Conflict Triangle Research Articles

Mindfulness Approach and the Redefined Analysis Model of Conflict the Case Study of the Ukraine Conflict

To address the gaps in previous studies, this paper explores the integration of mindfulness approaches in understanding and tackling the Ukraine conflict. While existing research has predominantly focused on traditional theoretical frameworks like constructivism, neoliberalism, and realism, the potential insights offered by a mindfulness approach remain largely unexplored. This study aims to elucidate how mindfulness principles such as compassion, empathy, and non-judgmental awareness can offer valuable perspectives and effective strategies for resolving conflict and fostering peace in Ukraine. By critically analysing the complexities and dynamics of the conflict, the paper transforms the traditional ABC triangle of conflict into an expanded ABCM diamond of conflict, incorporating a mindfulness approach. Through expert interviews and an analysis of secondary data sources, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of conflict resolution techniques and offers novel approaches to addressing contemporary geopolitical challenges such as the Ukraine conflict.

Influence of Statist Inter-ethnic Economic Transformation in the Management of Inter- ethnic Conflicts in Bungoma County, Kenya

Globally, disputes over economic resources often complicated inter-ethnic conflicts. In Kenya, specifically in Bungoma County inter-ethnic economic reasons underpinned 1963 including 1992 conflicts. Objective of the study was to examine the influence of statist inter-ethnic economic integration in management of inter-ethnic conflict in Bungoma. A conceptual framework underpinned by Lederach’s Conflict Transformation and Gultang’s Conflict Triangle guided the study. A descriptive research design was applied. The study was conducted in Bungoma County. Population was sampled by Simple Radom and Purposively. The sample size of 400 participants used was derived from 1375065 population using Yamane 1967 formula. Questionnaires, interviews, Focus Group Discussions and document analysis were instruments used. Microsoft Excel, thematisation, corroboration and verification analysed data. The findings were: Unlike eldership 42%, intermarriage 23% and culture 20%, 15% of respondents agreed that trade initially influenced inter-ethnic co-existence. Its role was alienated and differentiated by colonization. Statist inter-ethnic economic transformation mutated from inter-ethnic inequitable: Economic distribution and access to lack of resources and high population all rated at 16% to inter-ethnic economic political neglect 21%, economic stagnation 15% and competition over resources 17%. Inter-ethnic economic integration diversity policies identified were to be guided by economic equity, population spread and affirmative action. Challenges established were inter-ethnic iniquities in economic, education and development. The study recommends enforcement of inter-ethnic equity policies in resource distribution, jobs and in development.

Influence of Statist Inter-ethnic Political Leadership Transformation in the Management of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Bungoma County, Kenya

The study interrogates the influence of statist inter-ethnic political leadership transformation in the management of inter-ethnic conflicts in Bungoma County. In Kenya, specifically in Bungoma, the 1963 conflict in the region acquired a political and national outlook. In 1992, despite 29 years of independence, the violence was unparalleled. The specific objective of the study was to examine the effect of statist inter-ethnic political leadership integration in the management of inter-ethnic conflict in Bungoma County. The study followed a conceptual framework that was based on Lederach's Conflict Transformation and Gultang's Conflict Triangle theories. A descriptive research design was adopted. By using the Yamane 1967 formula, a sample size of 400 participants was derived from the 1375065 population. Participants were distributed randomly, purposefully, and proportionately. Questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and document analysis were used to collect primary and secondary data, respectively. Microsoft Excel performed both quantitative and qualitative data analysis through thematization, corroboration, and verification. The findings were: Unlike inter-marriage (23%), culture (20%), and trade (15%), 42% of respondents concurred that elders were key in influencing inter-ethnic co-existence. However, colonisation alienated them and made them distinct in their roles. Independent statist political leadership transformation mutated from precipitating inter-ethnic inclined: corruption and greed 17%, political repression 16%, political participation in government 15%, punishment 14%, torture 13%, and demotion 12% to inter-ethnic integration of glimpses of diversity policies into political leadership. Even though peacebuilding was going on, the biggest problems that still needed to be solved were the enforcement of inter-ethnic political leadership integration policies in Bungoma County, the translation of the inter-ethnic political leadership transformation initiative into documentary and creative art, and the separation of administrative and political boundaries from ethnic boundaries.

Object relations couple therapy for a married Korean man with sexual dysfunction

AbstractThis study uses James Donovan's object relations couple therapy to examine the triangle of focus (conflict style, couple characteristics, and family of origin) and triangle of conflict (anxiety, defence mechanisms, and hidden emotions) of a married Korean man with sexual dysfunction (reduced sexual desire, premature ejaculation, and erectile dysfunction). This qualitative study uses thematic analysis to identify, describe, and analyse a family therapy case study. The aim of this study is to examine the couple's interaction patterns and experiences of conflicts related to the husband's erectile dysfunction. The researchers induced patterns or topics by repeatedly reading and comparing the data. Then, they textualised and analysed the relevant data. To ensure the reliability and validity of the data analysis, the researchers conducted shared coding sessions to review and discuss the initial codes and the generated main themes and subthemes, triangulating the qualitative data. Findings show that a newlywed husband's sexual dysfunction is associated with his emotional resistance towards his wife's unilateral pursuit over their sexual relationship and the negative emotions triggered by their dysfunctional interactions. Further, couple characteristics, conflict style (dysfunctional interactions), and family‐of‐origin factors (transference and patrilocality) influenced their sexual relationship. Therefore, therapists who counsel Korean couples with sexual issues may pay attention to the sociocultural factors, interactional patterns, and psychological factors associated with unresolved issues with their families of origin.

Land Conflict Resolution for Chilonga Village

The Ministry of Lands, Agriculture, Water, Climate, and Rural Resettlement issued statutory instrument (S.I) 50 of 2021, announcing the 12940 hectares of Chilonga land is commercialized for national food security. The statutory instrument (S.I) 50 of 2021 also stated that the Chilonga villagers immediately pave way for the lucerne grass irrigation project. The problem with this research is that the Ministry of Land has the power to relocate people in all communal lands according to the constitution of Zimbabwe and the Communal lands Act Chapter 20:04, but failed to resettle the Chilonga villagers. This research aims to analyze the causes of the Chilonga land conflict, the Ministry of Lands's capacity to carry out the Chilonga land resettlement, and how the government can intervene in resolving the Chilonga land conflict. Theories and concepts used are; strategy theory, conflict tree concept, conflict triangle theory, and national security concept. This research employs a qualitative research method involving nine informants. The results of the study show that the causes of the Chilonga land conflict are poor strategic planning, poor communication, cultural beliefs, political influence, lack of trust, and land compensation. The research results also show that the Ministry is lacking the capacity to conduct Chilonga resettlement. Finally, the research shows that the government should provide adequate support to the resettlement program and also should consider win-win conflict resolution.

A dam, a park, and offsets: Analyzing socio-ecological conflict in Santander, Colombia, through political ecology and Galtung's conflict triangle

Environmental offsets are proposed as a solution to counterbalance the inherent conflict between extractive development and environmental protection. However, with the expansion of offsetting projects across the world, new socio-ecological conflicts are emerging as a direct consequence of these initiatives. This article examines a case study of environmental offsets implemented in Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de los Yariguíes located in Santander, Colombia, to compensate for the impacts of the Hidrosogamoso hydroelectric dam. Based on fieldwork conducted between 2018 and 2019 and adopting an analytical framework that combines Johan Galtung's conflict triangle with political ecology, this study reveals the contradictory goals, values, policies and narratives, and the behaviors and attitudes that have led to tensions. In doing so, it highlights the social impacts of offset projects implemented in a protected area, as well as the practical and ethical challenges of attempting to offset environmental harm.

“Let’s Draw a Line between Dos and Don’ts”: Pakistani Journalists’ Perspectives about the Ethics of Conflict-Sensitive Reporting

In conflict-ridden countries, the news media has a pivotal role to perform as an active advocate of human rights and societal peace, as well as a facilitator of conflict mitigation and resolution through the gathering and dissemination of non-partisan information. While today the world witness armed conflicts in more forms than ever before, some countries are more sensitive to conflict and violence—such as Pakistan. The country is recognized as one of the riskiest places for working journalists by virtue of recurrent political, ethnic, and religious conflicts. The Pakistani journalists work in a climate of fear and risks and with opposing groups seeking to influence the news media, which creates more difficulties for them to report unbiased and accurate news to the public. The practice of ethics has become more challenging for the Pakistani journalists because the country lacks an effective and standardized code of conduct to report on conflict. Therefore, drawing on the theory of the conflict triangle by Galtung, this study seeks the Pakistani journalists’ perspectives about the ethics of conflict sensitive reporting. In doing so, this study uses the quantitative method of survey and the qualitative method of in-depth interviews. The study uses descriptive analysis to present the survey findings in the form of percentage and thematic analysis to present the findings of interview data.

Ethnic Conflict and UN Peacekeeping Operations in Cote d’Ivoire

The article critically examines the effectiveness of the UN (peacekeeping) Operation mission in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI). In doing so, it elucidates the challenges associated with employing Chapter VI and Chapter VII (i.e., non-military coercion [Article 41] and forcible military action [Article 42] to resolve the ethnic conflict amongst the disputed parties. In particular, it considers the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as ‘forcible military action’ and argues that the implication of the framework has resulted in effective peace enforcement (i.e., UNOCI completed its mandate in June 2017). The article also illuminates several underlying factors that led to violent conflict eruption in Côte d'Ivoire. The analysis has been presented through the Hourglass model and conflict triangle to realize the engagement of R2P encompassing relevant stakeholders for sustained peace in a conflict-ridden country.

Peace Strategies and Approaches for Resolving the Conflict of Terrorism in Indonesia

The end of the Cold War marked the shift of world threats from traditional military threats to asymmetric non-traditional threats of terrorism. Terrorist groups emerge with various backgrounds. Domestic political instability in the form of conflict and separatism to revenge motivation or being affected by the threat of terrorism in other countries. The purpose of this research is to analyze the strategy and approach of peace to resolve the terrorism conflict. The method used in this research is literature review. The data sources in this study were taken from the Scopus data base and several other data bases such as Connected papers, Openknowledge maps and Google Scolar to support this research, then some data were taken from the news. The findings in this study emphasize that apart from the hard approach and also the soft approach as an approach in resolving the conflict of terrorism, there are other approaches that can be used as an alternative approach, namely the conflict triangle where this approach has not been widely adopted in Indonesia.

The Roots of Violence in the Rivalry between Football Club Fans and Supporters Using the ABC Triangle Theory of Johan Galtung

Sport is universal, loved by many people in almost all countries worldwide. As a sport that can be played by many people from all walks of life, football has the potential to be a sport capable of bringing about a spirit of unity and solidarity in a society. However, football can sometimes spark conflict and violence. Excessive football enthusiasm can lead football fans and supporters to become anarchistic and assault individuals who support other teams. This can result in material damages, injuries, and even the loss of life. This essay will examine football fanaticism and football fan violence. Using the ABC conflict triangle theory introduced by Johan Galtung, researchers will analyze how attitudes, behaviors, and contradictions that fans and supporters of football clubs own can trigger football fanaticism and violence. The researchers concluded that these three factors played a role in the outbreak of violence, coupled with other factors such as educational level and socio-economic conditions. The researcher believes that the government, through football organizations, can play a role in suppressing football fanaticism and preventing violence from occurring before, during and after football matches are held. As the core and main part of football, fans and supporters of football clubs must be self-aware and try to be more rational, calm, and not easily provoked to make football a sport that truly unites and is full of solidarity.

Peace strategies and approaches for resolving the conflict of terrorism in Indonesia

The end of the Cold War marked the shift of world threats from traditional military threats to asymmetric non-traditional threats of terrorism. Terrorist groups emerge with various backgrounds. Domestic political instability in the form of conflict and separatism to revenge motivation or being affected by the threat of terrorism in other countries. This research aims to analyze the strategy and approach of peace to resolve the terrorism conflict. The method used in this research is a literature review. The data sources in this study were taken from the Scopus database and several other databases such as Connected papers, Openknowledge maps, and Google Scholar to support this research. Then some data were taken from the news. The findings in this study emphasize that apart from the complex approach and the soft approach as an approach in resolving the conflict of terrorism, other approaches can be used as an alternative approach, namely the conflict triangle, where this approach has not been widely adopted in Indonesia.

The Fragility–Grievances–Conflict Triangle in the MENA Region: Conclusions of the Special Issue

Several problems related to violence, grievances and states’ lack of legitimacy and capacity to manage economic, social and political issues are clustered together as a lump of misery in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) [...]

INDIAN POLITICO-RELIGIOUS EXTREMISM AND KASHMIR: A STUDY OF MODI’s INDIA

Individual or group identities based upon religion are able to cause political activation affecting cogency of governments and their policies. Imprint of religion on state’s politics affect the secularity of any federation and thus has the capacity of impact the existing political complexities and conflicts rooted in religious and political identities. The rationale of this research paper is to analyze if Indian oscillatory political behaviour fits neatly into the theoretical framework of Johan Galtung’s Conflict Triangle. The research paper seeks to (i) analyze radicalization of Indian society on the basis of Hindutva, (ii) validates that Indian politics transitioned from secularity to extremism under Modi’s Hindutva Nationalism and (iii) Indian political radicalization has worsened the already precarious situation of Kashmir Conflict. The paper in light of given framework fills the existing niche that Indian political extremism has transformed a relatively non-conflictual situation into a fully brewed conflict.

Konflik Kepemimpinan Jamaah Tabligh Di Kota Padang, Sumatera Barat

n da’wah, the Jama'at Tabligh offers a more friendly and polite format of Islam, because in their da'wah they have the principle of ikram al-muslim or glorifying fellow Muslims. In addition they are also known as organizations that avoid the problem of khilafiyah. However, the stigma is violated because they internal conflicts. This study aims to examine the internal conflicts of Tablighi Jamaat. This study focuses on looking the background and the dynamic of conflict that occur in the internal of Jamaah Tabligh. This study uses qualitative methods and conflict triangle theory developed by Johan Galtung. The findings of study indicate the conflict is caused by the problem of leadership or determination of amir. This leadership conflict made the Tabligh Jamaah split into two groups namely the Syuro Alami group and Nizamuddin. The Natural Syuro group made the Muhammadan Mosque in Pondok, Padang as headquarters, while the Nizamuddin group made the Madinatul Munawarah Mosque in the city of Padang as headquarters. At present what happens between the two groups is throwing accusations at each other and berating each other.The conflict caused mutual accusations and verbal abuse between the two groups.

MEMBANGUN RELASI UMAT BERAGAMA PASCA KONFLIK AGAMA DI TANJUNGBALAI

<pre><strong>Abstract</strong><strong></strong></pre><p><em>In order to create relations between religious communities on the basis of tolerance, it is very important to intensify dialogue between religious communities. Because dialogue is an appropriate resolution in building peace between religious communities. The research results found in this paper related to the post conflict that occurred in Tanjungbalai City is a bridge in creating harmony by fostering tolerance, caring for others and increasing solidarity among fellow communities in Tanjungbalai. This research is a field research. This research emphasizes the function of theory as a tool to sharpen the sensitivity of researchers in seeing religious conflicts in Tanjungbalai and formulating Johan Galtung's conflict triangle theory (peace keeping, peace making and peace building) as a means of building good relations after conflict. The purpose of this study is to build relationships between religious communities in the Tanjungbalai community by removing the truth claim of a religion, feeling suspicious and trying to be inclusive in religion. With this effort, it is expected that a harmonious relationship between religious communities will be created after the Burning of the Vihara in Tanjungbalai.</em></p><pre> </pre><pre><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>Relationships, Religious People and Post-Conflict</em></pre><pre> </pre>

INTENSIVE SHORT-TERM DYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY (ISTDP) FOR OLDER ADULTS? EVIDENCE, THEORY, TECHNIQUE, AND CASE PRESENTATION

Psychotherapy is an evidence-based treatment for older adult mental health patients and is preferred by many older patients over pharmacotherapy. Conventional wisdom asserts that psychotherapy with older adults must be slow and limited to the pursuit of only modest goals. Yet clinical experience and recent research conducted by Brandon C. Yarns, MD, indicates that some older adults can make rapid, profound, and lasting change with a psychotherapeutic modality called Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP). ISTDP was developed by Habib Davanloo, MD, between the 1970s and early 2000s and is an experiential, emotion-focused, and psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy based on Freud's Second Theory of Anxiety. ISTDP is known for its rapid challenge to patients’ defenses, intensely emotional moments, and the use of specific techniques to pursue substantial treatment goals in a relatively short duration of treatment compared to psychoanalysis and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. ISTDP has been tested in many clinical trials and now meets evidence-based criteria for complex and challenging clinical problems, which include somatoform disorders, personality disorders, and treatment-resistant depression in adults. This session aims to introduce participants to the utility of ISTDP for some older adults. First, emerging evidence of the success and advantages over standard psychotherapy of an ISTDP-based group modality in older adults with chronic pain will be reviewed. Second, participants will be introduced to the theory and technique of ISTDP. The focus of this section will be not only to review basic ISTDP metapsychological and technical concepts but to address the rationale for why this technique is applicable to some older adults, appropriate patient selection, and the challenges commonly encountered in performing ISTDP with older adults. Practical information on how to provide ISTDP-based psychoeducation to patients about their clinical problems will be provided, including how clinicians can explain problems in terms of defenses against unwanted feelings (i.e., the Triangle of Conflict). Third, a video recorded patient session will be presented which demonstrates the successful application of ISTDP techniques to an older adult mental health patient. Finally, ample time will be provided to address questions, discuss audience reactions, and debate whether ISTDP is of potential utility for some older adults. Session presenters, including Brandon C. Yarns, MD, Ali Najafian Jazi, MD, and Allan A. Anderson, MD, have extensive research and clinical experience in the application of ISTDP to older adults.

The Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict in Southern Province Thailand

This paper explains how the ethnic conflict process that occurred in the Southern Province of Thailand to the process of resolving conflicts between the Government of Thailand and local residents in the Southern Province of Thailand. The conflict is based on the history of the Southern Thailand region between the Thai Government and the Malay Muslim population. Then, it caused conflicting attitudes and behaviors in responding to this conflict from each of the warring parties. This paper uses the concept of the conflict triangle from Johan Galtung where this conflict comes from perceptions based on historical differences, then followed by differences in conflicting behavior from each party and differences in interests. Then, using the concept of the source of conflict from Bernard Meyer, the source of the conflict that comes from historical differences so that it affects how to communicate, emotional reactions, values ??and structures owned. Then, using the concept of the stage of conflict resolution from Johan Galtung, this conflict is at the peacekeeping level where Malaysia is the mediator between the two warring parties. In resolving conflicts, both parties need to change attitudes and behavior in transforming different interests.

Conservation conflict: Managing forestry versus hen harrier species under Europe's Birds Directive

In this paper we examine an example of a conservation conflict that is encountered in Ireland arising from the designation of Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for the Hen Harrier under the European Birds Directive (Directive, 2009/147/EC) and the consequent restrictions that are placed on forestry activities within these SPAs. We examine the causes of the Hen Harrier-forestry conflict; identify what stakeholders believe are the policy instruments and management strategies that may be useful in managing the conflict and finally identify plausible solutions that may be relevant to similar conflicts around multi-functional forests elsewhere in Europe and globally. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key actors in this conflict. Drawing on Walker and Daniels’ conflict triangle theory, a qualitative analysis of the transcripts of these interviews revealed that the conflict between Hen Harrier conservation and forestry in Ireland has a number of deep-rooted dimensions including those relating to the substance (e.g. restrictions on forest management activity in the SPAs), as well as procedural (e.g. lack of stakeholder engagement) and relationship dimensions (e.g. lack of trust). The polarisation of views in this conflict testifies to how entrenched stakeholders can become through lack of communication and trust. The policy instruments that stakeholders identified as having potential to address the conflict include the introduction of incentives/compensation scheme; changes to restrictions; more data and research on Hen Harrier bird surveys; implementation of landscape management models; and better communication and stakeholder engagement. The study highlights that conservation conflicts persist due to the multi-functional nature of forests and also due to repeated mistakes in terms of the lack of engagement with local stakeholders. Increasing the involvement of local actors has important substantive and instrumental benefits including improving the quality of decisions, as well as creating a greater chance of policies being better socially and politically acceptable. The need for more and better capacity-building across EU Member States for statutory and government agencies to learn from one another in terms of how to avoid repeating the same mistakes from one site to another is highlighted.

The theory of peaceful conflicts transformation of J. Galtung and its potential

The article analyzes the scientific approaches to conflict as a socio-political phenomenon and the theory of peaceful transformation of conflicts of the Norwegian scientist J. Galtung.Conflict can perform both positive and negative functions in society. If we consider society at the macro level, the social sciences have developed two main approaches to its analysis – structural-functional and conflicting. The first approach emphasizes the negative effects of conflict on society, while the second draws attention to its functional nature.J. Galtung defines the conflict as a social system of subjects with incompatible target states and identifies three key components in its structure: attitude, behavior, contradictions (conflict triangle), and the basis of fundamental conflicts, according to the scientist, laid the key human needs: security, welfare, freedom and identity.The life cycle of a conflict is divided into three phases by the scientist – before the violence, during the violence and after the violence, which he separates from each other by the explosion and termination of the violence. But this does not mean that violence cannot be avoided at all and that conflict is inevitably accompanied by violence and destruction, according to J. Galtung.The typology of conflicts of J. Galtung and five main ways of their solution are investigated, among which his method “transcend” is considered as the most difficult and at the same time the best way to achieve optimal result for all subjects of the conflict. The method of “transcend” aims to transform the conflict, which involves transferring it to a new reality and achieving peace. Compassion, non-violence, and creativity – this is what the main approaches of J. Galtung provides for the successful resolution and transformation of the conflict.The proposals of the scientist concerning the transformation of well-known international conflicts in the twentieth century, in particular between North and South Korea and between Peru and Ecuador, are analyzed.The view is expressed that J. Galtung's theory has a great humanistic potential, since in the presence of centers of permanent international conflicts and the threat of the use of nuclear weapons, it offers the most optimal ways for their peaceful settlement.

Three-way conflict analysis: Reformulations and extensions of the Pawlak model

This paper introduces a model of three-way conflict analysis by reformulating and extending the original model by Pawlak. The proposed model is based on the philosophy, methodology, and mechanism of thinking and processing in threes of a theory of three-way decision. We examine a trisection of agents and a trisection of pairs of agents, as well as their relationships. We adopt a hexagon to represent geometrically a trisection, which gives an intuitive and effective tool for studying three-way decision. According to the two trisections, we suggest three levels of conflict consisting of strong conflict, weak conflict, and non-conflict. The results are described geometrically by a triangle of conflict. The new model of three-way conflict analysis (a) clarifies important conceptual and semantics interpretations of conflict, (b) removes some inconsistencies in the Pawlak model, and (c) gives a more general conception of conflict analysis with three levels of conflict by using many-valued ratings.