Tribal System Research Articles

Symbolic and Cultural Indications of Motherhood Figurines in Ancient Arabia

Abstract This article deals with some aspects of the cultural influences that developed between Arabia and neighboring old-world cradles of civilization, as represented in motherhood figurines found buried with the dead. These reveal the skillfulness of the Arabian artist in shaping the figurines in such a way as to bring out feminine features. The article also demonstrates that the Arabian tribal system passed through two stages: an ancient primitive stage, during which women were socially dominant, as confirmed by the maternal statues; and another stage, prior to the coming of Islam, during which paternal hegemony dominated and maternal statues gradually began to disappear from the scene with the advent of the Nabataeans.

The Effect of the Payment of Diya by the Institutions on the Acquittal of the Debtor's Liability

Most of well-known jurists of the Ahl al-Bayt and Hanafi schools have officially recognized the responsibility of the wise man in pure unintended murder and have agreed with the guarantee of the wise man. Just as in the era of the issuance of the Ahadith, the inclusion of ruling of the responsibility of the wise has been definite; But today's conditions of the society seems completely different from the conditions of the era when those Ahadith were issued; Because in the era of issuing the Ahadith, tribial affiliations and tribal relations prevailed in the societies of that day, especially in the Arabian Peninsula, and support and compensation were done through the tribal system, but today, the tribal system and tribal relations have been dismantled, and compensation and protection are done through commitments and contracts. Today, in many societies, the guarantee of the wise is totally removed, so there will not be any ruling. In such societies, compensation for damages must be done through commitments and contracts with institutions such as insurance, but in societies where guarantee of the wise is still in effect, if the wise shows disobedience to the payment of indemnity and its performance by institutions such as insurance, in some cases the wise will be acquitted of responsibility, and in some cases due to negligence of the divine duty, the wise will be punished even though compensation has been done by the institutions. Based on this, the present article tries to discuss and investigate the possibility of replacing institutions such as insurance instead of the wise institution in Ahl al-Bayt jurisprudence and Hanafi jurisprudence.

Tribes as Non-State Actors in the Arab Monarchies of the Persian Gulf at the Present Stage (the Case of the UAE)

The article examines the tribal structures of the UAE as non-state actors. The author pays special attention to the definition of the concept of “tribe” in the Arab world and its interpretation in relation to the countries of the Persian Gulf and, in particular, the UAE as one of the most complex tribal systems in the region. It explores the question of tribal identity and its manifestations at the present stage, as well as its influence on the position of tribes as political actors. Based on the classification of non-state actors by Vitaliy Naumkin and Vasiliy Kuznetsov, the author examines the tribe as a local and state-oriented actor. Three situations are identified in which the tribe as an actor can manifest itself most clearly. The author concludes that tribes cannot be considered as fully-fledged non-state actors, but that they retain significant potential for mobilisation and political action in crisis situations.

The state of the biogeometric profile of the posture of young athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat as a prerequisite for the development of corrective and preventive measures

Purpose: The purpose of the presented scientific research was, on the basis of somatoscopic indicators, to substantiate the biological prerequisites for the introduction of corrective and preventive measures into the educational and training process of young athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat. Material and Methods: The scientific study involved 150 athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat, aged 8–14 years. The problems identified during the study were solved using generally accepted methods: theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the chosen research topic; the Torso program was used to determine the types of posture, visual screening of the state of the biogeometric profile of the posture of young athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat included a focus on the tribal system and the use of a method for comparing individual posture on a photogram and methods of mathematical statistics. Results: It has been established that poor posture of various types is common among athletes aged 8-14 years, specializing in hand-to-hand combat, covering a contingent of 46.7 to 60% in different age groups. Based on the results of screening the biogeometric profile of posture of an experimental contingent of young athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat, a general tendency was traced to a decrease in the average values of the number of points at high and medium levels of the state of the biogeometric profile of posture of martial arts athletes with normal posture, and at low and medium levels - the state of the biogeometric profile of the posture of athletes with a stooped back, flat back, round back and scoliotic posture. In addition, a generalized examination of these results showed that some of the tested athletes who had a normal type of posture received the same scores (from 19 to 21 points) as those who had a certain type of posture disorder. We define the risk zone as the zone of overlap of assessments of the level of the biogeometric profile of posture, although theoretically it may appear wider if it is determined by values below the center of the distribution for athletes with normal posture. Since the distribution of all three indicators according to the test data in the group of athletes with normal posture and with various types of musculoskeletal disorders does not correspond to Gauss’s law, its center was determined by the median, which in this case was equal to 22 points. Conclusions: Understanding the findings and results of a wide range of scientific studies reveals the recent intensification of the dynamics of the occurrence of deviations in the state of posture of young athletes. Scientists are convinced that monitoring the state of athletes’ posture will make it possible to control the effect of physical exercise on the musculoskeletal system of young athletes and minimize the risk of injury. In the course of the study, the features of the biomechanics of posture of young athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat were determined. Differences (at the level of trends) between athletes of all ages have been identified, which indicate a certain deterioration in the state of the biogeometric profile of posture with increasing age, but such differences have not received statistical confirmation. The theoretical and practical aspects of the scientific work presented above will be the basis for the theoretical substantiation of the biological prerequisites for the introduction of corrective and preventive measures into the educational and training process of young athletes specializing in hand-to-hand combat.

A Study of Caste and Tribal System in Kumaon and Garhwal Reasons in Uttarakhand

The Jaunsari, Tharu, Raji, Buksa, and Bhotiya tribes are the five primary groups that make up Uttarakhand's tribe population. The Jaunsari tribe is the largest tribal group in the state in terms of numbers. The ethnic groups living in the state of Uttarakhand are represented by the tribes. In all of Uttarakhand's districts, the proportion of tribal people is roughly moderate. The majority of tribal people in the state of Uttarakhand live in rural areas. According to available data, approximately 94.50% of all tribal members live in rural areas, with the remaining portion residing in urban areas. It is stated that about five tribes call Uttarakhand officially home. The Indian Constitution has designated a schedule for these tribes from Uttarakhand. According to historical accounts, the earliest people to settle in this part of North India were the tribes of Uttarakhand. Their primary populations used to be restricted to isolated, steep, and wooded regions. The ancient customs of the tribes in Uttarakhand have not changed. They stand for the unique way of life and characteristics of a prehistoric society. Their ethnicity is determined by their sociocultural practices and traditional customs. Up to five tribes that are officially located in Uttarakhand are listed as scheduled in the Indian Constitution, which was drafted more than 40 years ago, in 1967.

The tradition of the formation of religious communities among the Tatars of the Volga and Ural regions

The article discusses the foundations of the formation of the Tatar community of the mahalla. According to the author, the Tatar mahalla has two foundations: they are 1. The tribal, 2. The Religious. The community of Tatars was formed during the formation of tribal relations. Over time, tribal ties were consolidated by the religious choice of community members. The article gives an attempt to find out the reasons for the transition of the tribal system of community organization to the religious system. According to the author, religion has become a cementing element for a deeper strengthening of religious ties. The religion of Islam has become the basis of educational work in the community. The election of a religious-legal school was also strongly influenced by neighboring kindred peoples who could be related. Religion plays the role of institutionalizing the community elite and legalizing the powers of the elders and the community imam. It also played a role in the religious practice and rituals of the community.

Production of Iron Weapons for Regiments and Hundreds of the Zaporizhzhian Host on the Land of Drevlians (17th–18th Century)

The article attempts to combine the research on iron production based on archival materials from the complex expedition of 1932 under the leadership of Oleksandr Ohloblin with the ways of providing weapons to hundreds and regiments of the Zaporizhzhian Host in the Land of Drevlians.The Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate state of the 17th – 18th centuries, which was built on the ancient Ukrainian traditions of the tribal system, had its own administrative division into hundreds and regiments. The regiment and the hundred acted simultaneously as a military unit, a territorial unit, and a financial and judicial district. At the same time, the Zaporizhzhian Host had military and state-political autonomy, first as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (from the Treaty of Zboriv in 1649 to the Pereiaslav Agreement in 1654), and then as part of the Moscow state (realm and empire) from January 1654 (the Pereiaslav Agreement) and to the liquidation of the hundred-regiment administration of Left Bank Ukraine in September 1781 and the implementation of the division of this territory into governorships (provinces) in January 1782.In this study, we tried to identify ores that could provide the Cossacks' hundreds and regiments with weapons and other products during the Liberation War of the Ukrainian people led by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi.The issue of restoring the main industries in the land of Drevlians after the revolution of 1917–1918 arose during the reconstruction of Soviet Ukraine. At the beginning of 1922, the Volyn Miners Union proposed the revival of the iron and steel industry. In Soviet times, this was not done, but during the days of independence, the old branches of the Polissia industry on the territory of the Right Bank Polissia could be strengthened with the prospect of their further powerful development.

Indigenous Values and Sustainability

Christianity and Western scientific knowledge have dominated academic research and its disciplinary education. At the same time, Indigenous knowledge and religious traditions have been dismissed as a way-of-knowing by Western and dominant power-structures. Since Tribal systems often cannot be easily quantified, they have been frequently dismissed as ‘superstitious,’ ‘primitive,’ or ‘unreliable.’ But recent works by Tribal peoples around the world have resulted in a growing recovery of Indigenous knowledge for the benefit of Native and non-native people alike. This paper looks at Indigenous values and practices as alternative ways to sustain people in close relationship with Nature. In the context of the present-day ecological crisis and global warming, we must seek sustainable development, such as by learning about Indigenous values and practices. This paper shares some vital traditions of the Tribal peoples of North East India. It also argues that the rights of Indigenous peoples must include their recognition of the validity and value of their collected knowledge and ways of knowing. Of interest to this paradigm shift is how the inclusive ways of Tribal knowledge occasionally intersect with Big Histories’ inclusiveness, especially in its Asian formulation.

Pharmacological, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicinal profiles of Osyris quadripartita Salz. Ex Decne.: A Critical Review

Osyris quadripartita Salz. ex Decne. (Santalaceae), prominently known as African sandalwood, is one of the most seasoned and most valuable sources of natural fragrance with immense medicinal and commercial significance. O quadripartita has been grown in Africa and Indian sub- continents from the ancient times and esteemed all over the world for its tonic, and the aromatic oils are used in different products for manufacturing expensive perfumes, rare soaps, quality lotions, and sweet-smelling candles. Leaf stem bark and African shoe heart wood the essential oil derived from African sandalwood has been used in various traditional and tribal systems of medicine, like Ayurveda, Siddha, Folk and Unani medicine, in the treatment and counteraction of a great many sicknesses. It is utilized to treat different illnesses, including helminth contaminations, leishmaniases like infection, irregularities, kidney sickness, scavenge, sterile/perfuming, eye torment, cool, anaphylactic shock, epilepsy, circumcision wounds, toothache, tonsillitis, stomach agony, and pee issues. The flexible restorative and medical services significance of sandalwood is ascribed to its rich essential oil of phytochemicals, especially sesquiterpenes. African sandalwood, recently utilized for its ancestral modern purposes, is presently acquiring consideration for its helpful as well as food and nutraceutical utilizes. An intensive bibliographic examination was done by dissecting overall acknowledged logical data sets such as Google scholar, Publons, Sci-Finder, Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, Research Gate, perceived reference books, and UGC Care listed as well as non-listed international journals. Current pharmacological examinations have shown a great many pharmacological activities, going from antimicrobial to anti-cancer. No huge poisonousness has been demonstrated by African sandalwood essential oil and its singular constituents; in any case, further concentrate on compound constituents and their components in showing specific natural exercises is expected to comprehend the full phytochemical profile and the complex pharmacological impacts of this plant. The expanded business abuse of African sandalwood and low efficiency of this huge restorative plant have raised worries over its preservation and efficiency upgrade through current instruments and procedures. The complete survey examines conventional purposes, ancestral purposes, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and biological activities of African sandalwood to unveil its restorative and modern worth and distinguish holes requiring future exploration.

The Enigma of Balochistan’s Socio-Economic Deprivation and The Way Forward

The socio-economic deprivation of Balochistan negatively affects human development in the province, forming the nucleus of the structure of non-traditional security threats there. This article attempts to examine the impact of non-traditional security threats on provincial development of Balochistan as well as the implications of CPEC for regional geopolitics with a special focus on the causes of Balochistan’s economic slowdown and its economic revival. It employs an inductive-explanatory methodology to highlight the deprivation with some key applicable measures for betterment. It argues that non-traditional security threats, such as terrorism, natural hazards, the tribal system, political instability, and economic exploitation significantly reduce Balochistan’s development. Building on the available literature, it explores the province's state-led development initiatives, political processes, and political economy to highlight the gaps and suggest recommendations to concerned authorities for improvement. While emphasizing the need to address non-traditional security threats to promote provincial development as par with other provinces of Pakistan, this article recommends a multi-faceted approach, to be spearheaded by the federal government, to address the deprivation of Balochistan. Such an approach may include, among others, improving security measures, strengthening disaster management systems, and promoting economic development. The findings of this study can inform policymakers and practitioners in designing effective policies and strategies to address threats, promote growth, rectify internal weaknesses, and resolve mishandled antagonism which is exploited by external forces.

Homegrown tribalism: would-be al-Qaeda subway bombers and an ISIS defector

ABSTRACT 9/11 continues to influence a new generation of jihadists who were not even born or were very young children in 2001. The attack gave the al-Qaeda brand a lustre that would not be dimmed until the deaths of Osama Bin Laden and most recently Ayman Al Zawahiri. Drawing on interviews with three jihadists who acted in the name of al-Qaeda and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), this article demonstrates that post 9/11 terrorists do not observe al-Qaeda or ISIS mimicking tribal patterns, but—consciously or not— they adopt tribal motifs. The article highlights the ideological path that these jihadists took and examines their tribal system’s desire to be accepted—or seek some accommodation—with terrorist organizations that behave like tribes. Through an examination of these cases involving converts to radical Islam in the United States, this article seeks to shed light on tribal motifs which serve as a contemporary factor for radicalization.

Social and Political Corruption in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart (1958): A Critical Study

This paper studies the idea of the social and political corruption in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart (1958) from a critical view point. It focuses on Okonkow's characterization levels, and highlights the ontological, individualistic, political, and social aspects of the main character's aspects. Achebe's novel is a rich example of the social and political corruption of the tribal system that is built on myths, tribal mentality and physical prowess. Such a masterpiece by the Nigerian Novelist, China Achebe, serves as an authentic representation of a particular time period and setting when Nigeria was under colonial oppression. It is thematically and stylistically rich in colonial accounts of Africa in terms of language use, traditional African lore, and cultural history.

روہیل کھنڈ کے افغان شاعرنواب محمد یار خاں امیرکے کلام کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ

This research paper critically evaluates the work of Nawab M.Yar Khan Ameer as a Pashtoon Poet . Prior to the establishment of the Rampoor State , The Govt of Rohil Khand was being run as per tribal system . By the end of 18th century Dehli and Lucknow literary circles have developed an identity in urdu poetry, however, the Rampoor state was still infant as individually strong poets were anonymous. The chief factor behind this was the Political scenario of the state. Nawab's name emerged as venerable along with the poets of the era. He did not restrict himself to personal achievements but also led others in their professional skills. His ''Deewan" no more exists but we can get adequate range of his poetic work from Qudratullah's "Tazkira -e-Tabqatushuara".

Dilemma of Democracy: Reasons for the Failure of Democracy in Pakistan

This article presents critical analysis of the dilemma of democracy in Pakistan. The objective of this study was to find out the major reasons behind the failure of democracy in Pakistan as most of the population is confused about what the actual cause is behind it. The design of the study was descriptive and teachers and students of international relation of university of central Punjab were the population of this study. The sample of study was selected through random sampling technique. In order to collect data, a validated questionnaire was used by the researcher. The major findings of the research showed that most of the population presented illiteracy, corruption, unfair justice system, pressure groups, feudal and tribal system as the major reasons for the failure of democracy in Pakistan and suggested technocratic system and presidential system as the major solution for the disoriented situation in the country. On the basis of research, a major recommendation of a technocratic system was provided by the researcher.

Jirga: A Historical Institute

Jirga is one of the primitive dispute settlement mechanisms widely used in many parts of South Asia, including Balochistan. The mechanism has been differently utilized with the perspective of every culture. Likewise, in Balochistan, Jirga was flexibly turned with the social and cultural norms of the Baloch. Most of the literature on the topic covers a different aspect of the conception of the Jirga. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the jirga system in the tribal society. A qualitative and narrative based approach is used to address the issue in question. This study also discusses a general outlook of the Balochi Jirga, which has rarely been the subject of previous research. The paper shows that Balochi Jirga has long roots back. Still, it gained momentum with the establishment of feudalism in Balochistan, and later, Sandeman's policy turned it in favour of the English administrators. However, today it still exists as an informal judicial mechanism with no state sanction and resembles a modern-day mediator. It is recommended to the higher authorities to promote the jirga system around the country where the tribal system exist because it is more effective than the other judicial system because of its effective and timely decisions.

Mapping the Settlements of Slavic Tribes of the Zarubyntsi Culture of the 3rd Century BC — 2nd Century AD

Ethnological studies of the Slavic tribes of the Nevrians, Scythians-farmers and Scythians-ploughmen of the 7th–3rd centuries BC in the Middle and Upper Dnieper region on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and the Russian Federation, which were published in the previous issues of the "Ukrainoznavstvo" journal, approved a new method of socio-cultural anthropology – the method of tribal geography. It was established that in the social life of East Slavic tribes, the main participant was the clan, and not the patriarchal family, family or neighborhood community. Despite the appearance of the works of Bachofen, McLennan, Morgan, Kovalevsky, Kosven and other researchers, Soviet ideas about the patriarchal family as the embryo of society have not yet disappeared in archeology, and the relationship to the community, family and tribe has not yet changed. Archaeologists are still investigating the ethnically undefined bearers of archaeological cultures.But archaeologists know that the tribal system and the placement of ancestral settlements in nests existed on all continents of the planet since the Paleolithic era. Therefore, tribal geography opens up new opportunities for researching the lands inhabited by Slavic tribes - the ancestors of the Ukrainian people, which is of great interest all over the world. Elements of historical geography in the study of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs at the beginning of the 20th century used by V. Khvoika, researching about 500 settlements of different times in Ukraine. L. Niederle developed a map of the resettlement of Slavic tribes from the areas of initial residence, which, according to B. Rybakov's observations, corresponds to the main contours of the territory of the settlement of the Slavs for two millennia. Systematic cartographic studies of the settlements of the Slavic tribes of the Upper Dnieper region were carried out by L. Pobol, a supporter of V. Khvoika's autochthonous theory of the origin of the Slavs. The St. Petersburg school of archaeologists (M. Shchukin, V. Yeremenko, K. Kasparova), which adheres to the migration theory, still opposes the autochthonous theory. Ukrainian researcher S. Pachkova successfully proves the fallacy of the migration theory. We have collected the material of the nest cluster of Zarubyntsi culture settlements in the period of the 3rd century BC – 2nd century AD on modern maps at a scale of 1:850,000 for Belarus and 1:250,000 for Ukraine and the Russian Federation and it confirms the autochthonous theory of the origin of the Slavs and, including, the autochthonousness of the Ukrainian people. These and subsequent similar studies make it possible to reveal the characteristic features of the ethnogenesis of Ukrainian Slavs from the annalistic tribes of Kievan Rus to the Iron, Bronze, and Copper Ages.

Peradaban Islam: Masa Kebangkitan Kembali

The purpose of this study is to find out that the Islamic Awakening in all fields is the result of renewal of thought in Islam. Modern Islamic revival takes the form of the popularity of various aspects of Islamic culture. One example is the development of Islamic clothing and many women who wear closed clothes but do not cover their curves. Islamic revival also does not. This shift in the concept of society is one of the important foundations of Islamic political history in the following centuries. Previously, in the tribal system, the bonding aspect of the community unit was blood and descent; In the concept of Ummah, the main binding aspect is religious belief (Islam). To regain the glory of Islam, Muslims must face internal and external struggles against the Western world. The revival of Islamic civilization with new enthusiasm shows that there is an Islamic transformation that never stops from time to time. This process was marked by the growth of Islamic institutions which were not only carried out by the government and Islamic organizations, but also by new Muslim groups that had existed before. On the socio-political stage itself, Islam has found momentum to emerge with its "new style" in various aspects of life, including education, politics, economy, and socio-culture. The method in this study used the method (library research) by collecting a number of literature relating to the problem and research objectives. Data collection with the results of previous research which supports data on research on Islamic civilization during the revival period.

Colonialism and Social Change: Structure of Society and its Construction during Colonial Period in Chagai District

As a result of establishing a centralized administration in South Asia, colonial powers were able to introduce new policies and practices that radically transformed the lives of the population they subjugated. Balochistan was an outlier in that its society didn't change much while a few, the aristocratic elite, were changed. In this piece, I will make an effort to learn about and understand the colonial-era culture and society of the Chagai area. The situation was the same in the district Chagai, where only the upper class had access to the tribal system. This paper delves further into the history, anthropological development, religion and religious shifts, language, education, and economics of the Chagai people. The main objective of this article is to understand the process of socio-cultural transformation during the colonial period in Balochistan which had been stagnant in the arena of culture and society. The research methods applied in this research study is the qualitative and historical research methods. The results of the research shows that the culture and society was not changed at large rather than an elite group was created.

The History in Procession

This article investigates emerging patterns of pilgrimage in the context of Shiʿite Islam and studies the case of Arbaʿyin based on two weeks of participatory observation, walking from the al-Faw peninsula in the far south of Iraq to the city of Karbalâ. I identify three narratives in this pilgrimage—tribal, ideological and orthodox—and discuss their commonalities and differentials. The maʿāzīb system of the tribal narrative is the core of the comparison, yet each narrative is interrelated with the others through the central themes of war, political Islam and religious seminaries. In the last section, I explore recent transformations of these themes as well as the pilgrims’ configuration. The tribal narrative of Arbaʿyin presents itself as a rival to the ideological narrative pilgrimage. Although this narrative is based on the social structure of a tribal system, it struggles with new transformations and challenges in form and content.

Localization of the Nevrian and Scythian Plowmen Tribes in the Context of Ethnogenesis of Eastern Slavs

Archaeological researches of settlements and hillforts of the VII-III centuries B.C. in the Middle and Upper Dnieper region on the territory of Ukraine and Belarus in the 20th and 21st centuries contributed to the possibility of further ethnological research of the Slavs. B. Rybakov in the 1980s developed a system of the Eastern Slavs ethnogenesis research from the Bronze Age to Ruthenia using the methods of historical geography, based on the research of Ukrainian (S. Berezanska, V. Illinska, O. Terenozhkina, etc.) and Belarusian (O. Melnykivska, L. Pobolia) archaeologists. He compared the maps of the homeland of the Proto-Slavic tribes from different periods and found the sameness of their main contours for two millennia. This fact became the basis of our further research.During the Scythian period, a civilizational breakdown took place in Rome and Athens – a change from the natural tribal system to the imperial-oligarchic one. In Eastern Europe during these ages and before the emergence of Kyivan Rus, Slavic tribes continued to live in a tribal system. In this work, we aim to prove the tribal structure of the Slavs by locating the nests of the ancestral settlements of the Slavic tribes of the Herodotus’ Neurs and Scythian farmers in the basins of the Dnieper, Prypiat, and Desna rivers on the modern maps at a scale of 1:250,000. Analogous mapping of the nests of Scythian farmers’ tribal settlements of the Left Bank of Ukraine was published in the previous issue of the Ukrainoznavstvo journal. These and further similar studies will reveal the characteristic features of the ethnogenesis of Ukrainian Slavs from the annalistic tribes of Kyivan Rus to the Iron, Bronze, and Copper Ages.