Triangular Body Research Articles

Upper limb modeling and motion extraction based on multi-space-fusion

Modeling and motion extraction of human upper limbs are essential for interpreting the natural behavior of upper limb. Owing to the high degrees of freedom (DOF) and highly dynamic nature, existing upper limb modeling methods have limited applications. This study proposes a generic modeling and motion extraction method, named Primitive-Based triangular body segment method (P-BTBS), which follows the physiology of upper limbs, allows high accuracy of motion angles, and describes upper-limb motions with high accuracy. For utilizing the upper-limb modular motion model, the motion angles and bones can be selected as per the research topics (The generic nature of the study targets). Additionally, P-BTBS is suitable in most scenarios for estimating spatial coordinates (The generic nature of equipment and technology). Experiments in continuous motions with seven DOFs and upper-limb motion description validated the excellent performance and robustness of P-BTBS in extracting motion information and describing upper-limb motions, respectively. P-BTBS provides a new perspective and mathematical tool for human understanding and exploration of upper-limb motions, which theoretically supports upper-limb research.

A nematic liquid crystal with an immersed body: equilibrium, stress and paradox

We examine the equilibrium configurations of a nematic liquid crystal with an immersed body in two dimensions. A complex variables formulation provides a means for finding analytical solutions in the case of strong anchoring. Local tractions, forces and torques on the body are discussed in a general setting. For weak (finite) anchoring strengths, an effective boundary technique is proposed which is used to determine asymptotic solutions. The energy-minimizing locations of topological defects on the body surface are also discussed. A number of examples are provided, including circular and triangular bodies, and a Janus particle with hybrid anchoring conditions. Analogies to classical results in fluid dynamics are identified, including d'Alembert's paradox, Stokes’ paradox and the Kutta condition for circulation selection.

A new “flagship” ciliate, Pseudostylonychia obliquocaudata n. gen., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha), from South Korea

The morphology, ontogenesis, and molecular phylogeny of a new ciliate, Pseudostylonychia obliquocaudata n. gen., n. sp., discovered in a semiterrestrial habitat in South Korea, were investigated. The new species is characterized by an obovate or triangular body with pointed posterior end. The caudal area is distinctly obliquely truncated rightwards. Pseudostylonychia n. gen. is established and characterized by the obovate or triangular body, Stylonychia-like infraciliature and macronuclear pattern, and undulating membranes in Laurentiella pattern. It is also characterized by the involvement of cirri III/2 and IV/3 in primordia formation. SEM investigations show that the resting cyst has high, spirally arranged ridges. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA gene sequences show that the new species is placed as a sister to the clade containing sequences of Stylonychia mytilus complex, Stylonychia (Metastylonychia), and Coniculostomum. Furthermore, Stylonychia koreana Kumar et al., 2016 nov. stat. is raised to species level based on the differences in the cyst morphology between the two subspecies of S. ammermanni. Also, Metastylonychia Kumar and Foissner, 2017 nov. stat. is raised to genus rank based on the new molecular data and the morphological and ontogenetic differences to Coniculostomum and Stylonychia.

The invention relates to a small logistics handling trolley based on omni-directional wheel movement

Through the research and analysis of the existing gantry crane and cantilever crane to unload and transport goods, at the same time the application of the characteristics of triangular stability, a combination of the advantages of the three; A triangular omnidirectional cantilever crane is designed and developed by using electric push rod instead of rope lifting and the most basic triangular body.

Studies in Canarium urceus (Linnaeus, 1758) Part 6: A new Canarium species from the Andaman Sea (Gastropoda: Strombidae) and discussion on related species

This part of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus-complex (Linnaeus, 1758) review after Abbott’s revision (Abbott, 1960) revision examines material from the Andaman Sea. At present, material from that region has been synonymised under the name Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linnaeus, 1758). Canarium (Canarium) andamanense new species is known from the Andamanian Subprovince, a semi enclosed basin that is centered on the Andaman Sea and enclosed by the west coasts of Myanmar and Thailand and the Mergui Archipelago in the east, to the northern Malacca Strait in the south, and to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the west. This species is recognized and differentiated by solid, sturdy shells with a triangular body whorl, large knobs on the shoulder and bright orange aperture. This study further confirms that there is a high degree of bioregionalisation within the Canarium complex.

Morphometric and morphological characterization of chicken resources adapted to pastoral and agropastoral areas of southern Ethiopia

Thirteen qualitative and six quantitative variables taken from 303 adult chickens (95 cocks and 208 hens) from three locations/districts were used to phenotypically characterize the indigenous chicken populations in pastoral areas of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia. The studied traits were influenced by the effect of location and sex, where chicken populations from Hamer district and females of all districts were the smallest and lightest. Qualitative characteristics of the studied chicken populations such as normal feather morphology and distribution, plain plumage pattern, flat head shape, triangular body shape, and dominant red eye, earlobe and plumage colour suggest that they constitute previously undescribed populations. Chest circumference, wingspan and body length were the three most important morphometric traits used in discriminating the studied chicken populations. On average, 61% of the sampled populations were classified correctly into their respective locations. The multivariate analysis results discriminate the chicken populations into two groups: the Hamer group and the Omo group (chickens from Bena Tsemay and Male districts). However, such grouping should be confirmed and advanced to ecotype level using further genetic characterization studies as the observed phenotypic differences might be due to genetic or environmental variations. Such confirmation is important to design breeding programmes (for sustainable utilization) specific to each ecotype.

Impression of porous body and magnetic field on the double-diffusive mixed convection traits

A numerical investigation is performed to exemplify the impression of a porous triangular body on the double-diffusive mixed convection traits in a cavity under the influence of magnetic field by employing lattice Boltzmann method. Al2O3−H2O nanofluid is considered as a working fluid, and the dynamically varying effective properties are measured through the Koo-Kleinstreuer-Li (KKL) model. The prime objective of the present analysis is to assess the repercussions of Richardson number (Ri = 0, 1, 5 & 10), Darcy number (10−4≤Da≤10−2), nanofluid volume fraction (Φ = 0% & 4%), and Hartmann number (Ha = 0, 25 & 50) on flow, heat and concentration transfer characteristics in and around the porous body with high temperature and concentration. Also, the variation of thermal and concentration mixings, and their uniformities are examined. It is noticed that the flow field intensity is amplified while increasing Da, Ri and Φ, and is reduced while augmenting Ha. Besides, the effect of Ha on the reduction of heat transfer to the enclosure walls is predominant at higher Da. The formation of thick thermal boundary layer along the slant edge of porous body due to the Ri and Da is significantly reduced while including nanoparticle in the base fluid. On contrary, increment in Φ dampens the concentration transfer traits. However, such adverse effect is efficiently controlled by Ri variation. It is found that the Ri enhancement assists Da to significantly augment concentration transfer. Furthermore, the thermal and concentration mixings are mainly governed by Da and Ri. In addition, the nanoparticle inclusion can alter the behaviour of permeability on concentration mixing and its uniformity.

Entropy generation minimization E.G.M. analysis of free convective hybrid nanofluid flow in a corrugated triangular annulus with a central triangular heater

All heat transfer phenomena are always escorted with entropy production and hence destruct the available work and energy resources. One way to minimize valuable energy rescores, especially in convective heat transfer augmentation situations, is to develop a thermal design that reduces the temperature differences inside the system and thus the entropy generation. This study analyzes an optimal thermal design for an augmented free convective situation considering a hybrid nanofluid flow in a corrugated triangular annulus heated by an underneath partial heater. Three approaches are applied to reduce entropy production: the corrugated walls, an inner heater at a lower non-uniform temperature, and the magnetic field effects. A numerical solution is presented for the normalized governing equations by a finite element method. A comparison with previously published investigation confirms the validity of results. The study reveals the influential role of the presented design in reducing entropy production due to the higher thermal conductivity of hybrid nanofluid. It is noticed that if the inner triangular body is heated at uniform or non-uniform temperature, keeping the magnitude of temperature lesser than the bottom heat source, the overall entropy significantly reduces. Moreover, overall, entropy is minimized if, instead of flat walls, corrugated walls are considered.

Flow Characterization of Bluff Bodies: A Two-Dimensional Transformation From Square to Triangular Cylinder

Abstract In the present study, two-dimensional unsteady, incompressible flow around a square body that is being transformed into a vertex oriented towards the flow configuration of a triangular body is numerically investigated at Re =100 using ANSYS FLUENT 19.0 software. The purpose is to explore the effect of this transformation on the wake characteristics of a square body with l/d = 1 to a triangular body with l/d = 0; where l is the length of lateral and front surface, and d is the body height. The effect on the flow behavior caused by the leading-edge transformation from the prospect of wake width, recirculation length and stagnation pressure difference is discussed. It is seen that as the l/d ratio decreases, the vortex strength increases which is attributed to the higher stagnation pressure difference value resulting in more intense rolling of the shedding vortex and a smaller wake width. For lower l/d, the fluid traverses a longer distance along the lateral surfaces resulting in greater loss of momentum and hence the lower vortex formation length. The mean drag coefficient is found to be minimum for l/d = 0.75 with stagnation pressure difference and recirculation length being the more dominating factor on this variation. The flow in all the cases separates at the rear surface and the general trend of decrease in drag coefficient with decrease in wake width is not followed. However, such modification leads to better aerodynamic outcome by weakening the periodic drag and lift forces.

A unified seakeeping and maneuvering analysis of multiple linked towing system with triangular Bodies

Three-legged triangular tension leg platforms (TLPs), which are a kind of compliant-type floating structure, are drawing attention from industrial society. To reduce the transportation cost, a multiple linked ship towing system that the platform and anchor are linked and wet towed is studied. A unified seakeeping and maneuvering method which can take account of the hydrodynamic interaction between the bodies and utilize the experimental results for tuning the damping coefficients is proposed to model the towing system. In the method, a low-pass filter is applied to separate the slowly and fast motion components for the maneuvering and seakeeping calculations. The maneuvering and seakeeping problems can thus be solved simultaneously with a same time scale. SimMechanics™, which provides multi-body simulation environment for mechanical systems, is applied to implement the numerical model for studying the fully coupled six degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) motion of the towing system. Besides, experiments are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the system and the effectiveness of the numerical model. A circular motion in irregular waves is studied at the end and the issues of the system are discussed accordingly.

Simulation of Natural Convection around an Inclined Heating Triangular Cylinder Using Lattice Boltzmann Method: On the Stabilization of the Oscillatory Regime by Using Nanoparticles

Natural convection heat transfer in an inclined outer square cylinder confining a heated triangular cylinder is studied numerically using the Lattice Boltzmann method. The working fluid (pure water or Al2O3-water nanofluid) is confined in the space between the heated triangular body and an outer square cylinder. The cooling process of the system is ensured through two opposite isothermal cold walls of the external cylinder. The parameters governing the present problem are the Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), the inclination of the configuration (0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°), and the volume fraction of nanoparticles (0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04). The results obtained are presented in terms of streamlines, isothermes, intensities of the flow cells, and Nusselt numbers. This study shows that the inclination of the studied configuration has an important effect on the flow structure, the flow cells’ intensities, the amount of heat evacuated through each of the two cold walls and on the steadiness of the final state of the flow (steady or unsteady). It is shown that the inclination of the system has a moderate effect on the global quantity of heat leaving the block ( undergoes a maximum variation of 12.2% when the inclination is varied in its range). In addition, we show that it is possible to eliminate the Hopf’s instabilities and bring the flow to the steady regime by adding Al2O3 nanoparticles with certain volume fraction in the base fluid.

Characterization of Phthirus pubis With Ex Vivo Dermoscopy.

Pubic lice are smaller, less pigmented, and less mobile than head lice, and thus more difficult to observe with naked eye.1 In addition, the increasing habit of pubic hair removal has led to a falling incidence of pubic lice owing to the destruction of its natural habitat.2 This may be responsible for the atypical patterns of Phthirus pubis infestation in other parts of the body (eyebrows, axillae, trunk)2 and may be an underestimated cause of resistant pruritus and dermatitis. In vivo dermoscopy is useful for identifying nits and lice on the skin in these cases.1,3 However, a better characterization of the parasite can be made by collecting it from the skin surface with a transparent adhesive tape. This ex vivo dermoscopy is a simple and convenient method that allows for a more hygienic and detailed examination (Fig. 1), with no need of other devices, such as direct,3 confocal,4 or electron microscopy.5P. pubis has a short and broad body with 6 legs. The first pair of legs is slim; the second and third pairs are thicker and carry brown claws for grasping hair. The anterior portion has small mouthparts, used for probing the skin and withdrawing blood from dermal vessels. The ingested blood flows through the digestive tract, identified as brown-reddish structures in both sides and middle of the body (Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, https://links.lww.com/OLQ/A453). External openings of the respiratory system, called spiracles, are seen as several brown dots at the periphery of the body. Air enters through them and is delivered to the organs by air tubes, depicted as a network of brown longitudinal and transverse lines.4,5Figure 1: Dermoscopic characterization of P. pubis (DermLite DL4W, contact, polarized light). Broad and triangular body with 2 anterior slim legs, and 4 posterior thick legs with dark brown claws (C). D indicates digestive system, brown-reddish colored due to ingested blood; M, mouthparts with antennae; S, spiracles, corresponding to the external openings of the respiratory system, which is conformed by arranged and branching air tubes (T).First-line treatment is topical 1% permethrin. Other pediculicide drugs include 0.2% phenothrin, 0.5% malathion, 1% lindane, and topical or oral ivermectin.6 In conclusion, ex vivo handheld dermoscopy is a useful technique for a quick bedside diagnosis of pediculosis and species identification.Video: Ex vivo dermoscopy showing an alive P. pubis removed from the skin (Supplemental Digital Content 1, https://links.lww.com/OLQ/A453). Note the peristaltic movements pumping the ingested blood through the digestive system (DermLite DL4W, contact, polarized light).

Purification and cultivation of mouse primary retinal microvascular pericytes based on pre-incubation

Objective To establish a simple method for isolation, purification and cultivation of primary retinal microvascular pericytes (RMPs) from mice. Methods Retinas were isolated from mice following with mechanical morcel, enzymatic digestion and filtration.The retinal fragments were incubated with low glucose DMEM with 20% fetal bovine serum after 24 hours pre-incubation.Differential digestion was used for purification of primary RMPs.Morphological examination of cells was performed by phase contrast microscopy, and further characterization was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.Functional assay was evaluated by the pericytes-endothelial cells (ECs) co-culture system.The treatment and use of experimental animals followed the regulations on the administration of experimental animals promulgated by the state science and technology commission. Results Cells migrated out of fragments after 24 hours of incubation, and developed into small or large colonies gradually.The cells and their subpassages presented typical pericyte morphology with large irregular triangular cell bodies and multiple long processes.No contact inhibition was observed.Most cells uniformly expressed the cellular markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), a few cells expressed the cellular markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), but no cell expressed von Willebrand factor (vWF). The purity rate of RMPs was up to 97%.In the co-culture system, RMPs directly contacted with ECs to form the capillary-like cords in vitro. Conclusions A simple method for the isolation, purification cultivation of mouse RMPs is established, and active RMPs can be readily obtained by this method. Key words: Retinal microvascular pericyte; Pre-incubation; Isolation; Purification; Cultivation

A Comparative Study on Fabric Efficiencies for Different Human Body Shapes in the Apparel Industry

Abstract In the apparel manufacturing, fabric utilization always remains the significant apprehensions in controlling the production expenditure. Alteration in pattern shapes and marker preparation leads to the enormous utilization of fabric. The purpose of this research is to study fabric efficiency in correspondence with four different human body shapes in both genders. Two clothing styles, fitted trousers and fitted shirts, were processed conventionally in the garment manufacturing company. The comparative study of auto-marker and manual-marker making through Garment Gerber Technology (GGT) software were also accomplished. The evaluation of fabric consumptions, marker efficiency, marker loss, fabric loss, and fabric cost relevant to four different body shapes was analyzed for both women and men. The investigation carried out in this article concludes that there are differences in fabric consumptions, efficiencies, and cost-effectiveness relative to body shapes. The result revealed that the manualmarker of trousers for triangular body shape in women’s wears has the least fabric consumption (most cost-effective), whereas the shirt’s auto-marker for an oval body shape in men’s wears has the most fabric utilization (least costeffective). The manual-virtual-marker making is efficient (significant p-value) than auto-generated-markers. Also, fabric utilization for women’s garments is cost-effective than that for men. Trousers are cost-effective compared to the shirts.

Diagnostic classification for malocclusions with facial prognathism and its incorporation into mandibular morphological analysis

Since its introduction, the diagnostic classification for malocclusions with facial prognathism has been well recognized and practically applied in orthodontic specialty. According to this classification, the malocclusions with a prognathic facial profile can be categorized into 4 classes: dento-alveolar originated, skeletally originated, mandibular positioning and combined skeletal and mandibular positioning, i.e, combined subtype I and subtype II. Among the new developments of this innovative malocclusion classification, the morphological assessment of mandibular body highlights a new impetus. Other than measuring the angular and linear perimeters only, this new dogma focuses on evaluating the physical contours of the mandible through cephalometric images. It includes the determination of geometric morphology of the mandible and the depth of symphysis curvature. Two types of mandibular morphology are common in patients with facial prognathism: a favorable flat and horizontally rectangular body with a prominent chin; and a unfavorable thick and vertically triangular body with a retrusive chin. The depth of the symphysis, on the other hand, is shown to be shallow or deep. It is noted that the prognathism with mandibular retruded positioning has a flat mandible and unfavorable triangle-shaped mandible exists only in skeletal prognathism. This new classification restricts the extraction indications for malocclusions with a prognathic facial profile: extraction should be refrained in cases with increased overjet, overbite and deep curve of Spee, and SGTB orthopedic therapy, instead, is recommended.

Equilibria in the gravitational field of a triangular body

The existence, stability and bifurcation analysis is performed for equilibria of a material point in the gravitational field of three homogeneous penetrable balls fixed in absolute frame. The radii of the balls are assumed finite. In the case when the mass distribution admits a symmetry axis, analytic expressions are written out, allowing one to investigate the properties of equilibrium positions located both on the symmetry axis and outside it. The stability of solutions is studied; domains with different instability degree are described.

Collocation of equilibria in gravitational field of triangular body via mass redistribution

We consider a gravitating system with triangular mass distribution that can be used as approximation of gravitational field for small irregular celestial bodies. In such system, the locations of equilibrium points, that is, the points where the gravitational forces are balanced, are analyzed. The goal is to find the mass distribution which provides equilibrium in a pre-assigned location near the triangular system, and to study the stability of this equilibrium.

A Contribution to the Morphology and Phylogeny of Chlamydodon, with Three New Species from China (Ciliophora, Cyrtophoria)

Three new cyrtophorian ciliates isolated from coastal areas of China were described based on morphological and genetic data. The Chlamydodon mnemosyne-like species Chlamydodon similis sp. n. differs from its congeners mainly by its number of somatic kineties. Chlamydodon oligochaetus sp. n. is distinguished from its congeners mainly by having fewer somatic kineties, and/or an elongated body shape. Chlamydodon crassidens sp. n. is characterized mainly by an inverted triangular body shape, a posteriorly interrupted cross-striated band (5-6μm wide), and a large cytostome. Moreover, we provided small-subunit (SSU) rDNA sequences of C.similis sp. n. and C.oligochaetus sp. n. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) consistently placed C.similis sp. n. as a sister to C.paramnemosyne, but showed different branching position of C.oligochaetus sp. n., which may be due to a low taxon sampling in the Chlamydodontidae and/or an insufficient resolution of the marker gene at species level.

Model reduction and mechanism for the vortex-induced vibrations of bluff bodies

We present an effective reduced-order model (ROM) technique to couple an incompressible flow with a transversely vibrating bluff body in a state-space format. The ROM of the unsteady wake flow is based on the Navier–Stokes equations and is constructed by means of an eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA). We investigate the underlying mechanism of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder at low Reynolds number via linear stability analysis. To understand the frequency lock-in mechanism and self-sustained VIV phenomenon, a systematic analysis is performed by examining the eigenvalue trajectories of the ERA-based ROM for a range of reduced oscillation frequency $(F_{s})$, while maintaining fixed values of the Reynolds number ($Re$) and mass ratio ($m^{\ast }$). The effects of the Reynolds number $Re$, the mass ratio $m^{\ast }$ and the rounding of a square cylinder are examined to generalize the proposed ERA-based ROM for the VIV lock-in analysis. The considered cylinder configurations are a basic square with sharp corners, a circle and three intermediate rounded squares, which are created by varying a single rounding parameter. The results show that the two frequency lock-in regimes, the so-called resonance and flutter, only exist when certain conditions are satisfied, and the regimes have a strong dependence on the shape of the bluff body, the Reynolds number and the mass ratio. In addition, the frequency lock-in during VIV of a square cylinder is found to be dominated by the resonance regime, without any coupled-mode flutter at low Reynolds number. To further discern the influence of geometry on the VIV lock-in mechanism, we consider the smooth curve geometry of an ellipse and two sharp corner geometries of forward triangle and diamond-shaped bluff bodies. While the ellipse and diamond geometries exhibit the flutter and mixed resonance–flutter regimes, the forward triangle undergoes only the flutter-induced lock-in for $30\leqslant Re\leqslant 100$ at $m^{\ast }=10$. In the case of the forward triangle configuration, the ERA-based ROM accurately predicts the low-frequency galloping instability. We observe a kink in the amplitude response associated with 1:3 synchronization, whereby the forward triangular body oscillates at a single dominant frequency but the lift force has a frequency component at three times the body oscillation frequency. Finally, we present a stability phase diagram to summarize the VIV lock-in regimes of the five smooth-curve- and sharp-corner-based bluff bodies. These findings attempt to generalize our understanding of the VIV lock-in mechanism for bluff bodies at low Reynolds number. The proposed ERA-based ROM is found to be accurate, efficient and easy to use for the linear stability analysis of VIV, and it can have a profound impact on the development of control strategies for nonlinear vortex shedding and VIV.

Evolution of an eroding cylinder in single and lattice arrangements

The coupled evolution of an eroding cylinder immersed in a fluid within the subcritical Reynolds range is explored with scale resolving simulations. Erosion of the cylinder is driven by fluid shear stress. Kármán vortex shedding features in the wake and these oscillations occur on a significantly smaller time scale compared to the slowly eroding cylinder boundary. Temporal and spatial averaging across the cylinder span allows mean wall statistics such as wall shear to be evaluated; with geometry evolving in 2-D and the flow field simulated in 3-D. The cylinder develops into a rounded triangular body with uniform wall shear stress which is in agreement with existing theory and experiments. We introduce a node shuffle algorithm to reposition nodes around the cylinder boundary with a uniform distribution such that the mesh quality is preserved under high boundary deformation. A cylinder is then modelled within an infinite array of other cylinders by simulating a repeating unit cell and their profile evolution is studied. A similar terminal form is discovered for large cylinder spacings with consistent flow conditions and an intermediate profile was found with a closely packed lattice before reaching the common terminal form.