Tribal Divisions Research Articles

Subdivisions of Faifi Arabic: a perceptual dialectology approach

This paper investigates the perspectives held by native speakers of Faifi Arabic concerning the categorization of Faifi Arabic subdialects. Through the utilization of perceptual dialectology research techniques, participants engaged in two distinct tasks. The first task entailed the grouping of phonological features to articulate their perceived classification of dialects. Subsequently, they were tasked with pinpointing on a map the locations where the resulting feature groups were believed to be spoken. The outcomes of the study reveal that respondents identified four distinct subdialects within the mountainous areas, demarcated by clearly defined boundaries. These subdialect divisions appear to be correlated with the tribal divisions present within the region. This research highlights the necessity for further investigation into the perceptions that Arabic speakers uphold in relation to their own dialects, as well as to the dialects of other tribal communities within the Arabic-speaking context.

Effects of Armed Conflicts on The National Security of Post Conflicts States, A Case Study of Juba County in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan

This paper assessed the nature of existing armed conflicts and their effect on security management, established the influence of the local and regional dynamics of conflicts on security management and finally examined the effect of the emerging security threats on security management strategies in Juba County, South Sudan. The study was guided by two theories; Conflict Transformation and National Security theories. The study used descriptive survey research design and Purposive sampling technique to enlist 210 respondents for this study. The main method of data collection was the interview. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data and reported in narrative form. The study established a dichotomy of existing armed conflicts; external and internal conflicts in Central Equatorial State, South Sudan that had serious implication on both Security Management and National security. The second objective established the influence of local and regional dynamics that affected security management that included; Interlocking political and tribal division aspects of conflict, the influence of insurgents and armed cross border militia groups; greed for livestock by political elites that saw them arm their tribal militia with modern guns and military hardware for ease of livestock theft, amongst others. The third objective established the effect of several emerging security threats on Security Management strategies in Juba County, which included migrant migration for domestic and international child soldiering recruitment in the context of the on-going civil war and also for soldiering elsewhere outside the country. This paper establishes a regional policy concern that South Sudan is largely unsafe, and by implication the whole region is unlikely to be safe. This calls for an immediate action by all security stakeholders, UN agencies, Non State Actors, security pundits and think tanks to brainstorm and chart a way forward for South Sudan and the entire region.

THE IMPORTANCE OF TRIBAL AFFILIATION AMONG KAZAKHS IN MODERN-DAY KAZAKHSTAN

There is a growing interest among many contemporary Kazakhs in delving into their historical past, particularly in exploring their ancestors and lineage. However, there is no consensus among experts regarding the relevance of this knowledge in today's context. There are three viewpoints that can be identified on this issue. The first one is that some argue that such knowledge carries a positive charge and can contribute to the revitalization of national identity. The second viewpoint belongs to those who contend that these ancestral connections lack practical significance and are primarily symbolic. The third viewpoint asserts that there is concern that tribal divisions could potentially lead to internal discord among Kazakhs. For ordinary citizens, particularly among the Kazakh population, this knowledge serves as a foundation for self-identification and a deeper comprehension of current realities, primarily within an ideological or value-based area. Nevertheless, there is potential for this knowledge to evolve into social capital in the future. In this context, the presence or absence of such knowledge could serve as a basis for value differentiation among Kazakhs. Moreover, the predominant focus on men in constructing Kazakh genealogy today is generating some discontent of Kazakh women, especially of the younger generation, and might contribute to widening gender disparities among Kazakhs in terms of core values. Nevertheless, the revival of historical memory in the current phase of the country's development is a natural progression of social evolution, while the resolution of emerging contradictions is already in progress through collective contemplation, particularly regarding the emerging practice of tracing female lineage among Kazakhs through the maternal line.

ТРАДИЦИОННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ОБЩИННОГО САМОУПРАВЛЕНИЯ КЫРГЫЗОВ

The article describes the forms of the ancient communal self-government of the Kyrgyz people that existed in previous centuries. Some of these forms have survived to the present day, while others are being revived today, enriching the modern palette of local self-government in Kyrgyzstan. Such socially useful forms of national self-government and national self-government as ashar, kurultai, etc., which came from ancient times, are particularly highlighted. The article, among other things, describes some features of the ancient tribal division of the Kyrgyz, which contributed to the preservation of many forms of communal self-government. Examples from the scientific and historical literature are given, which clearly demonstrate the traditional community rules of mutual assistance and collective action to improve living conditions on the territory. Today, these forms of public self-government, along with some externally introduced European innovations, form the basis for the formation of elements of the so-called everyday democracy. This article summarizes examples from various sources in the form of a description and analysis of the traditions of the collective Kyrgyz community, as well as the fact that despite the change of political regimes, communal forms of cooperation successfully coexist with the modernized municipal government.

SITUASI DAN KONDISI ARAB DI MASA JAHILIYAH

The Arab nation before the teachings brought by the Prophet Muhammad SAW became a nation known as the Jahiliyyah nation, a bad nation and they did many things, such as gambling, killing girls on a spree and so on. However, there has also been economic progress due to its precise geographical location which has become a trade route from city to city. The Arab nation has 2 groups, namely Qathaniyun and Adnaniyun. There are also characteristics of the political system that existed during the Jahiliyah era, such as tribal division, oligarchic leadership, and polytheism. At that time they already had quite a lot of beliefs, such as Judaism, Christianity, the al Hunafa' group, the Mulhad group, and magi beliefs. Their culture is also very diverse, but from some of these cultures there is one thing that is more inclined, namely poetry, there they glorify poets so much that they often hold competitions for several poets and hold orgies afterward. Here the methodology I use is qualitative methodology, a method that I took from several articles that I researched and explained in my writing. And as a result, the Arabian Peninsula became a popular nation and could be said to provide benefits to better understand the situation of Arabia in the pre-Islamic era.

Ethnic History and Settlement of the Sunacks on the Territory of Kazakhstan

Of particular importance when considering questions of the origin of the history of an ethnic group is the study of some ethnic, ethnographic, and other groups. In particular, these groups are a consequence of the territorial division of part of the ethnic group, the incompleteness of the process of assimilation of some other population or part of it, the remnants of a previously existing tribal division, as well as the presence of a special ethnosocial or ethnoconfessional status (subethnic group) of a certain part of the population. This article examines the ethnogenesis and main regions where the Sunaks are located as a subethnic group that is not included in the tribal and clan system of traditional Kazakh society. Ethnographic studies show that such ethnic groups consisted of different clans, tribes, and even peoples, but in language, culture, economic, and cultural type they were very close to the Kazakh ethnic group. The Sunaks, as representatives of a subethnic group, inhabit the territory of modern southern Kazakhstan. The settlement area of the Sunaks was a clearly concentrated space - the middle stream of the Syr Darya. In addition, the Sunaks did not lead a nomadic lifestyle, like representatives of other tribal formations that inhabited the southern part of Kazakhstan.

Re‐tribalization in the 21st century, part 2

Part 2 of this article examines the resurgence of tribal identities in modern societies, a process termed re‐tribalization, as a response to the failures of the modern state. It challenges the linear progression of societal evolution, suggesting that declining modernity prompts a return to primordial, tribal values for security and identity. The authors critique the state's unmet promises, leading to a re‐embrace of tribal loyalty and community. They also discuss the role of media, politics, and AI in reinforcing tribal divisions, with AI potentially exacerbating societal cleavages. The article calls for an understanding of tribalism's role in society and advocates for the inclusion of the ‘Other’ to foster peaceful coexistence, setting the stage for their forthcoming book on inter‐community harmony.

In-Between Black and White: Defining Racial Boundaries in Colonial Natal at the Turn of the Twentieth Century — Part Two

Mahmood Mamdani has argued that a system of “define and rule” lay at the heart of a revamped system of British colonial rule – indirect as opposed to direct rule – which developed from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards. In analysing parliamentary discussions and case law concerning definitions of “race” dating from the turn of the twentieth century in the colony of Natal, as well as examining concerns amongst the colonists at that time about the matter of racially mixed marriages, this contribution supports Mamdani’s general thesis and provides examples of the practical and ideological difficulties that arose in the process of attempting to define people according to “race” and “tribe”. It is the contention of this contribution that Mamdani is correct in his assessment that “define and rule” lay at the heart of the British colonial project, particularly in Africa. This contribution asserts, however, that the process of definition was messy, ambiguous, contradictory and never fully resolved on the ground. Certain individuals and groups tended to fall between broad definitions of “race” and “tribe”, both of which illustrated the ideological fault lines inherent in a system based upon racial categorisation, giving rise to practical problems of law and governance. The contribution looks at a number of different themes that all relate to the above general issue. First, it discusses a number of judgments of the Supreme Court of Natal during that period that concerned various individuals and groups who did not neatly fit into any of the formal definitions of race in use at the time. Secondly, it examines a fairly extensive debate that took place in the Legislative Assembly of the colony of Natal in 1905 regarding the Native Definition Bill. Thirdly, it examines the related theme of mixed marriages, of which a number were reported in the colony’s newspapers around that time. Even though there may have been relatively few individuals who fell “in-between” the generally accepted racial and tribal divisions, the fact that there was uncertainty about where such persons fitted within the system was profoundly unsettling to the colonial authorities, since it suggested that the entire structure of colonial society was not based on a secure ideological footing.

Lambs of Sacrifice: Termination, the Mixed-blood Utes, and the Problem of Indian Identity

Lambs of Sacrifice: Termination, the Mixed-blood Utes, and the Problem of Indian Identity

Ишкуловский II курганный могильник – памятник монгольских кочевников XIII–XIV вв. на Южном Урале

Introduction. The Mongol conquest of the Eastern European steppes implies the presence of the conquerors themselves in the occupied territories which should be reflected in the archaeological monuments. The Ishkulovsky II burial mound is one of these monuments consisting of stone kurgans with a diameter of 3–5 m and a height of 0.15–0.2 m left by the nomads of the Golden Horde time from the territory of the Ulus of Jochi. The purpose of the article is to publish the materials of the necropolis and the authors’ attempt to identify the burials of the Mongols themselves for whom one of the main signs of funeral rites, among others, was the northern body orientation of the buried individuals. In the context of the article, the fact of Islamization of the Mongols under the influence of the Kipchaks is of considerable importance, which was reflected in the material of Kurgan 5, as well as in the burial mounds 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 where funeral things were not found. These burials can be considered Muslim with high certainty, if body orientation of the buried individuals is a western or north-western. Methods. The article uses the method of analogies and cross-dating to study the funeral rite and the material culture. The source of the study is 13 burials studied during the excavations of the 12 stone burial mounds of the Ishkulovsky II burial mound. Discussion and results. According to the funeral rite and clothing inventory, the burial mound was left by a mixed population of nomads, some of whom are associated with the Kipchaks, the other finds analogies among the burials of the Mongols. Thus, the dating of the necropolis fits into a narrow chronological period from the end of the 13th to the 14th century. A kind of confessional dualism can be observed in the rite in which both paganism and Islam were equally “legitimate” even within separate tribal divisions.

Tribal Mobilisation Forces in Iraq: Subtleties of Formation and Consequential Power Dynamics

ABSTRACT This paper aims to investigate the Iraqi state’s utilization of tribalism to mobilize and deploy forces against its opponents. The paper argues that state elites exploit tribal divisions for short-term gain, ignoring their detrimental effects on national unity. The case study laid out in this paper, that of Salahedin Brigade, a tribal mobilization unit that was established in Shirqat by members of the al-Jabbour tribe in 2015, shows how tribalism is nurtured when central power is held by an uneasy few, who prefer to govern through the tactics of divide and conquer rather than confront the basic contradictions in their society.

Антична цивілізація: народження поліса-держави

This article continues the series of publications on the universum evolution of ancient civilization, its subcivilizations and is devoted to the consideration of controversial socio-economic and political processes in the Athenian area of Ancient Greece in the second half of the 8th - the first half of the 4th century. BC e. Attention is focused on the characteristics of the important stages of state formation in Athens. It is shown that the accelerated development of market and commodity-money relations in the 7th - 6th centuries. BC e., catalyzed, among other things, by the great colonization, multiplies the ranks of unborn, but rich artisans, merchants, merchants, usurers, debtor fetes, contributes to the displacement of patriarchal slavery by the classical one. The deepening gap between the changed and growing economic role of these clusters and their political lack of rights, as well as the split of Eupatrides into marketers and traditionalists, stimulated important pro-state reforms, including the codification of customary law, the establishment of courts, the beginning of the formation of administrative-territorial districts that do not coincide with the tribal territorial division. It is shown that the decomposition of the tribal system took place with the participation of the tribal nobility itself, pursuing selfish interests, which led to the victory of the diacrii and the emergence of the state. The role of Solon’s political activity in the formation of the Athenian state, the tyranny of Peisistratus, the reforms of Cleisthenes-Pericles, which contributed to the birth of the polis-state, are analyzed. And if in the overwhelming majority of cases political regimes drift from democracy to authoritarianism and totalitarianism, then in Athens, on the contrary, democratization dominates. It is concluded that it is with the reforms of Pericles in Athens that the formation of a democratic system in its classical form is completed.

ФОЛЬКЛОРНЫЕ МОТИВЫ В КИРГИЗСКИХ ТРАДИЦИЯХ ГЕНЕАЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ЦИКЛА

The genealogical legends are permeated with numerous folklore motives that still await special research. The legends of the genealogical cycle, which in their content are at the intersection of the interests of historical science, ethnography, and folklore studies, are the object of preliminary consideration in this article. In the legends about the origin of the Kirghiz, folklore motifs of a fairy-tale-mythological and totemistic origin are clearly revealed. In this sense, the genealogical traditions of the Kyrgyz go back to a very ancient tradition. In general, the ancestors of a number of Kyrgyz tribes or their subdivisions turn out, according to legends, found under different circumstances in the cradle, and at first, a camel, a white horse, argali, or a roe deer was seen in this place, and then the animal disappeared and instead of it, they found a baby in the cradle. And here one cannot fail to see the echoes of totemistic ideas. Even the genealogies of some historical figures, the real ancestors of certain tribal divisions, sometimes become overgrown with legends, in which traditional folklore motives are easily found. In the legends about the origin of the Kirghiz, folklore motifs of a fairy-tale-mythological and totemistic origin are clearly revealed. In this sense, the genealogical traditions of the Kyrgyz go back to a very ancient tradition.

Birth of a State: Rethinking South Sudanese Collective Identity through Identity Anchors

Following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the coherence of South Sudanese “national” identity has come into question. Before the Southern secession, Northerners were united by a common language and religion, but Southerners did not have this uniting reality. For this reason, scholars now wonder whether there is a collective South Sudanese identity because the sine qua non of unity among South Sudanese tribes was a collective opposition to Northern Sudan. However, the present article defends a collective South Sudanese identity based on how “nation-building” has been undertaken historically. It also argues that tribal diversity in itself does not negate the presence of a South Sudanese collective “national” identity because internal tribal divisions are a global phenomenon and “tribal” and “national” identities are activated contextually.

New Perspectives on The Tigray War

Ethiopia’s location is in the horn of Africa. It is Africa's oldest independent country and the second-largest country in terms of population in the continent. Ethiopia was historically called Abyssinia which was derived from the Arabic form of the Ethiosemitic name. And although former President Abiy-Ahmed remains the first and only Ethiopian Head of State to have won the Nobel peace prize in 2019 for bringing an end to the over one decade-long conflict with Eritrea. More importantly, he has been subject to numerous criticisms and scrutiny due to the occurrence of several mass protests, incarcerations of political figures and opponents as well as the censorship of the internet, journalists which ultimately led to the resurgence of ethnic and tribal divisions between Ethiopians. This can be termed as the cause for open conflict in the Northern region of Tigray. This paper will investigate and establish new perspectives of the Tigray war through the backdrop of historical occurrences and how the metamorphosis of these occurrences have helped define and shape the state of affairs in Tigray.

In-Between Black and White: Defining Racial Boundaries in Colonial Natal at the Turn of the Twentieth Century – Part One

Mahmood Mamdani has argued that a system of “define and rule” lay at the heart of a revamped system of British colonial rule – indirect as opposed to direct rule – which developed from the middle of the nineteenth century onwards. In analysing parliamentary discussions and case law concerning definitions of “race” dating from the turn of the twentieth century in the colony of Natal, as well as examining concerns amongst the colonists at that time about the matter of racially mixed marriages, this contribution supports Mamdani’s general thesis and provides examples of the practical and ideological difficulties that arose in the process of attempting to define people according to “race” and “tribe”. It is the contention of this contribution that Mamdani is correct in his assessment that “define and rule” lay at the heart of the British colonial project, particularly in Africa. This contribution asserts, however, that the process of definition was messy, ambiguous, contradictory and never fully resolved in practice. Certain individuals and groups tended to fall between broad definitions of “race” and “tribe”, both of which illustrated the ideological fault lines inherent in a system based upon racial categorisation, giving rise to practical problems of law and governance. The contribution looks at a number of different themes that all relate to the above general issue. First, it discusses a number of judgments of the Supreme Court of Natal during that period that concerned various individuals and groups who did not neatly fit into any of the formal definitions of race in use at the time. Secondly, it examines a fairly extensive debate that took place in the Legislative Assembly of the colony of Natal in 1905 regarding the Native Definition Bill. Thirdly, it examines the related theme of mixed marriages, of which a number were reported in the colony’s newspapers around that time. Even though there may have been relatively few individuals who fell “in-between” the generally accepted racial and tribal divisions, the fact that there was uncertainty about where such persons fitted within the system was profoundly unsettling to the colonial authorities, since it suggested that the entire structure of colonial society was not based on a secure ideological footing.

Bashkir Onomastic Heritage in the Materials of Linguistic Expeditions in the 1920s–1930s

The article aims to identify and interpret the onomastic material collected in the course of linguistic and general field research in the Tamyan-Katai and Argayash cantons of Bashkiria, carried out by the Academic Center of the People’s Commissariat of Education of the BASSR together with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1920s–1930s. The source materials were the documents, reports, and texts collected from the population during the expeditions of 1928–1929, now stored in the Scientific Archives of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. These sources were found to include much data on the onomastics of the Bashkir language: personal names and surnames, collective and individual nicknames, geographical names, ethnic names of clans and tribes, tribal divisions and ethnic groups living on the territory of the republic. This also includes the names of mythical characters, placenames, and cosmic objects registered both is documents (reports, route sheets, lists of informants, indexes of tribal names and attributes of Bashkir clans, etc.) and first-person records from informants (regarding the history of the clan, village, family, customs, beliefs, fairy tales, legends, etc.) These documents are of great value, since they contain archaic material relating not only to onomastics, but also to the views and beliefs of the Bashkirs. A good example would be the mention of names and nicknames of the Bashkir healer-spirits (baksy), which evidences that the forest Bashkirs still retained relics of shamanism at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Turkmen-style economic development

The resource-rich and state-led Turkmen economy has grown very fast since the beginning of the twenty-first century. The authorities have produced a number of various programmes and strategies aimed at improving the standard of living of the citizens and achieving sustainable and inclusive development. Officially, nearly 80% of the national budget in Turkmenistan has been annually allocated for social needs. However, instead of creating opportunities and improving access to these opportunities for the citizens, the authoritarian government chose income redistribution and social spending. The paper identifies key features of the economic development in Turkmenistan and was written base on a critical analysis of state-controlled and independent news websites. The main feature of the Turkmen-style economic development is the growing deprivation of ordinary people. Poor citizens are getting poorer while the president’s relatives and patronage networks are getting richer. Huge gaps between the rural and urban population and tribal divisions have been observed in the country. Moreover, the Soviet-style work holidays continue. Despite significant improvements in infrastructure, provision for education and health care still remains poor in Turkmenistan. The government expenditure for social needs means investment in infrastructure, not human capital.

New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria

New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria

Molecular phylogeny and evolution of Calaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae).

Calaphidinae is the second-largest subfamily in the family Aphididae. Despite their species diversity and some taxonomic controversy, no phylogenetic studies have been conducted on them thus far. Herein, we report the first molecular phylogeny of Calaphidinae and two related lineages, Phyllaphidinae and Saltusaphidinae, based on five genes (3418 bp) for 126 taxa. Maximum parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic analyses were performed on the multilocus dataset. Divergence time estimation, biogeographical reconstruction, ancestral host plant reconstruction and PhyloType analyses were performed to identify evolutionary trends in Calaphidinae. Our phylogenetic results lead to several conclusions: Phyllaphidinae is a sister group to Calaphidinae s.l.; Calaphidinae is paraphyletic with respect to the former "Saltusaphidinae"; the ingroup clade was subdivided into nine newly recognized lineages; and three subtribes of Calaphidinae (Monaphidina, Calaphdina and Panaphidina) and many genera were not recovered as monophyletic. A new classification is proposed with eight tribal divisions that reflect our phylogenetic results, including three new tribes (Pterocallidini trib.n., Pseudochromaphidini trib.n. and Shivaphidini trib.n.) and three new statuses (Saltusaphidini stat.n., Therioaphidini stat.n. and Myzocallidini stat.n.). The ancestral reconstruction results imply that the ingroup taxa's common ancestor originated in the Eastern Palaearctic and might have fed on Fagaceae in the Late Cretaceous. Later, multiple host shifts and an expanding geographical distribution led to the current species diversity of Calaphidinae. Our reconstructions suggest that species diversification cannot solely be explained by speciation via host shifts and that geographical isolation probably also played a key role. Our results provide new insight into the natural classification and history of the host plant associations and biogeography of Calaphidinae s.l.