among others. The particle-leaching technique has shown advantages in bone tissue regeneration applications, the main benefit of this technique is related to the porogen particle size and the porogen content in the manufacture of scaffolds. Tricalcium phosphate is one calcium phosphate that presented appropriated characteristic to be used for bone tissue engineering due to the chemical properties similar to the human bones. Scaffolds of tricalcium phosphate β phase were made using sugar particles. The porogen was varied in amounts of 50, 60 and 70 wt.% of two commercial sugars with the remainder of the composition made up of tricalcium phosphate powders. The pore sizes in all the scaffolds were in the range of 90 to 600 μm with an irregular pore morphology and the porosity was in the range of 63 to 77%.

Investigation of the Conditions of Production of Bioceramic Coatings Based on Strontium-Substituted Tricalcium Phosphate with Predictable Mechanical and Structural-Morphological Characteristics

We performed a complex experimental investigation of plasma bioceramic coatings based on strontiumsubstituted tricalcium phosphate powder obtained by using different technological modes of spraying. We establish the technological conditions of the process of deposition of the coatings guaranteeing the production of adhesion-resistant coatings with a well-developed microscopic surface topography and hydrophilic properties.