Tribological Properties Of Titanium Research Articles

Comparison of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of TiN and ZrN Coatings Deposited by Arc-PVD

The continuous development of thin coatings for different applications and using various coating meth-ods require the characterization of these newly formed surfaces to evaluate their utility properties. Binary thin coatings of titanium (TiN) and zirconium (ZrN) nitrides were prepared using the Arc-PVD (Ca-thodic Arc Deposition) method. Differences were observed in the structure and morphology of the thin coatings and the change in tribological properties at room and elevated temperatures (150 °C and 300 °C). The research is focused on evaluating the frictional properties of the coating using the Ball-on-Disc method in the dry friction mode. The emphasis is placed on the resistance of the thin coating to wear. The nanohardness was measured to be 26.2 GPa for TiN and 24.8 GPa for ZrN. Index of resistivity against plastic deformation H³/E² (plastic deformation resistance) for ZrN coating – 0.087 and TiN coating – 0.095, H/E (plasticity index) for ZrN – 0.059 and TiN – 0.060. Better friction properties and wear resistance (at 150 °C) were found for the TiN coating compared to the ZrN coating.

Effect of Carbon Ion Implantation and Xenon Ion Irradiation on the Tribological Properties of Titanium and Ti6Al4V Alloy

Effect of Carbon Ion Implantation and Xenon Ion Irradiation on the Tribological Properties of Titanium and Ti6Al4V Alloy

Influence of surface structure/wettability on tribological properties of titanium

Wettability could improve the surface properties of materials, such as anti-friction, wear resistance, anti-icing, etc. Titanium and titanium alloys were widely used in medicine, aerospace, and other fields. Titanium surfaces with water contact angles of 0°, 60°, 120°, and 160° were prepared here using the method of laser processing combined with heat treatment and hot water immersion. It was found that the superhydrophobic surface with micro-nano structures had the smallest coefficient of friction, which was reduced by 22.94% from 0.37418 to 0.28833 with the unprocessed one. The superhydrophilic surface with a micro-nano structure had the smallest wear mass, which was reduced by 96.84% from 0.95 mg to 0.03 mg with the unprocessed one. This paper provided theoretical and experimental support for the effect of surface structure and wettability on friction and wear properties.

Possibilities and Prospects for Improving the Tribological Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys by Electrospark Deposition

Possibilities and Prospects for Improving the Tribological Properties of Titanium and Its Alloys by Electrospark Deposition

Characterization of YSZ Coatings Deposited on cp-Ti Using the PS-PVD Method for Medical Applications

A patient’s body accepting a bone implant depends not only on the biomaterial used, but also on its surface, which allows it to properly interact with bone cells. Therefore, research has focused on improving the bioactive and tribological properties of titanium and its alloys. Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) is widely used as a biomedical material. However, it is characterized by unsuitable tribological properties. In this work, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was deposited on a cp-Ti substrate via plasma spray–physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). The structural characteristics were determined using X-ray analysis (XRD). Additionally, the lattice parameters of each phase were determined using Rietveld’s method. High-resolution scanning microscopy (HR-SEM) showed a typical column structure of coatings that can be used with PS-PVD. Depending on the process parameters, the coatings differed in thickness in the range of 2.4–9.0 µm. The surface roughness also varied. The samples were subjected to nano-indenter testing. A slight change in hardness after deposition of the coating was observed, in addition to a significant decrease in the Young’s modulus. The Young’s modulus in relation to the metallic substrate was reduced to 58 or 78 GPa depending on the parameters of the spray-coating process.

Influence of Nitriding Temperature on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Titanium

One of the commonly used methods for the surface hardening treatment of pure titanium was nitriding. Based on the study of nitriding temperatures on the properties of the pure titanium, some conclusions can be drawn in this paper. The surface hardness of samples after nitriding was gradually increased firstly and then decreased with the processing temperature increasing. And the hardness of the diffusion layer reached the maximum value of 1792 HV when the processing temperature at 1050°C. At the same temperature, the indentation modulus also reached the maximum value of 270 GPa. The wear depth reached the minimum value at 1050°C. At different nitriding temperatures, the minimum of wear depth was 14.8 μm. In summary, when the processing temperature at 1050°C, the nitriding of pure titanium can improve the comprehensive properties.

Influence of Oxidation Processing Temperature on the Structure, Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Titanium Using Carbon Sheets

Surface processing of pure titanium was performed using a carbon sheet to increase the surface hardness and improve tribological property. The effect of processing temperature (750–950 °C) for 2 h on the structure, mechanical and room-temperature tribological properties of the treated samples was investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ball-on-disk tribometry, respectively. The Gibbs free energy was also calculated to evaluate the compounds generated at different processing temperatures. As a result of the examination, the hardened layer was mainly composed of titanium oxide and titanium carbide. With the increasing processing temperatures, the thickness of the hardened layer increased first and then decreased gradually. It was also revealed that the surface hardness was increased first and then decreased as the processing temperature increased. The fricative value of the treated samples showed a minimum value of 84.1 dB for a processing temperature of 850 °C. The depth and width of the wear tracks increased first and then decreased gradually with the increasing processing temperatures. The worn surface of the treated samples at higher temperatures showed a very good wear resistance. A processing temperature at 850 °C is considered optimal as it provides sufficiently high hardness and a low coefficient of friction to reduce fricative during practical use.

Einfluss von Silan-dotierten Umgebungsatmosphären auf tribologischen Eigenschaften von Titan

The production processes of the metalworking industry are usually carried out in the presence of oxygen. Par ticularly due to surface oxidation on tools and parts during production under normal atmosphere, high wear is observed in tribological systems. The focus of these investigations is the question to what extent the ambient atmosphere has an influence on the tribological system. For this purpose, the identification and characterization of wear mechanisms in an oxygen-free atmosphere is of high relevance. To analyse the influence of the ambi ent atmosphere on the tribological properties of titanium, ball-on-disc investigations are carried out on a univer sal tribometer (UMT) in an air, argon and silane-anodized atmosphere. By suppressing the oxidation under ex clusion of oxygen, a reduction of the tribochemical wear could be shown, which is accompanied by a reduction of the wear volume by a Factor of 4.5. However, due to the adhesion of both friction partners, which already occurs at low temperatures, caused by the omission of the friction-reducing cover layers, the friction coefficient increased. In addition, novel alloy formations at the interfaces were detected and analysed.

Effects of xenon-ion irradiation on the tribological properties and crystal structure of titanium and its alloy Ti6Al4V

Tribological properties of titanium and alloy Ti6Al4V are changed by the irradiation with 160 MeV swift xenon ions. At the beginning of the tribological test, the friction coefficient of titanium is reduced. As the test of titanium proceeds, an unconventional two-step increase in its value is observed. The irradiation causes oscillating changes in the crystal lattice parameters of titanium and Ti6Al4V. These unconventional changes result from the annealing and evolution of radiation defects during irradiation with a high fluence of Xe ions. The two-step changes in the friction coefficient of titanium and the unconventional changes in the crystal lattice parameters of Ti and Ti6Al4V following the swift Xe-ion irradiation have been observed for the first time.

A new method to improve tribological properties of titanium by means of Al-Mg intermetallics matrix composite coatings

A new method to improve tribological properties of titanium by means of Al-Mg intermetallics matrix composite coatings

Influence of boriding temperature on microstructure and tribological properties of titanium

In the current study, we added the cross section with different boriding temperatures and researched the microstructural using SEM. The line analysis results of the sections were shown as below. It is apparent from the micrograph that a dual boride layer consisting of monolithic TiB 2 and needle-like TiB whiskers form beneath the surface. No discontinuity and lack of adhesion are observed between boride layer and substrate which means that TiB whiskers anchor boride layer formed on the substrate. According to the results of the line analysis, when the boriding temperature was raised at 950 °C, the thickness of the hardened layer was 2.6 μm. The thickness of the total boride layer in this study was about 30 μm, which consists of 7.5 μm thick continuous and smooth monolithic TiB 2 and remaining TiB layers at 1150 °C. This apparent improvement in boriding of Ti can be attributed to the boriding mixture content. • The microscopic morphology of the hardened layer was observed. It reveals that the composition of hardened layers. • The relationship between the thickness of the hardened layer and the hardness result was discussed. • It is concluded, when the treating temperature was increased to 1050 °C and higher, a continuous boride layer formed on the pure titanium surface and the overall tribological properties had been improved. • The relationship between the boriding temperature and mechanical properties such as hardness and Young's modulus were also discussed. • Comparing the calculated value of the wear depth and the measured value. It was found from these results that the abrasion of the ball surface was caused in addition to the surface of the hardened layer.

Structure and properties of titanium and the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy after isothermal oxidation

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to determine optimal oxidation parameters of titanium Grade 2 and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy in order to obtain the best structural, mechanical and tribological characteristics of oxide layers. It has been shown that the morphology of oxide layers depends on the oxidation temperature and the continuity of layers increased as the oxidation temperature rose. The examinations of the phase composition after oxidation showed mainly the presence of TiO2 in the crystallographic form of rutile. The phase composition of oxidised Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy was more complex (rutile, anatase, NbO, α-Al2O3). Isothermal oxidation significantly increases the surface hardness of both titanium Grade 2 and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Layers deposited on titanium Grade 2 were 6 times thicker compared to Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Tribological tests have shown that the presence of an oxide layer on the surface significantly improves poor tribological properties of titanium and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy.

Influence of carburizing temperature on microstructure and tribological properties of Titanium

Influence of carburizing temperature on microstructure and tribological properties of Titanium

Tribological Evaluation of Titanium and Aluminum Alloys Exposed to Hydrogen in Wet Conditions

The manufacturing processes of titanium and aluminum alloys involve hydrogen wet conditions. The current research investigates the effect of such hydrogen on the mechanical and tribological performance of these alloys. Experimental approaches include the development of a hydrogen charging method, mechanical testing using a small punch tester, and the testing of friction and wear behavior using a tribometer. The results show that for both alloys, no hydride was formed. The molecular hydrogen did not have any visible effects on aluminum; however, the titanium alloy showed profound effects in its mechanical properties, with a reduction in strength. The hydrogen had no significant effect on the tribological properties of titanium or aluminum specimens. The current research shows a novel way to test for the effects of hydrogen in wet conditions on the mechanical strength of materials. The research outcome could aid design engineers in their selection of materials in hydrogen environments.

Mechanical and tribological properties of titanium reinforced polybenzimidazole

Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was synthesized by liquid condensation and its molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The resulting PBI product was used as the polymer matrix to prepare composites reinforced with titanium (abridged as Ti/PBI) using hot-press sintering in vacuum. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the composite samples, while a ball-on-disc friction and wear tester were performed to evaluate tribological properties of the bulk PBI composites. The introduction of Ti as the reinforcing agent contributed to improving the mechanical properties of the PBI composites. Moreover, the Ti/PBI composites had small friction coefficients as slid against AISI-1045 steel in a ball-on-disc configuration, and the friction coefficients decreased with increasing temperature. However, the wear resistance of PBI was reduced slightly by incorporation of the Ti powders, and increased wear rates were recorded for Ti/PBI composites at elevated temperatures.

Loading rate effect on lateral force measurements on nanostructured Ti and TiN thin films

Tribological properties of titanium and titanium nitride nanostructured thin films as well as of silicon substrate have been studied. We report on the effect of lateral tip displacement direction and normal force loading mode on lateral force measurements. On hard coatings such as titanium nitride thin films, we show that the tip's scratch direction has almost no effect on lateral force measurements. A completely different behaviour has been observed on titanium films. In this last case, the measured lateral force is very dependent on the scratch direction. Concerning the effect of normal force loading mode, we will show how the loading rate, rather than the sliding speed, is a very important parameter in the case of a ramping normal load. For this purpose we have performed two sets of six scratches, for each sample. Scratch length was fixed to 10 μm in all cases. In the first set, the scratch length and duration were kept constant. In the second one, the scratch duration was tuned in order to achieve a constant value of the normal loading rate ⅆ F z ⅆ t . In this last case, the experimental data leads to a unique curve. This means that during nanoscratch measurements, normal tip displacement is controlled by the normal force loading rate. Consequently, lateral displacement speed ⅆ x ⅆ t must be tuned in order to obtain the required value of ⅆ F z ⅆ t . This behaviour seems to be universal and not related to material hardness and Young modulus.

Structure, mechanical, and tribological properties of titanium implanted alumina

A study of the effects of titanium ion implantation on the structural, mechanical, and tribological properties of single crystal and polycrystalline α-alumina has been carried out. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) in channeling geometry shows that a great proportion of implanted titanium ions are substitutional at low fluence. This fraction falls to near zero as an amorphous layer is formed. The chemical states for implanted titanium are determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Titanium is present in the Ti3+ state near the surface and as metallic Ti0 and as Ti3+ at depths corresponding to higher local concentration of titanium. The same behavior is observed for polycrystalline and single crystal α–alumina. Nanoindentation experiments show that low fluence implantation of titanium results in an increase of mechanical properties whereas high fluence implanted samples exhibit reduced hardness and Young's modulus compared to unimplanted samples. The friction coefficient is not changed by titanium ion implantation. Likewise, the wear characteristics were not changed by low fluence implantation, but amorphization at high fluence leads to a greater disk wear rate.

A Fundamental Tribological Study of Ti/Al2O3 Contact in Sliding Wear

The tribological properties of titanium in sliding contact with single crystal Al2O3 were studied to investigate wear mechanism associated with tribo-chemical reaction due to friction heating. Oxidational wear was observed. A theoretical approach to predict the wear rate of titanium was also studied.