Triangular Test Research Articles

Synchronous measurement of wind pressure and flow field in wind tunnel: device, method and application

Accurate assessment of the relationship between flow field and surface wind pressure distribution around buildings in wind tunnel tests is crucial for understanding the interaction mechanism between wind and buildings. Despite notable technological advancements in dynamic pressure measurement and flow visualization, the acquirement of synchronous data on flow and wind pressure around buildings still faces challenges in terms of accuracy, cost, and operational complexity. Given this, a frame synchronization technique has been developed to collect flow field and wind pressure data based on particle image velocimetry and Scanivalve dynamic pressure measurement. Meanwhile, this study established a more precise correction method for the distortion effect of the synchronously measured wind pressure signal. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates the feasibility of synchronously measuring the flow field and the corrected wind pressure in time through the flow around triangular prism test. Experimental results indicate that the corrected wind pressure distribution on triangular prism surface is consistent with the temporal variations in instantaneous flow velocity and vorticity change, thereby verifying the reliability of the synchronous test system.

Exploring the Impact of Extended Maceration on the Volatile Compounds and Sensory Profile of Monastrell Red Wine

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are crucial to the wine’s overall quality since they define the aromatic profile. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 146-day extended maceration (EM) treatment positively affects the aromatic and sensory properties of Monastrell red wine. A total of 43 aromatic compounds belonging to different chemical classes were identified using solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS). In general, EM treatment decreased both the number and total relative concentration of VOCs. Specifically, EM decreased the concentration of alcohols, terpenes and sulphur compounds compared to control wines. However certain compounds such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, phenylethyl and ethyl decanoate significantly increased with prolonged maceration. Conversely, EM treatment did not significantly affect the total relative concentrations of esters and ketones. From sensorial point of view, the triangular test showed a positive identification of wines (10/18) with a significant preference for EM wines. Moreover, descriptive analysis revealed that EM wines scored lower values in appearance, aroma and taste. Future research should aim to optimize maceration time to enhance the content of VOCs without compromising the sensory quality of the wine.

Crafting Algerian “Jben”: a traditional soft cheese enhanced by locally derived starters

The global dairy industry faces challenges in sourcing cost-effective and suitable lactic starters for traditional cheese production. This study investigates the use of locally selected lactic starters in crafting Algerian Jben cheese, aiming to provide a sustainable alternative to imported starters. Local lactic starters comprising Lactococcus lactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus durans were characterized by their technological properties when applied to cow's milk. The resulting cheese was compared with another cheese produced under similar conditions but using an industrial mesophilic starter, including strains of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc. Physicochemical and microbiological analyses were conducted on both cheeses, followed by sensory evaluations using the triangular and classification tests. Microbiological analyses revealed the absence of pathogenic germs or spores in both types of cheese. However, the cheese made with the industrial starter exceeded the standards for fecal coliforms and total coliforms. Titratable acidity measurements indicated comparable levels in both cheeses. Interestingly, there were no discernible differences in taste or aroma between the two types, with both being well received by tasters. In conclusion, our findings suggest that local lactic starters have the potential to replace the commercial starters currently employed in the Algerian dairy industry.

Consequences of vestibular hypofunction in children with ADHD/DCD

BackgroundChildren with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) demonstrate a heterogeneous sensorimotor, emotional, and cognitive profile. Comorbid sensorimotor imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation are particularly prevalent among their non-core symptoms. Studies in other populations presented these three comorbid dysfunctions in the context of vestibular hypofunction. ObjectiveTo test whether there is a subgroup of children with ADHD who have vestibular hypofunction presenting with concomitant imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation. MethodsChildren with ADHD-only (n = 28), ADHD + Developmental Coordination Disorder (ADHD + DCD; n = 38), and Typical Development (TD; n = 19) were evaluated for vestibular function by the Dynamic Visual Acuity test (DVA-t), balance by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency (BOT-2), panic anxiety by the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders questionnaire-Child version (SCARED-C), and spatial navigation by the Triangular Completion test (TC-t). ResultsChildren with ADHD vs. TD presented with a high rate of vestibular hypofunction (65 vs. 0 %), imbalance (42 vs. 0 %), panic anxiety (27 vs. 11 %), and spatial disorientation (30 vs. 5 %). Children with ADHD + DCD contributed more frequent and severe vestibular hypofunction and imbalance than children with ADHD-only (74 vs. 54 %; 58 vs. 21 %, respectively). A concomitant presence of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation was observed in 33 % of children with ADHD, all sharing vestibular hypofunction. ConclusionsVestibular hypofunction may be the common pathophysiology of imbalance, anxiety, and spatial disorientation in children. These comorbidities are preferentially present in children with ADHD + DCD rather than ADHD-only, thus likely related to DCD rather than to ADHD disorder. Children with this profile may benefit from a vestibular rehabilitation intervention.

Impact of a minimally processing route for the production of infant formulas on their sensory properties

Infant formulas (IFs), the sole adequate substitute to human milk, undergo several thermal treatments during production that can damage milk proteins and promote the formation of Maillard reaction products, modifying nutritional and sensory properties. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a minimally processing route based on membrane filtration associated with different levels of heat treatment, on the odor, taste, texture and color attributes of IFs, then to compare with those of commercial milks. Three experimental IFs (produced with membrane filtration associated with low - T-, medium - T+, or high thermal treatments - T+++) were evaluated. Triangular tests conducted with a panel of 50 adults highlighted clear disparities between all the IFs. The same panel applied the Check-All-That-Apply method to evaluate the IFs: the range of variability between T- and T+++ was similar to that between the 2 commercial IFs, and the sensory characteristics of the experimental IFs were not far from the commercial brands for flavor and texture attributes. Analysis performed on the citation frequencies for each descriptor differentiated T-/T+ from T+++, but all the experimental IFs were described with positive sensory characteristics, unlike one commercial IF. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content of IFs with low and high thermal treatments were analyzed. Forty VOCs were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. T- contained a higher quantity of VOCs than T+++, except for benzaldehyde (Maillard reaction product), and aldehydes (oxidation-related products) were the most represented compounds. In conclusion, the processing was associated with sensory differences among IFs, but no marked difference in flavors was found according to CATA and physicochemical analysis. Additionally, no unpleasant sensory descriptors were noted. This shows that the minimally processed route leads to IFs that could fit well within the market from a sensory point of view.

Sensory and instrumental texture profile: a study of wafer-type biscuits from different commercial brands

Sensory analysis is applied in different sectors of the food industry, facilitatingthe evaluation of qualitative and quantitative aspects of food. Among these aspects, texture, defined as the mechanical, geometrical, and surface properties of a product, perceived by visual, tactile, and auditory human receptors, is an indispensable parameter in the preparation of biscuits. The present study aimed to define the texture profile of six different brands of wafer-type biscuits. For the pre-selection of the judges, the triangular test was applied, and the judges who discerned different samples went on to the training. The training consisted of setting four attributes, namely, fracturability, adhesiveness, chewability, and hardness. Food was served as reference standards, from the least intense to the most intense for each attribute. In the descriptive test, samples were served individually and the judges were asked to explain their initial perception, chewing experience, and residual sensations. The hardness test was performed on a texturometer by compressing the samples and the instrumental results were compared to the sensory findings. Out of 30 judges in the triangular test, 22 were able to participate in the training, only 12 attended, 9 succeeded 80% of the standards, thus participating in the descriptive test. Comparing the instrumental part with the response of the sensory analysis, a good correlation was observed, with the same divergences between some brands. The C sample was considered by the judges as intermediate, and the same as the hardness with higher intensity, the E sample obtained similar results for both evaluations, where it presented a hardness parameter varying from weak to intermediate.

Estimating discharge coefficient of triangular free overfall using the GMDH technique

Abstract Free overfalls are hydraulic structures used in flood control, water supply, irrigation, and flow measurements. The hydraulic systems of free overfall depend on rectangular end shape. The studies that dealt with triangular crest are few and almost non-existent. In this study, a triangular end-shape design uses multiple linear regression (MLR) and group method of data handling (GMDH) methods for four models with six sub-models. Then, 24 scenarios were chosen and compared. The discharge coefficient (Cd) of a free overfall with a triangular terminal was predicted using experimental data. The triangular end edge shape increased crest length, the discharge coefficient, and discharge passing over free overfall. To this goal, 180 triangular free fall tests were performed. Data were collected for two triangular free overfalls with an opposite flow direction with three angles 600, 750, and 900. Results of Cd acquired using the two ways discussed above show that the algorithm GMDH outperforms the other method. Values for the GMDH approach mod46 testing variables: RMSE, MARE, SI, R2, and NSE are 6.08 × 10−17, 2.65 × 10−17, 6.00 × 10−17, 100.00%, and 1.00, respectively, while these values for MLR are 0.06332, 0.05970, 0.06624, 15.431%, and −3.0419, respectively. The GMDH technique shows the best results concerning MLR and then chooses the best four scenarios from 24 with a Cd percentage error not exceeding ±2%.

Efficacy of early intrauterine balloon tamponade for immediate postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: a randomized clinical trial

Many questions remain about the appropriate use of intrauterine balloon devices in postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery refractory to first-line uterotonics. Available data suggest that early use of intrauterine balloon tamponade might be beneficial. This study aimed to compare the effect of intrauterine balloon tamponade used in combination with second-line uterotonics vs intrauterine balloon tamponade used after the failure of second-line uterotonic treatment on the rate of severe postpartum hemorrhage in women with postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery refractory to first-line uterotonics. This multicenter, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, nonblinded trial was conducted at 18 hospitals and enrolled 403 women who had just given birth vaginally at 35 to 42 weeks of gestation. The inclusion criteria were a postpartum hemorrhage refractory to first-line uterotonics (oxytocin) and requiring a second-line uterotonic treatment with sulprostone (E1 prostaglandin). In the study group, the sulprostone infusion was combined with intrauterine tamponade by an ebb balloon performed within 15 minutes of randomization. In the control group, the sulprostone infusion was started alone within 15 minutes of randomization, and if bleeding persisted 30 minutes after the start of sulprostone infusion, intrauterine tamponade using the ebb balloon was performed. In both groups, if the bleeding persisted 30 minutes after the insertion of the balloon, an emergency radiological or surgical invasive procedure was performed. The primary outcome was the proportion of women who either received ≥3 units of packed red blood cells or had a calculated peripartum blood loss of >1000 mL. The prespecified secondary outcomes were the proportions of women who had a calculated blood loss of ≥1500 mL, any transfusion, an invasive procedure and women who were transferred to the intensive care unit. The analysis of the primary outcome with the triangular test was performed sequentially throughout the trial period. At the eighth interim analysis, the independent data monitoring committee concluded that the incidence of the primary outcome did not differ between the 2 groups and stopped inclusions. After 11 women were excluded because they met an exclusion criterion or withdrew their consent, 199 and 193 women remained in the study and control groups, respectively, for the intention-to-treat analysis. The women's baseline characteristics were similar in both groups. Peripartum hematocrit level change, which was needed for the calculation of the primary outcome, was missing for 4 women in the study group and 2 women in the control group. The primary outcome occurred in 131 of 195 women (67.2%) in the study group and 142 of 191 women (74.3%) in the control group (risk ratio, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.03). The groups did not differ substantially for rates of calculated peripartum blood loss pf ≥1500 mL, any transfusion, invasive procedure, and admission to an intensive care unit. Endometritis occurred in 5 women (2.7%) in the study group and none in the control group (P=.06). The early use of intrauterine balloon tamponade did not reduce the incidence of severe postpartum hemorrhage compared with its use after the failure of second-line uterotonic treatment and before recourse to invasive procedures.

Burn Defect and Phenol Prediction for Flavoured Californian-Style Black Olives Using Digital Sensors

Californian-style black olives can undergo different chemical changes during the sterilization process that can affect their sensory and phenol characteristics. Thus, these olives were stuffed with flavoured hydrocolloids and submitted to different thermal sterilization treatments to assess sensory categories. The triangular test indicated that the panellists were able to discriminate between samples from different categories according to their aromas with more than 85% success. The results indicated that the negative aroma detected by tasters was related to burn defects. The highest level of defects was found in standard olives, while the lowest was identified in the extra category. Furthermore, olives submitted to the lowest thermal sterilization treatment (extra) presented significantly higher phenol profile content, such as for hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein and procyanidin B1. The electronic nose (E-nose) discriminated between samples from different categories according to the specific aroma (PC1 = 82.1% and PC2 = 15.1%). The PLS-DA classified the samples with 90.9% accuracy. Furthermore, the volatile organic compounds responsible for this discrimination were creosol, copaene, benzaldehyde and diallyl disulphide. Finally, the models established by the PLS analysis indicated that the E-nose could predict olives according to their aroma and total phenol profile (RCV2 values were 0.89 and 0.92, respectively). Thus, this device could be used at the industrial level to discriminate between olives with different sensory aromas to determine those with the highest quality.

Physico-Chemical, Microbiological, and Sensorial Characteristics of Grains, Malt, Wort, and Beer from FKR 19 and FKR 62 N Rice Varieties Grown in Burkina Faso

This study aims to contribute to the diversification of processed food products through rice beer production. Two varieties of rice, FKR 19 and FKR 62 N, were selected for beer production. Physico-chemical, microbial, and sensorial analyses were performed at different steps of production. The production trials led to the determination of a flow process for rice beer production. From the analyses performed, grains, malt, wort, and beer from the two varieties expressed similar physico-chemical and microbial profiles. Grain content, fresh matter basis, protein 6.8–7%, total sugar 81.4–82.1%, and fats 0.9–1.0%, were depleted to final levels of 0.1%, 4.8–3.5%, and 0.3–0.4% respectively in beer samples. The pH value in the end products was stabilized at 3.2, while the level of alcohol was 3.5% (v/v). Microbial loads were below 1 CFU/g. The triangular test showed a difference in taste between FKR 19 and FKR 62 N beers, although no significant preference was expressed under the paired preference test. Following the ranking test, which involved other types of fermented drinks, the clustering suggested a classification based on closeness of raw materials and/or processing. Data from this investigation should help brewers diversify their products and stimulate the West African brewing sector.

Study Investigates Multiphase Flow in Circular and Triangular Pipes

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 208101, “Multiphase Flow in Circular and Triangular Pipes: Examining Flow Characteristics, Sand Erosion, and Heat Transfer Through Computational Fluid Dynamics and Experimental Work,” by Ronald E. Vieira, Thiana A. Sedrez, and Siamack A. Shirazi, SPE, The University of Tulsa, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ The authors present a survey of air/water and air/water/sand flow through circular and triangular pipes. The main objective of this investigation is to study the potential effects of triangular pipe geometry on flow patterns, slug frequency, sand erosion in elbows, and heat transfer in multiphase flow. Introduction The complete paper summarizes several important benefits of triangular pipes as compared with circular pipes in multiphase flow. First, a survey of horizontal multiphase air/water flow through circular and triangular pipes is presented. Second, the erosion patterns in triangular elbow geometry are examined experimentally and predicted computationally using existing erosion models. The results are compared with circular elbows for steel materials. Initially, an experimental investigation was performed using flow visualization with a paint-removal study to determine the location where particles impinge and lead to erosion. Erosion-measurement experiments are also conducted in a flow loop containing liquid and 300-µm sand particles. The experimental studies were followed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) erosion modeling for liquid/sand and liquid/gas/sand flows in circular and triangular elbows. Third, an attempt is made to analyze the effect of circular and triangular pipe configurations on heat transfer at constant wall temperature and under the influence of different Reynolds number values. The analysis was performed numerically using CFD for turbulent and laminar flow with water at two different viscosities. Experimental Setups The main objective of the first set of experiments was to study the potential effects of triangular pipe geometry on flow patterns and slug frequency in gas/liquid flows. The experimental facility and methodology are detailed in the complete paper. The setup consisted mainly of a pump, tank, separator, and test-loop section (pipes). The water flow rate (containing particles) was measured by timing the liquid volume loss from the tank. Measurements were repeated three times, and the averaged measured time was used. The gas-flow rate was measured using a digital vortex flowmeter. Experiments were performed horizontally and near atmospheric pressure conditions. The circular test section consisted of a 2-in.-inner diameter, 28-ft-long clear acrylic pipe. The triangular test section was formed from three 7-ft-long, 2.7-in.-wide sheets of cast acrylic. The effect of corners of the triangular pipe on the liquid distribution compared with round tubes was investigated using two different orientations of triangular pipe, apex upward and downward. Detailed videos and slug-frequency measurements were collected for horizontal air/water flow through the round and the triangular clear pipes to identify flow patterns. The slug frequency was measured by analyzing the videos.

Simultaneous damping and tracking control of a normal-stressed electromagnetic actuated nano-positioning stage

Normal-stressed electromagnetic actuated (NSEA) nano-positioning stage has become more and more promising in various fields due to its high actuation force density and large motion range. However, the intrinsic hysteresis of the actuator and the lightly-damped resonance of the mechanism hinder the stage for the high-accuracy and high-speed applications. To handle these two problems, the damping and tracking controllers are commonly adopted, as the inner and outer loops, respectively, to design a dual-loop controller. However, the existing sequential design approach limits the achievable performance of the controller. This paper proposes a simultaneous optimization approach for a dual-loop controller with the inner loop positive acceleration, velocity, and position feedback (PAVPF) damping controller and the outer loop proportional-integral (PI) tracking controller. The objective is to obtain a flat closed-loop frequency response with a large control bandwidth, and the parameters of the inner and outer loops are tuned simultaneously. Both the damping ratio and stiffness of the vibration mode are improved, and the obtained ± 3 dB control bandwidth exceeds the first resonant frequency of the open-loop system. Experiments are carried out on a custom designed NSEA nano-positioning stage. The tested bandwidth of the simultaneously optimized system agrees well with the theoretical one, and is 188.9% higher than that of the sequentially designed system. Step response tests, triangular wave tracking tests, and hysteresis reduction tests also demonstrate the effectiveness and advancement of the proposed approach.

Levels of Salt Reduction in Bread, Acceptability and Purchase Intention by Urban Mozambican Consumers.

Excess sodium (Na) consumption is implicated in several health problems, particularly hypertension, and bread is an important dietary source. We aimed to analyze perception of salt, acceptability, and purchase intention of low-salt and unsalted white bread by consumers in Mozambique. Sensory evaluation was performed using a triangular test (N = 42) to perceive if differences in saltiness were detected when comparing low-salt and unsalted with salt-reduced white bread. Nine-point hedonic and five-point purchase intention scales were used to measure acceptability and purchase intention, respectively (N = 120). Difference in saltiness was not detected when fresh white bread with 282 mg Na/100 g vs. 231 mg Na/100 g and 279 mg Na/100 g vs. 123 mg Na/100 g were compared. Difference in saltiness was not detected when comparing unsalted vs. 64 mg Na/100 g, while differences were detected when unsalted vs. 105 mg Na/100 g and unsalted vs. 277 mg Na/100 g were compared. Overall acceptability and purchase intention were not affected by reductions of Na in bread. A reduction of up to more than 50% of Na was not perceived and a small level of Na was not distinguished from unsalted bread. Consumers were shown to accept and be willing to buy both unsalted and salt-reduced bread, suggesting that Na can be reduced from current levels.

A unified non-linear system model view of hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity and hysteresis exhibited by rubber

Rubber modeling is an old subject and so many models exist that it is difficult to have a clear vision of what exists and is more appropriate. Rather than attempting a standard review, this paper proposes classification using the traditional system modeling strategy, where raw measurements are either processed to obtain non-parametric models, or used to identify parametric models, whose accuracy can be controlled by order selection or by numerical implementation considerations. A full test campaign, including multi-step relaxation, low speed triangular and sine tests, on a large deformation compression sample is used to illustrate the need to model and combine the base behaviors known as hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, and rate independent hysteresis. The equivalence between linear viscoelasticity and linear time invariant systems is used to clarify the link between order selection and accuracy of a generalized Maxwell model. Rate independent hysteresis is analyzed using a convolution product like the one used for viscoelastic transients by introducing a relaxation modulus. Measurements of the hysteretic relaxation modulus are used to propose strategies to measure the asymptotic hyperelastic modulus and discriminate between different hysteretic model forms. A parallel between Iwan and Maxwell models is detailed, and non-parametric models are used to show that the two overlap in the low frequency small deformation regime. Regularized rate independent hysteresis and non-linear viscoelasticity are finally shown to lead to a similar view allowing a transition between the rate independent and linear relaxation models. The instantaneous ratio analytic force and displacement signals, or instant complex modulus, is introduced as novel non-parametric estimation of sine measurements and shown to be a powerful tool to analyze and validate the fact that a force rate relaxation with non-linear relaxation frequencies is most appropriate to represent the non-linear coupling of all three effects.

Avaliação do congelamento tradicional e do congelamento assistido por campo eletromagnético nas propriedades físicas e sensoriais do abacate (Persea americana Mill) variedade Hass

Abstract This study evaluated the effect on physical and sensory properties of freezing Halved Avocados (HA) by Traditional Method (TM) in a continuous freezer and by electromagnetic field-assisted method (EM) with CAS (Cells Alive System) freezer, obtaining HATM and HAEM, respectively. Each HA from the same specimen (obtaining 2 HA: one for fresh and the other for frozen-thawed state) was coded and evaluated. The firmness of the upper part of the fresh HA was higher (p < 0.05) than the lower part. The freezing curve showed the crystallization phase in the HAEM (from 14.25 to 20.33 min), thus indicating the formation of ice crystals, as well as affecting the significant decrease (p < 0.05) in more than 60% of firmness in the thawed HA concerning the fresh state. Regarding the color, there were differences (p < 0.05) in saturation (C*) between fresh and thawed avocado (HATM and HAEM); however, there were no differences (p > 0.05) in the tonality (h*). Weight loss of thawed HA was less than 0.5%. The sensory evaluation indicated there were no significant differences (p < 0.05) in firmness between the HATM and HAEM using the triangular test.

Investigation of the damage and fracture of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy under dwell-fatigue loadings

Ti-6Al-4V alloy turbine components for aeronautical applications operate at a steady state after reaching the maximum stress during each duty cycle. The load holds combined with the fatigue process causes a phenomenon called the dwell effect. The dwell periods reduce the fatigue strength of disks and blades of aeronautical turbine engines made of titanium alloys. In this work, trapezoidal dwell-fatigue and triangular fatigue tests were performed with a fatigue ratio of 0.1 at room temperature. The trapezoidal waveforms (dwell-fatigue tests) had a 10-second dwell period and 1-second loading and unloading rates for each fatigue cycle. The triangular waveforms (fatigue tests) were equivalent to trapezoidal waveforms with zero seconds at the maximum stress. The Weibull distribution was used to analyze the dwell-fatigue data statistically. The experimental results showed that the dwell-fatigue life debits for dwell periods of 10 seconds at stress levels of 1.0, 0.975, and 0.95 of the material yield strength were 10.2, 10.0, and 4.5, respectively. The results suggest that the dwell sensitivity of Ti-6Al-4V alloy increases at high-stress levels. The fracture of dwell-fatigue specimens occurred at a high-cumulated plastic strain and after a significantly lower fatigue life than at pure fatigue tests, indicating a substantial dwell-life debit of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The damage mechanism responsible for reducing the fatigue life when the dwell time was introduced was the plastic deformation accumulation observed in dwell-fatigue tests, possibly as a result of the stress redistribution mechanism in the α phase grains that leads to slip of dislocations and, consequently, early plastic deformation processes that instigate crack nucleation.

The Statistical Evaluation of E-Exams in Higher Education Institutions during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Iraq

After the COVID-19 Pandemic, electronic Learning has become the unique means of completing curricula, conducting assessments and examinations in Iraqi universities. The present research evaluates an electronic test (E-exam) implementation at one of the Iraqi technical universities (as a case study) based on two samples of 532 teachers and 5268 students. Descriptive and inference statistics were used to analyze the two samples' responses to two questionnaires' questionnaires. The results showed that 84% of the teachers and 68% of the students indicated that the implemented E-exam could not distinguish the outstanding students, leading to unreal scores. On the other hand, 21% of teachers have confidence with E-exam, while 60% of students trust it. Furthermore, the Lakeland Triangular classification test shows that the Grand Mean for the two samples' responses was moderate weight (1.67-2.33), and the teachers' responses were more homogenous with a lower Variance. Both samples' reflections revealed an adverse reaction towards E-exam's suitability for assessment in Technical Education, and so Blended Learning is recommended to meet this requirement. However, enhancement of the infrastructure and more training is needed to obtain effective monitoring.

The performance of the log rank test for different relationships between the hazards: the case of the triangular test in comparison with some other sequential tests

Sequential designs are widely used in medical research for the reason being one of ethics to terminate or alternate a trial as soon as significant evidence are available that saves time, cost and other resources. The most popular and frequently used sequential framework in real life is the Triangular Test with the Christmas tree correction for the important statistical properties that it possesses. Often the log-rank test is used in clinical medicine, and it has been found to be more efficient when the hazards of intervention groups are proportional. Therefore, this study intends to identify the performance of the log-rank test for different relationships between the Hazards departures from proportional hazards in the framework of the sequential design of the Triangular Test as well as some other sequential designs. The results indicate that the log-rank test maintains the desirable significance level when the interim sample size consists of 200 or a greater number of patients for the Triangular design. Moreover, the study findings include that the power of the test is high when proportional hazard is satisfied. The Triangular design performs better with respect to type I error as well as power.

Use of Oleogels to Replace Margarine in Steamed and Baked Buns.

Bakery products are usually formulated with solid fats, like margarines and shortenings, which contain high levels of saturated and trans-fatty acids and have negative effects on human health. In this study, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum (XG) were used as oleogelators to prepare oleogels, using sunflower and olive oil, as substitutes for margarine in baked or steamed buns. The effect of oleogels on the physical properties of the buns was evaluated by analyzing the crumb structure, specific volume, height, and texture. In addition, a triangular discriminatory sensory test was conducted, and lipid digestibility was assessed through in vitro digestion studies. Replacement of margarine with oleogels produced steamed buns with no differences in the crumb structure, volume, height, and texture; however, in baked buns, a less porous and harder structure was produced. No differences in texture were observed between the margarine buns and buns made with oleogels when the triangular test was conducted. The extent of lipolysis was not affected when margarine was replaced by oleogels in the baked and steamed buns. The results suggest that using oleogels instead of margarine in buns could represent an interesting strategy to prepare healthier bakery products.

Prediction of coefficient of friction by using ring with triangular boss compression test

ABSTRACT Ring compression test is a quantitative method used to evaluate various friction conditions at the interface of tool and work piece, by the analysis of inner diameter variations of the ring in metal forming. But the precise measurement of inner diameter of the ring is very difficult due to non-uniform deformation of the inner hole after the compression. To overcome these difficulties of measurement in conventional ring compression test, an alternative method named ring with triangular boss compression test (RTB-CT) is proposed in which two types of geometries of the ring were used one is ring with equilateral triangular boss and another is ring with isosceles triangular boss. Simulations were carried out for geometries of RTB-CT and results for different friction condition were obtained. The calibration curves for ring with equilateral triangular boss and ring with isosceles triangular boss were separately constructed for above mentioned friction conditions. Finally, this method was experimentally verified in determination of coefficient of friction of various lubricating conditions in the cold forging of aluminium rings. Results showed that the shapes of triangular boss remain same during deformation and the sharp edge of triangular boss makes the measurement of outer diameter is quite easier and precise.