Tribological Properties Of Stainless Steel Research Articles

Wear and Friction Mechanism of Stainless Steel 420 Under Various Lubrication Conditions: A Tribological Assessment With Ball on Flat Test

Abstract The application of stainless steel 420 is noted in various industrial sectors such as aerospace, automobile etc. However, the wear mechanism of stainless steel 420 is greatly affected by the use of 100Cr6 balls due to the adhesion and abrasion mechanism generated between the contact surfaces. In this work, the ball-on-flat experiments were performed on stainless steel-420 versus 100cr6 friction pairs under dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and pool conditions. Then, the wear studies in terms of volume loss, profile tracks, micrographs, coefficient of friction, etc. were performed. The results demonstrated that the MQL and pool conditions help to improve the tribological properties of stainless steel 420 alloy against 100Cr6 ball.

Improved tribological properties of stainless steel by high temperature-alloyed tantalum gradient layer

Tantalum (Ta) gradient transitional layer, which was prepared by double-glow plasma surface alloying technology, was designed to improve the tribological properties of AISI 304 stainless steel. The microstructure, morphology, mechanical and tribological properties of surface modified stainless steel were characterized and analyzed. The results showed that the modified Ta coating can improve the surface roughness and tribological properties of the AISI 304 stainless steel greatly. Furthermore, β-Ta is in the majority in gradient transitional layer and it show high critical scratch load. The thickness of Ta coating, surface roughness, load bearing capacity, friction coefficient and wear rate of Ta/AISI 304 increased first and then decreased. Especially, the sample with Ta alloyed time of 30 min show excellent tribological properties, which were closely related with high critical load, low surface roughness, and the phase transformation from metastable β-Ta to stable cubic α-Ta in less oxygen conditions at the role of frictional heat. Furthermore, there are α-Ta nanoparticles with assembled into nanoribbons on the counterface decreasing the friction and wear further. The present study provides useful guidance for the modification of AISI304 and a new prospect on the transition from β-Ta to α-Ta during the friction.

Formation of Fe–Al Intermetallic Compound Layer by AIH-FPP and its Effect on Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel

Formation of Fe–Al Intermetallic Compound Layer by AIH-FPP and its Effect on Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel

Tribological properties of SS 304 and Ti6Al4V using four reciprocating geometries

An automated bio-tribometer with four reciprocating geometries – linear, circle, square and eight/butterfly – was used to study the tribological properties of stainless steel (SS) 304 and the titanium–6 wt.% aluminium (Al)–4 wt.% vanadium (V) (Ti6Al4V) alloy under dry conditions and when lubricated with simulated body fluid (SBF) against a zirconia pin as the counterbody. The sliding speed, distance and normal load were kept constant, and the effect of the various geometries on the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear was studied. Theoretical calculations showed a variation of CoF as linear < circle < eight/butterfly < square, and the experimental data also showed similar CoF in all the geometries except for the linear profile. The CoF was primarily controlled by the shear forces exhibited by each geometry. The CoF, as well as wear, decreased in magnitude (∼20%) under SBF due to the formation of a lubricant film on the contact surface. The developed shear stresses, simulated by finite-element analysis, showed an increase with the increased complexity of traverse geometries due to the concomitant actions of rapid changes in the direction of motion and dynamic friction. However, the trend in variation remained intact and was controlled by the shear forces exhibited by each geometry.

Experimental Investigation on Effect of Heat Treatment on Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel for Marine and Offshore Applications

Experimental Investigation on Effect of Heat Treatment on Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel for Marine and Offshore Applications

Vpliv dodajanja Al2O3 nanodelcev na tribološke lastnosti nerjavnega jekla

Vpliv dodajanja Al2O3 nanodelcev na tribološke lastnosti nerjavnega jekla

Manipulation of tribological properties of stainless steel by picosecond laser texturing and quenching

We reported on the manipulation of tribological properties of stainless steel by picosecond laser texturing and quenching. The micro-grooved textures were formed on the steel surface, accompanied with the appearance of nanostructures with grain sized of 80–400nm, oxides thin film (Fe2O3 and Cr2O3) and martensite during picosecond laser surface texturing process. The tribological tests indicated that the average friction coefficients and wear rates of textured surfaces initially increased then decreased with the increase of spacing of micro-grooves. The well-controlled friction and wear properties are attributed to the combined effects of induced micro-/nanostructures, martensitic transformation and oxides thin film in the local quenched zone of stainless steel samples.

Angle-dependent lubricated tribological properties of stainless steel by femtosecond laser surface texturing

Lubricated tribological properties of stainless steel were investigated by femtosecond laser surface texturing. Regular-arranged micro-grooved textures with different spacing and micro-groove inclination angles (between micro-groove path and sliding direction) were produced on AISI 304L steel surfaces by an 800nm femtosecond laser. The spacing of micro-groove was varied from 25 to 300μm, and the inclination angles of micro-groove were measured as 90° and 45°. The tribological properties of the smooth and textured surfaces with micro-grooves were investigated by reciprocating ball-on-flat tests against Al2O3 ceramic balls under starved oil lubricated conditions. Results showed that the spacing of micro-grooves significantly affected the tribological property. With the increase of micro-groove spacing, the average friction coefficients and wear rates of textured surfaces initially decreased then increased. The tribological performance also depended on the inclination angles of micro-grooves. Among the investigated patterns, the micro-grooves perpendicular to the sliding direction exhibited the lowest average friction coefficient and wear rate to a certain extent. Femtosecond laser-induced surface texturing may remarkably improve friction and wear properties if the micro-grooves were properly distributed.

Reduction of Friction of Metals Using Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Nanostructures

We report on the effect of femtosecond-laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the tribological properties of stainless steel. Uniform periodic nanostructures were produced on AISI 304L (American Iron and Steel Institute steel grade) steel surfaces using an 800-nm femtosecond laser. The spatial periods of LIPSS measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy ranged from 530 to 570 nm. The tribological properties of smooth and textured surfaces with periodic nanostructures were investigated using reciprocating ball-on-flat tests against AISI 440C balls under both dry and starved oil lubricated conditions. The friction coefficient of LIPSS covered surfaces has shown a lower value than that of the smooth surface. The induced periodic nanostructures demonstrated marked potential for reducing the friction coefficient compared with the smooth surface.

Modulation of dry tribological property of stainless steel by femtosecond laser surface texturing

We reported on the modification of tribological properties of stainless steel by femtosecond laser surface microstructuring. Regular arranged micro-grooved textures with different spacing were produced on the AISI 304L steel surfaces by an 800-nm femtosecond laser. The tribological properties of smooth surface and textured surface were investigated by carrying out reciprocating ball-on-flat tests against Al2O3 ceramic balls under dry friction. Results show that the spacing of micro-grooves had a significant impact on friction coefficient of textured surfaces. Furthermore, the wear behaviors of smooth and textured surface were also investigated. Femtosecond laser surface texturing had a marked potential for modulating friction and wear properties if the micro-grooves were distributed in an appropriate manner.

Comparison of Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel with Hard and Soft DLC Coatings

Stainless steels are widely used in chemical, petrochemical and food-processing industries due to their good anticorrosion properties. However, they generally exhibit poor tribological properties which limit their applications in tribocorrosive conditions. Surface modifications, like diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings, can be an optimal technological solution to overcome this problem. These films have attracted considerable attention because of their outstanding mechanical and tribological properties, but they have a major drawback that is their high internal stresses and low thermal stability. The internal stresses and film hardness depend on the ratio sp2/sp3, therefore, the film can be classified as hard or soft-DLC coatings depending on this ratio. In this work, different stainless steels (EN14301, EN14435 and EN12316) samples were DLC-coated by plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. Hard and soft a-C:H:Si films (silicon containing amorphous hydrogenated carbon) were obtained. The films were characterized by wear and adhesion tests; the results show an increase of the practical adhesion at higher film thickness and this improvement would be more effective for harder substrates. Pin-on-disc tests showed that soft-DLC films tend to develop a better tribological behavior than hard-DLC films and it is not influenced by the film thickness or the type of stainless steel substrate. The influence on the tribological behavior of test parameters, such as slide velocity and load, varies with the coating type.

Effect of fine particle peening using carbon-black/steel hybridized particles on tribological properties of stainless steel

A new fine particle peening (FPP) using carbon-black/steel hybridized particles was developed to improve the tribological properties of stainless steel. FPP using the hybridized particles induced the transfer of carbon black from the particles to the surface. The FPP-treated specimen exhibited a low friction coefficient and little wear because carbon black, acting as a lubricant, was present on the contact surfaces between the specimen and the reciprocating ball used in the test, even after the original FPP-treated surface was worn away. The mechanism of the developed FPP process and its beneficial effect on the tribological properties were clarified.

Improvement of tribological properties of stainless steel by alloying its surface layer with rare earth elements using high intensity pulsed plasma beams

Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in numerous industrial applications due to their excellent corrosion resistance. However some applications are limited in cases when due to low hardness and poor tribological properties of stainless steel wear is responsible for the durability of a given engineering component.In the present work we have undertaken an attempt to improve the wear resistance of AISI 316L steel by alloying its near surface region with rare earth elements—REE using high intensity pulsed plasma beams in so called deposition by pulse erosion (DPE) mode. Power density of pulses was 106–107W/cm2 with the pulse duration in μs range. Heating and cooling processes were of non-equilibrium type. The near surface layer—thickness in μm range—was melted and simultaneously doped with cerium and lanthanum. Various parameters of the process were set up to get level of doping between 0.3 and 2.8at.% REE.An improvement of tribological properties—linear wear and scratch resistance—with increasing REE concentration as compared to the initial material was observed.

Effect of Surface Nano Crystallization on Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel

A novel surface treatment has been developed in the present work to enhance the tribological properties of 316L Stainless Steel. This Technique involves the formation of a nanocrystalline layer ascribable to a grain refinement mechanism induced by repeated impact loadings supported by the surface. The resultant system has a layered structure, comprising nanometric grains (less than 100 nm) at the top and a strain hardened transition layer in the subsurface. Such a microstructural feature has the potential to significantlty enhance the surface hardness and to create a high compressive residual stress state. The tribological properties of the stainless steel are thus improved in terms of lower friction coefficient and increased wear resistance. Detailed studies on the response of the nanocrystalline surface layer to annealing at temperatures between 400°C and 600°C showed that an annealing at high temperature can offer much better tribological enhancement than low temperature annealings due to enhanced martensitic transformation.

Effect of thermal oxidation conditions on tribological behaviour of titanium films on 316L stainless steel

A novel surface coating technique has been developed in the present work to enhance the tribological properties of AISI 316L stainless steel. The technique involves the deposition of a titanium film onto AISI 316L stainless steel by magnetron sputtering and then thermal oxidation to partially convert the titanium film to titanium oxide. The resultant film has a layered structure, comprising of a rutile titanium dioxide (TiO 2) layer at the top, an oxygen- and nitrogen-dissolved α-Ti layer in the middle and a diffuse-type interfacial region. Such a hybrid film system has good adhesion with the substrate, can significantly enhance the surface hardness and tribological properties of the stainless steel in terms of much reduced friction coefficient and increased wear resistance. However, the tribological behaviour of the oxidised film system is significantly affected by the oxidation condition, mainly temperature and time. Detailed studies on the response of the titanium film to thermal oxidation at temperatures between 500 and 700 °C showed that oxidation at low temperatures, i.e., 500 and 550 °C, can offer much better tribological enhancement than high-temperature oxidation.