Triangulation Analysis Research Articles

Perceptions of using exoskeleton technology among physiotherapists and stroke survivors in Malaysia: a mixed methods study

Exoskeleton technology has the potential to enhance the functional abilities of individuals with upper or lower limb dysfunction, including stroke survivors. However, its adoption in Malaysia has been limited due to its restricted availability in rehabilitation centres and hospitals. In this study, we aim to explore the perceptions and opinions of physiotherapists and stroke survivors regarding exoskeleton technology, focusing on identifying desired design features and investigating their views on its use in rehabilitation. An online survey was conducted to assess the preferred features of exoskeleton technology among physiotherapists and stroke survivors. Subsequently, one-to-one online in-depth interviews were carried out with physiotherapists who had experience using exoskeleton technology. Data were analysed using descriptive, thematic, and triangulation analysis methods. The analysis included 81 survey questionnaires from physiotherapists and 122 from stroke survivors. Both groups highlighted cost-effectiveness, safety, comfort, and ease of use as key features of exoskeletons. Additional insights from in-depth interviews with five physiotherapists emphasized the importance of a user-friendly interface, adjustability, and a lightweight design. Physiotherapists also expressed that exoskeleton technology could reduce their workload, minimize musculoskeletal-related disorders, and enhance their confidence. The main desired features identified by both physiotherapists and stroke survivors for exoskeleton technology include cost-effectiveness, safety, comfort, and ease of use. Physiotherapists further viewed it as a valuable tool to alleviate their workload and reduce musculoskeletal-related disorders while boosting confidence. These findings offer valuable guidance to developers, engineers, and manufacturers in the country, aiding in the development of client-centred exoskeleton features.

Peran Industri Rumah Pada Usaha Catering Kurnia Jaya Terhadap Pendapatan Karyawan Menurut Presfektif Ekonomi Islam di Kecamatan Medang Kampai Kota Dumai

The research aims to analyze the role of the home industry Catering Kurnia Jaya on employee income and welfare from the perspective of Islamic economics. The research method used is qualitative, involving a population of 10 employees. The subject of the study is the owner of Catering Kurnia Jaya, located in Medang Kampai District, Dumai City. The analysis used in this study includes reduction analysis and triangulation analysis. Data collection techniques include observation and interviews. The results show that Catering Kurnia Jaya significantly contributes to increasing the income and economic well-being of employees' families. This business operates according to Islamic economic principles, emphasizing justice, sustainability, and fair redistribution. Employee income fluctuations occur due to seasonal factors and market competition. This study highlights the importance of household industries in alleviating poverty and enhancing the local economy, with Catering Kurnia Jaya serving as an example of significant contribution to employee income and welfare.

The impact of primary health care on AIDS incidence and mortality: A cohort study of 3.4 million Brazilians.

Primary Health Care (PHC) is essential for effective, efficient, and more equitable health systems for all people, including those living with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the impact of the exposure to one of the largest community-based PHC programs in the world, the Brazilian Family Health Strategy (FHS), on AIDS incidence and mortality. A retrospective cohort study carried out in Brazil from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2015. We conducted an impact evaluation using a cohort of 3,435,068 ≥13 years low-income individuals who were members of the 100 Million Brazilians Cohort, linked to AIDS diagnoses and deaths registries. We evaluated the impact of FHS on AIDS incidence and mortality and compared outcomes between residents of municipalities with low or no FHS coverage (unexposed) with those in municipalities with 100% FHS coverage (exposed). We used multivariable Poisson regressions adjusted for all relevant municipal and individual-level demographic, socioeconomic, and contextual variables, and weighted with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). We also estimated the FHS impact by sex and age and performed a wide range of sensitivity and triangulation analyses; 100% FHS coverage was associated with lower AIDS incidence (rate ratio [RR]: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68 to 0.84) and mortality (RR: 0.68, 95%CI: 0.56 to 0.82). FHS impact was similar between men and women, but was larger in people aged ≥35 years old both for incidence (RR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.72) and mortality (RR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.72). The absence of important confounding variables (e.g., sexual behavior) is a key limitation of this study. AIDS should be an avoidable outcome for most people living with HIV today and our study shows that FHS coverage could significantly reduce AIDS incidence and mortality among low-income populations in Brazil. Universal access to comprehensive healthcare through community-based PHC programs should be promoted to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending AIDS by 2030.

Arahan Pengembangan Infrastruktur dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan Di Kecamatan Bataguh, Kabupaten Kapuas

Bataguh District has great potential for agricultural resources and is the largest rice producing area in Kapuas Regency, based on field conditions, the existing infrastructure is not yet supportive and most of the infrastructure is still not optimal, so efforts are needed to develop infrastructure for the agricultural sector and resilience. food in Bataguh District. This research aims to determine the infrastructure needed to support regional development of the agricultural sector and food security. Starting with the analysis looking for the basic infrastructure needed in the agricultural sector, starting with a descriptive analysis stage to identify the condition of the infrastructure in the field. The next stage involves using the Importance-Performance Analysis method to evaluate the level of importance and performance of the infrastructure. In the final stage, triangulation analysis is used to conclude the results and provide development directions to support the agricultural sector and food security in Bataguh District, Kapuas Regency. Based on the research results, it is known that the priorities for infrastructure groups are: quadrant 1 (Road Network, Agricultural Irrigation, Storage Warehouses and Agricultural Processing Facilities), quadrant 2 (Communication Network and Electricity Network Coverage), quadrant 3 (Clean water network, Availability of Sanitation, Cooperatives , and gas stations) and quadrant 4 (Modes of Transportation, Markets, and Transportation Support Facilities).

Can primary health care mitigate the effects of economic crises on child health in Latin America? An integrated multicountry evaluation and forecasting analysis

Latin American and Caribbean countries are dealing with the combined challenges of pandemic-induced socicoeconomic stress and increasing public debt, potentially leading to reductions in welfare and health-care services, including primary care. We aimed to evaluate the impact of primary health-care coverage on child mortality in Latin America over the past two decades and to forecast the potential effects of primary health-care mitigation during the current economic crisis. This multicountry study integrated retrospective impact evaluations in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico from 2000 to 2019 with forecasting models covering up to 2030. We estimated the impact of coverage of primary health care on mortality rates in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality) across different age groups and causes of death, adjusting for all relevant demographic, socioeconomic, and health-care factors, with fixed-effects multivariable negative binomial models in 5647 municipalities with an adequate quality of vital statistics. We also performed several sensitivity and triangulation analyses. We integrated previous longitudinal datasets with validated dynamic microsimulation models and projected trends in under-5 mortality rates under alternative policy response scenarios until 2030. High primary health-care coverage was associated with substantial reductions in post-neonatal mortality rates (rate ratio [RR] 0·72, 95% CI 0·71-0·74), toddler (ie, aged between 1 year and <5 years) mortality rates (0·75, 0·73-0·76), and under-5 mortality rates (0·81, 0·80-0·82), preventing 305 890 (95% CI 251 826-360 517) deaths of children younger than 5 years over the period 2000-19. High primary health-care coverage was also associated with lower under-5 mortality rates from nutritional deficiencies (RR 0·55, 95% CI 0·52-0·58), anaemia (0·64, 0·57-0·72), vaccine-preventable and vaccine-sensitive conditions (0·70, 0·68-0·72), and infectious gastroenteritis (0·78, 0·73-0·84). Considering a scenario of moderate economic crisis, a mitigation response strategy implemented in the period 2020-30 that increases primary health-care coverage could reduce the under-5 mortality rate by up to 23% (RR 0·77, 95% CI 0·72-0·84) when compared with a fiscal austerity response, and this strategy would avoid 142 285 (95% CI 120 217-164 378) child deaths by 2030 in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico. The improvement in primary health-care coverage in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Mexico over the past two decades has substantially contributed to improving child survival. Expansion of primary health-care coverage should be considered an effective strategy to mitigate the health effects of the current economic crisis and to achieve Sustainable Development Goals related to child health. UK Medical Research Council. For the Spanish and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Handling of Imported Household Furnishings from China which Caught Intelligence Result Notes

This research aims to investigate the handling of the Intelligence Result Note (NHI) case regarding imports of household furniture from China at PT. Ngupit Asasta Logistik. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with triangulation analysis. Primary data was obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation, while secondary data came from relevant literature sources. The results show that imports of household furniture from China are subject to NHI and are suspected of violating the traffic law so imported goods are blocked by Customs and Excise officials in the customs area. The obstacles faced are costs, time, and energy. The results of the research carried out provide recommendations for enforcing company SOPs in resolving NHI as well as developing special SOP for handling imports affected by NHI at PT. Ngupit Asasta Logistik.

Evidence of construct validity for work values using triangulation analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to illustrate an emerging typology that theoretically links work values with personal values and to provide evidence of construct validity for this typology.Design/methodology/approachA hypothesis was developed that four types of work values – intrinsic, extrinsic, prestige and affective – underlie the relative importance that individuals place on aspects of work. Evidence of construct validity was provided using triangulation analysis. Data from three different samples in Japan were analysed with three different techniques; exploratory factor analysis (N = 229), hierarchical cluster analysis (N = 244) and smallest space analysis (N = 203).FindingsThe results demonstrate acceptable internal consistency and a coherent structure that fits the theoretical model across methods and samples. These findings lend strong support to the use of the intrinsic, extrinsic, affective and prestige typology for studying work values. This will hopefully encourage field scholars to adopt the typology in future values-based explorations in the context of work.Originality/valueThe study adds to the emergent literature in business research that stresses the importance of triangulation analysis to enhance the reliability and validity of findings. In this sense, it is an innovative paradigm of a multiple triangulation approach, which combines both data and within-method triangulation. The methods employed covered – for the first time – all commonly applied techniques for exploring the structure underlying the data and provided inductive, deductive and spatial evidence to corroborate the observed structure of work values.

The Impact of tourism on the socio-cultural life of the community and the environment in The Prai Ijing Traditional Village East Nusa Tenggara

Purpose: This study aims to identify the impact of tourism on the socio-cultural life of the community and the environment in Prai Ijing Traditional Village. Method: This study used descriptive qualitative methods and triangulation analysis of data sources. The data collection techniques used were observations in Prai Ijing Traditional Village, interviews with 7 informants representing the village government, Pokdarwis, and community leaders, and literature studies. The 7 informants are representatives of the Prai Ijing Traditional Village who felt the impact of tourism activities and were directly involved in the process of managing tourism activities in the Prai Ijing Traditional Village. From the pioneering stage to becoming a developed tourist village. The informant selection method uses Purposive and Snowball Sampling methods with Miles and Huberman data processing techniques. Result: The results of this study show that tourism in Prai Ijing Traditional Village has a positive impact on socio-cultural and environmental life. In the Socio-culturally dimention, people increasingly preserve cultural values and see tourism as a factor in maintaining traditions, while tourism activities also increase public awareness of environmental cleanliness and appearance without harming cultural values and traditions. In terms of the environment, tourism development in the village contributes positively to environmental conservation and arrangement, showing the community's ability to maintain stability and environmental preservation despite tourism growth. Contribution: This research contributes to determining the impact of tourism activities on the socio-cultural life of the community and the environment in Prai Ijing Traditional Village so that the community can realize and take preventive actions from potential negative impacts that can occur.

Perception Of Chess Athletes Towards The National Sports Grand Design

Athletes are the main actors in a sports competency. In connection with sports, in 2021 President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo has signed Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia (Perpres) Number 86 of 2021 concerning the Grand Design of National Sports or DBON which has the aim of increasing sports culture in society; increasing the capacity, synergy and productivity of national achievement sports; and advancing the sports-based national economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceptions of chess athletes towards DBON. The method used is a description method with a qualitative approach. The data collection techniques used are interviews and literature studies. The data analysis carried out is by triangulation analysis. The results showed that chess athletes' perceptions of DBON varied. However, the majority of athletes are of the view that the birth of Presidential Regulation Number 86 of 2021 concerning the Grand Design of National Sports provides maximum opportunities and opportunities for athletes to get better support and facilities, including training, equipment, and opportunities to participate in various higher competencies.

Analysis of needs for development of animated video learning media arina expressions based on local wisdom Kediri SDN Burengan II Kediri

This research aims to (1) describe the obstacles in developing learning media for animated videos of Arina's expressions based on Kediri local wisdom; (2) describe the need for developing Indonesian language learning media for class II; (3) describe the supporting capacity for developing learning media for animated videos of Arina's expressions based on Kediri local wisdom. The method used in the research was descriptive qualitative with the research subjects being class II students at SDN Burengan 2 with a total of 60 students and 2 teachers at SDN Burengan 2. Data collection techniques used interviews, questionnaires and observation. The analysis technique used is the data triangulation analysis technique (Mills and Huberman) with the stages of data collection  data reduction  data presentation  drawing conclusions. The research results show that 1) There are several obstacles in implementing animated video media, namely teachers prefer textual learning (relying only on textbooks), teachers are not very proficient in operating IT, teachers are more comfortable teaching without using learning media, and teachers still have difficulties in finding suitable media for students. 2) The development of animated video learning media is really needed by class II students at SDN Burengan 2. 3) The supporting capacity in implementing IT-based media is that the principal has facilitated computers and LCDs in implementing IT-based media, the principal provides facilities to help teachers be creative in making media learning, and school principals facilitate workshops/training in making IT-based media such as animated videos. From the results of this research, it is necessary to continue with further research in the form of developing animated video media for Arina's expressions based on Kediri local wisdom at SDN Burengan II Kediri.

Typological analysis of community participation for sustainable tourism in Sasak Ende Tourism Village

Purpose — The purpose of this study is to analyze community participation in Sasak Ende Tourism Village in managing and designing sustainable tourism development strategies based on the results of typological analysis of community participation.Method — This study employs qualitative methods utilizing primary and secondary data sources. Data were gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation. We interviewed informants from the Central Lombok Tourism Office, the Managing Secretary of Sasak Ende Tourism Village, and Pujut Regency. Furthermore, triangulation analysis techniques were utilized in this study to assess the validity of the data.Result — Based on the analysis, three levels of community participation were identified in Sasak Ende Tourism Village: material incentive participation, interactive participation, and independent mobilization. Community participation activities in Sasak Ende Tourism Village adhere to socio-cultural, economic, and environmentally sustainable tourism principles. The strategy employed focuses on developing human resources (HR) and preserving Sasak traditional houses. The analysis results in a sustainable tourism development strategy for Sasak Ende Tourism Village based on the typology of participation and the principles of sustainable tourism.Practical implications — This study suggests that fostering various levels of community participation and aligning tourism development strategies with socio-cultural, economic, and environmental sustainability principles can lead to the preservation of cultural heritage and sustainable growth in destinations like Sasak Ende Tourism Village.

Diversification of rendang daun kayu: Strengthening the food security of the Minangkabau community

Rendang is one of the traditional Minangkabau culinary preparations of West Sumatra, Indonesia, that has gone global. Rendang sometimes uses meat, but some use plants as the main ingredient. Weak economic conditions and the high price of meat in the market do not become an excuse for Minangkabau people not to eat rendang because rendang culinary can be processed with vegetable-based ingredients. In Nagari Harau, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra, wood leaves from wild plants can be processed into a very delicious rendang culinary. They call it “rendang daun kayu.” Diversification of rendang daun kayu can be an exciting effort to improve the food security of the Minangkabau people. Thus, this article will discuss efforts to diversify rendang daun kayu as a strategy to strengthen the food security of the Minangkabau community. The qualitative descriptive method was used in this research. Primary data, secondary data, interview guidelines, and in-depth interview activities supported data collection. Informants were selected using snowball sampling. Source triangulation analysis was used to answer the research objectives. Based on the research results, it is known that the diversification of rendang daun kayu is the development of rendang culinary dishes using locally available wood leaf raw materials. Diversification of rendang daun kayu is an innovative step towards more robust food security for the Minangkabau people. Diversifying rendang daun kayu is expected to create food security for the Minangkabau community.

Understanding Power Dynamics: A Triangulated Analysis of Organizational Theory and Job Demand-Resource Model

Organizational politics is a form of unwanted work outcome that negatively impacts the organization and the performance of others. However, it is a considerable concern in every form of organization and several studies reflect the impact of organizational politics on employee behavior and intention to quit. Most of the time organizational politics has been perceived by lower-level employees and due to perception, they tend to be negative towards the work situation and also try to quit the problem. However, Pakistan is experiencing a severe lack of nursing professionals, and the brain drain is affecting the performance of hospitals and educational institutes and the goodwill and well-being of the country. It has also been determined that the intention to quit is affecting nurses pursuing duties in hospitals as well as in other sectors. Hence, this study takes the reference of nurses working as faculty in nursing institutions in Karachi to analyze the impact of organizational politics on the intention to quit. The data was collected through quota sampling to collect data from nurses who are faculty members rather than principals, administrators &amp; coordinators. SMART-PLS has been used to analyze the impact of organizational politics on employees’ intention to leave with the mediation of stress and the results of the study indicated that triangulation of theories is effective. However, their perceived organizational politics have severe negative outcomes, especially in employee’s intention to quit.

Policy Problematics for Implementing the Merdeka Curriculum in Improving the Quality of Student Output at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 01 Kepahiang

The Merdeka Curriculum is currently being widely promoted by the government through the Ministry of Education and Culture as an embodiment of new policies. The research aimed to explain the implementation of the curriculum to improve the quality of graduates, strategies for developing teaching staff as a step to improve the quality of student output and study the supporting and inhibiting factors in implementing the Merdeka curriculum. The research used qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. Data collection used observation, interviews, and triangulation analysis. To achieve learning objectives, teacher guidance is carried out through training. The research results show that the implementation of the Merdeka curriculum at MAN 1 Kepahiang is carried out through a series of management consisting of planning, regulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation stages. In implementing the Merdeka curriculum, there are several obstacles, including insufficient availability of human resources, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and real conditions in the field which often contradict the conditions expected by the government. Efforts to overcome these obstacles include training and competency development for teachers and education staff, increasing support from parents and the community, improving facilities and infrastructure, strengthening supervision and monitoring, and developing cooperation between stakeholders. Based on various data and information obtained, the researcher concluded that the implementation of the curriculum to improve the quality of graduates at MAN 1 Kepahiang was adjusted to the needs of the madrasah. To achieve learning goals, especially in realizing educational goals in Madrasas, it is necessary to carry out processes of planning, organizing, implementing, supervising and supervising the course of the curriculum in learning in Madrasas to advance the quality of learning, quality of education, which will ultimately support the realization of improving the quality of graduates.

The Efforts to Improve Student's Critical Thinking Skills Using a Contextual Approach in Learning Science in Class V MI Darussalam Lembu Students

This study aims to describe efforts to improve student's critical thinking skills using a contextual approach to science learning for grade V students at MI Darussalam Lembu. This study uses qualitative techniques using descriptive methods with triangulation analysis based on observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study show that teachers design situations and problems by using a contextual approach in learning science through situations and problems that are relevant to students' daily lives. The supporting factors are the curriculum that supports the application of the contextual approach and the existence of a safe and comfortable learning environment that makes students ask questions, argue, and share their thoughts. While the inhibiting factor, limited effective time in learning. The role of teachers in efforts to improve critical thinking skills using a contextual approach in science learning is the teacher as a learning designer, as a facilitator, as a guide, and as a model of behavior in critical thinking.

Penggunaan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning dalam Peningkatan Keaktifan Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Katolik dan Budi Pekerti Kelas IX SMP Budi Murni 2 Medan Analisis Website Sistem Informasi Akademik (Simak)

The research aims to investigate the use of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in ninth-grade students at SMP Budi Murni 2 Medan to assess the improvement in students' learning activeness in the subject of Catholic Religious Education. This study utilizes a qualitative approach and employs three data collection techniques: observation, interviews, and documentation. The data processing technique involves the use of source triangulation analysis and techniques. The targets of this research are ten ninth-grade students from SMP Budi Murni 2 Medan, one PAK (Pendidikan Agama Katolik) teacher, one Deputy Principal, and two peer teachers. The research findings include the following: First, the implementation of the learning model by the teacher in ninth-grade at SMP Budi Murni 2 Medan follows the five steps in the Catholic Religious Education subject at the school. Second, the evidence indicates an improvement in the learning activeness of ninth-grade students when the teacher applies the Problem Based Learning model in the subject of Catholic Religious Education.

Decolonising Environmental Risk Assessments of Potentially Polluting Wrecks: a Case Study of the Wreck of the USS Mississinewa in Ulithi Lagoon, Federated States of Micronesia.

Millions of tonnes of oil lie entombed within wrecks from two world wars which, when released, can cause environmental devastation. Wrecks are predominantly risk assessed by the Global North Nations responsible, resulting in an epistemology that separates human from nature. This research aimed to decolonise risk assessments to capture the spatially heterogeneous nature of human vulnerability to oil pollution. Triangulation analysis of interviews and official reports relating to the USS Mississinewa oil spill identified three Global South issues a Eurocentric risk assessment failed to capture: region-specific meteorological conditions causing the leak, remoteness making external resources slow to arrive, and the impact of the fishery closure on traditional subsistence lifestyles. A vulnerability assessment is proposed to prioritise wrecks in susceptible locations. Recommendations are made for a collaborative approach to wreck management by including local voices, resisting the Global North assumption of generality, and recognising the priorities of those living with wrecks.

Income determines the impact of cash transfers on HIV/AIDS: cohort study of 22.7 million Brazilians

Living with extremely low-income is an important risk factor for HIV/AIDS and can be mitigated by conditional cash transfers. Using a cohort of 22.7 million low-income individuals during 9 years, we evaluated the effects of the world’s largest conditional cash transfer, the Programa Bolsa Família, on HIV/AIDS-related outcomes. Exposure to Programa Bolsa Família was associated with reduced AIDS incidence by 41% (RR:0.59; 95%CI:0.57-0.61), mortality by 39% (RR:0.61; 95%CI:0.57-0.64), and case fatality rates by 25% (RR:0.75; 95%CI:0.66-0.85) in the cohort, and Programa Bolsa Família effects were considerably stronger among individuals of extremely low-income [reduction of 55% for incidence (RR:0.45, 95% CI:0.42-0.47), 54% mortality (RR:0.46, 95% CI:0.42-0.49), and 37% case-fatality (RR:0.63, 95% CI:0.51 −0.76)], decreasing gradually until having no effect in individuals with higher incomes. Similar effects were observed on HIV notification. Programa Bolsa Família impact was also stronger among women and adolescents. Several sensitivity and triangulation analyses demonstrated the robustness of the results. Conditional cash transfers can significantly reduce AIDS morbidity and mortality in extremely vulnerable populations and should be considered an essential intervention to achieve AIDS-related sustainable development goals by 2030.

Analisis Pendapatan UMKM Seblak Bandung Slowdown Sebelum Dan Sesudah Menggunakan Digital Payment Di Kabupaten Karawang

This study aims to determine MSME income before and after using digital payments. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach with a triangulation analysis method. The data used in this study is primary data obtained directly from the owner of the Bandung Slowdown seblak business through observation, interviews and documentation. while for secondary data obtained from books, journals, literacy studies, websites and other media. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the slowdown of MSME income before using digital payments often faced challenges in terms of transaction efficiency and customer accessibility, this became an obstacle in increasing MSME income. The income of MSMEs in Seblak Bandung has slowdown after using digital payments to experience an increase. Because many consumers are already using digital payments, digital payments also speed up the payment process and reduce queuing time. This transaction speed creates opportunities for increased transaction volume and purchase frequency, which directly contributes to higher revenue. By using digital payment instruments, the Seblak Bandung Slowdown MSMEs have succeeded in overcoming the problems of transaction efficiency and customer accessibility. A faster and more accurate payment process reduces queue barriers and provides a more comfortable shopping experience for consumers. This drives increased transaction frequency, creates customer loyalty, and generates recommendations. so that these MSMEs are able to optimize their business growth in a competitive market.&#x0D; Keywords: income, digital payment, MSMEs

A lesson study on a MOOC-based and AI-powered flipped teaching and assessment of EFL writing model: teachers' and students' growth

PurposeThe lesson study aims to examine college English teachers' growth in technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) and the improvement of students' learning outcomes in the context of MOOC-based and AI-powered flipped teaching and assessment of EFL writing (MAFTA).Design/methodology/approachThree college EFL teachers and their students (66 in total) participated in three cycles of MAFTA instruction. Triangulated analysis was conducted by considering all relevant data sources, including the teachers' discussions and reflections, the argumentative essays produced by the students before and after the MAFTA instruction, as well as the data gathered through questionnaires and interviews.FindingsThe three teachers demonstrated varying degrees of growth in TPACK, as evidenced by their increased knowledge of the technology tools and skills in utilizing the tools to realize their pedagogical beliefs on teaching EFL writing. Substantial improvements were detected in students' essays. The students generally have affirmative perceptions on the MAFTA model and the questionnaire and interviews specified the benefits they gained from each stage of the model.Originality/valueFirstly, the lesson study is grounded in an innovative approach to teaching EFL writing that incorporates multiple technological affordances. Secondly, it closely scrutinizes the dynamics of both teachers' and students' growths during the innovative practice. The findings could offer insights into teachers' TPACK development and effective integration of technological advancements in EFL education at the tertiary level.