Triamcinolone Acetonide In Treatment Research Articles

53189 Optimizing intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatment for isolated nail psoriasis: An intra-subject randomized controlled trial

53189 Optimizing intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatment for isolated nail psoriasis: An intra-subject randomized controlled trial

The Effects of Intra-Articular Triamcinolone and Autologous Protein Solution on Metabolic Parameters in Horses.

Intra-articular corticosteroids are a popular treatment choice for joint-associated pain and inflammation in horses despite recent work on the metabolic effects of these drugs. The goal of this project was to compare metabolic effects between intra-articular (IA) triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and an autologous protein solution (APS). Five mixed-breed geldings (4-9 years) were utilized for this project. Three identical and consecutive 28-day treatment blocks were used, with metacarpophalangeal IA treatments consisting of equal volumes of saline, a commercially available APS, or 9 mg of TA. Regular plasma and serum samples were collected for ACTH, cortisol, glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormone analysis, in addition to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and oral sugar tests (OSTs). Significant treatment effects of IA TA were present at 48 h post-injection in both the TRH and the OST. There was also significant suppression by IA TA of baseline ACTH and cortisol between 2 h and 96 h post-treatment, hyperglycemia between 12 h and 48 h, and hyperinsulinemia at 32 h post-treatment. There were no treatment effects with respect to any measured thyroid hormones, nor were there any significant treatment effects of APS noted. Results suggest at least 2 days and up to 7 days should elapse between a single 9 mg IA TA treatment and OST and/or TRH testing. This study found that TA exhibits significant effects on ACTH, cortisol, glucose, and insulin, while the APS does not.

Triamcinolone acetonide has minimal effect on short- and long-term metabolic activities of cartilage.

Intra-articular corticosteroid injections, such as triamcinolone acetonide (TA), are commonly used by clinicians to manage joint synovial inflammation. However, due to conflicting evidence in literature, there is a fear among clinicians that the injections may be harmful to otherwise healthy cartilage in young patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of TA on young, healthy chondrocytes. Articular cartilage samples were harvested from bovine knee joints (1-2 months old). In both healthy and inflammatory (interleukin-1β) challenged cartilage, samples were treated with TA at doses ranging from 1 nM to 200 μM. Following a short- (2 days) or long-term (10-14 days) treatment, chondrocyte viability, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation were evaluated with a click chemistry-based technique. Chondrocyte viability, proliferation, and anabolic activity were all minimally affected by short-term and long-term TA treatment. After both acute and sustained inflammatory challenges, TA reduced the catabolic activities in cartilage, reducing nascent glycosaminoglycan loss and maintaining cartilage mechanical properties. Overall, at physiologically relevant doses, TA had minimal negative impact on chondrocytes when maintained within their native ECM.Clinical significance: The findings provide new insight for current clinical practices concerning the use of TA in intra-articular injections, especially in young patients, and established a foundation for future investigations into the impact of corticosteroids on joint homeostasis.

The biodistribution of triamcinolone acetonide injections in severe keloids: an exploratory three-dimensional fluorescent cryomicrotome study

Intralesional corticosteroid injections are a first-line treatment for keloids; yet clinical treatment results are highly variable and often suboptimal. Variation in triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) biodistribution may be an important reason for the variable effects of TAC treatment in keloids. In this exploratory study we investigated the biodistribution of TAC in keloids and normal skin using different drug delivery techniques. Fluorescent-labeled TAC suspension was administered into keloids and normal skin with a hypodermic needle and an electronic pneumatic jet injector. TAC biodistribution was represented by the fluorescent TAC volume and 3D biodistribution shape of TAC, using a 3D-Fluorescence-Imaging Cryomicrotome System. Twenty-one keloid and nine normal skin samples were analyzed. With needle injections, the mean fluorescent TAC volumes were 990 µl ± 479 in keloids and 872 µl ± 227 in normal skin. With the jet injector, the mean fluorescent TAC volumes were 401 µl ± 252 in keloids and 249 µl ± 67 in normal skin. 3D biodistribution shapes of TAC were highly variable in keloids and normal skin. In conclusion, TAC biodistribution in keloids is highly variable for both needle and jet injection. This may partly explain the variable treatment effects of intralesional TAC in keloids. Future research is needed to confirm this preliminary finding and to optimize drug delivery in keloids.

Needle-Free Jet Injector-Assisted Triamcinolone Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars is Effective and Well Tolerated in Children.

Keloids and hypertrophic scars can cause severe pain, pruritus, and psychological distress. Conventional intralesional corticosteroid treatment with needle injections remains challenging, especially in children with needle phobia. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and patient satisfaction of intralesional treatment with triamcinolone acetonide using a needle-free electronic pneumatic jet injector in children with keloids and hypertrophic scars. A retrospective study was performed in children with keloids and hypertrophic scars who received intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatments using an electronic pneumatic jet injector. Effectiveness was evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale and Global Aesthetic Improvement Score at follow-up versus baseline. Tolerability was assessed with reported adverse effects and injection-related pain using a visual analog scale. Satisfaction questionnaires were used to evaluate treatment-related patient satisfaction. Six female patients and five male patients aged 5-17 years, with a total of >118 keloids or hypertrophic scars were included. Electronic pneumatic jet injector treatment led to a significant reduction in the total Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale observer and patient scores compared with baseline, with a median reduction of 28.9% and 23.8%, respectively (p = 0.005; p = 0.009). Median visual analog scale pain scores for electronic pneumatic jet injector treatment were significantly lower compared with needle injections, 3.0 versus 7.0, respectively (p = 0.027). No severe adverse effects were reported. Overall, 6 patients were 'satisfied' and five patients were 'very satisfied' with the treatment. Electronic pneumatic jet injector-assisted intralesional triamcinolone acetonide is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars in children. It should be considered as an alternative non-traumatic delivery method, especially in children with needle phobia or severe pain during previous needle injections.

The functional and molecular impact of triamcinolone acetonide on primary human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Traumatic or degenerative joint pain is abundant in the population. Symptom relief by intra- and periarticular glucocorticoid administration is frequently used, however may have potentially devastating effects, changing the normal healing process of the joint. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important for wound-healing processes due to their multipotency in regenerating osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes but also have immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) a common glucocorticoid administrated intra- and periarticularly, on human bone marrow derived MSC viability, functionality, multi-lineage differentiation and transcriptomic output. We found that TA treatment induced apoptosis and promoted adipogenesis while impairing chondrogenesis of MSCs. RNA sequencing indicated that TA modulated the inflammatory response of MSCs, which may have an impact on the immunologic environment where the inflammatory phase is a physiological part of the natural healing process. These data indicate that triamcinolone acetonide should be used with consideration bearing the patient’s outcome in mind, with the intention to optimize joint recovery and homeostasis.

Novel treatment of alopecia areata with shooting-type candlelit-dissolving microneedle

Alopecia areata (AA) is a T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disorder characterized by targeted hair follicle destruction that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. Conventional therapeutic strategies, including the topical application of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), face challenges owing to suboptimal cutaneous permeability and inconsistent intradermal injection techniques, which contribute to adverse effects and patient distress. In this study, we developed a shooting-type TA-encapsulated candlelit-dissolving microneedle (TCD) utilizing hyaluronic acid (HA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to address these limitations. In vitro evaluation using human outer root sheath cells demonstrated the ability of TCD to effectively reduce inflammation. Furthermore, in vivo analysis using a novel AA-induced C3H/HeJ mouse model revealed the efficacy of TCD in promoting hair growth and alleviating AA-related inflammatory processes. This innovative TCD applicator design overcomes the shortcomings of the prevailing TA treatments and provides a promising alternative approach for enhanced AA management. This study lays a foundation for future research focusing on optimizing TCD, assessing its long-term efficacy, and exploring its applicability in the treatment of other dermatological conditions. By integrating cutting-edge scientific discoveries, TCD can improve AA treatment outcomes.

Evaluation of early results of triamcinolone acetonide treatment in the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis introduction.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign, chronic inflammatory breast disease with an unknown etiology. IGM patients may develop painful or painless masses, palpable lymph nodes, and skin findings that can mimic breast cancer, including retractions, skin edema, ulceration, and fistula formation. This presents a significant diagnostic challenge in clinical practice. The present study aimed to assess the early outcomes of triamcinolone acetonide treatment in patients with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. After obtaining the necessary approvals from the ethics committee, patients who were admitted to the breast endocrine department of the general surgery clinic of our hospital between 2014 and 2022 with complaints of a mass, discharge, and fistula formation and who were histopathologically diagnosed with granulomatous mastitis after radiological examination by tru-cut biopsy were prospectively enrolled in the study. Among the 136 patients with granulomatous mastitis, the mean age was 30.09±4.14 years, the symptom duration averaged 3 weeks (range: 1-5), the follow-up period extended for 20 weeks (range: 3-72), and the mean recurrence duration was 1.08±0.28 months. Complaints included discharge (52.2%), mass (51.5%), redness (45.6%), and pain (27.2%). Masses were predominantly on the left side (61.0%) compared to the right side (38.0%). In conclusion, the heterogeneous phenotype of IGM and the lack of randomized controlled trials pose challenges. Long-acting triamcinolone acetonide proves effective in managing IGM by resolving the inflammatory process and the disease itself. Its low side effects and ease of use make it a valuable treatment modality.

The Protection and Antioxidant Mechanisms of Corticosteroids in LPSTreated Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Dexamethasone (DEX) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) are two corticosteroids as anti-inflammatory agents that have been used as an anti-inflammation in several diseases to protect against oxidative damage. The present study examined the anti?oxidant effect of DEX and TA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human retinol epithelium ARPE-19 cells. DEX and TA markedly inhibited the LPSinduced intracellular ROS level. DEX and TA also inhibited the expression of NADPH oxidase subunit gp91 and p22. Moreover, the expression of two antioxidant enzymes, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and gammaglutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), were increased by DEX and TA treatment in LPS-treated ARPE-19 cells. These results indicate that DEX and TA inhibits the intracellular ROS response by blocking the NADPH oxidase pathway and may increase some antioxidant enzymes in LPS -induced ARPE-19 cells. Therefore, DEX and TA may be useful as antioxidant agents against oxidative damage in anti-inflammatory diseases.

Comparison of Intra-lesional Verapamil and Intra-lesional Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Keloid

Background: Keloid is a fibrous tissue that extends past the edges of an incision. Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide is the corticosteroid most frequently used to treat keloids. Aim: To contrast the effects of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide and intralesional verapamil in treating keloid among dermatology department patients. Study Design: Comparative clinical study. Methodology: The current study was carried out at dermatology department with enrollment of 60 individuals each in both groups. Using a 30 gauge needle connected to an insulin syringe, both groups underwent intra-lesional injections in keloids three weeks apart for a total of six sessions. After the treatment was over for three months, a follow-up was conducted. SPSS 23 was used for the data analysis. Chi-square/exact Fisher's tests with a p-value of less than 0.05 were used to compare the gender distribution, outcomes, responder, and recurrence rate between the two groups. Results: Patients in group A had a mean age of 28.1 +/- 5.4 years, while those in group B had a mean age of 29.3 +/- 4.7 years. There was insignificant difference in terms of remission between both groups with 53 (88.3%) of patients in group A and 58 (96.7%) of patients in group B. However, recurrence was seen in 2 (3.3%) of the patients in group B, compared to 6 (10%) of the patients in group A, with an insignificant p-value (0.272). Practical Implication: Due to its affordability and safety, this study aided researchers in examining the effectiveness of intra-lesional verapamil as a treatment for keloid removal. Second, it contributed to the body of knowledge in the area regarding other comparable and successful treatment choices. Conclusion: It was concluded that there was insignificant difference among both groups with respect to outcomes having p-value greater than 0.05. Key words: Keloid, Intralesional Verapamil, Triamcinolone Acetonide and Clinical Outcomes.

A Comparative Study of Dexamethasone Ointment along with Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis.

To assess and compare the efficacy of dexamethasone ointment with triamcinolone acetonide, the gel form, in the treatment of minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). This was a randomized clinical trial of 60 patients of either sex with clinically diagnosed RAS who were randomly divided into two groups-the dexamethasone ointment group (Group I) and the triamcinolone acetonide gel group (Group II). Patients were asked to apply the gel three times a day on each ulcer. Estimation of the efficacy of gel was done based on the time required for regression in pain, size, and number of ulcers. The results showed there was a significant difference in size, pain, number, and duration of ulcers in Group I and Group II within 7 days. However, in both groups, no significant difference was noted in the treatment of RAS. Dexamethasone ointment was found to be efficient in this treatment and was safe as evaluated using clinical assessments.

Microneedling with Triamcinolone acetonide versus Intralesional Triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of Alopecia Areata

Microneedling with Triamcinolone acetonide versus Intralesional Triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of Alopecia Areata

A simple technique for suprachoroidal space injection of triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of macular edema.

To introduce a simple resistance controlled suprachoroidal space (SCS) injection technique using a disposable 30-gauge needle connected to a 1 mL syringe and evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of this technique in the treatment of macular edema. A total of 20 patients with various types of macular edema were subjected to a resistance controlled SCS injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) with a disposable 30-gauge needle connected to a 1 mL syringe. This technique allows the easy and smooth injection of the TA only once the tip of the needle reached the potential SCS which was indicated by the lower resistance on the plunger. The main outcome measures were anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) measurements post-operation immediately and central subfield thickness (CST), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements at 3mo post-operation. AS-OCT examination showed the expansion of the SCS near the injection site immediately after SCS injection. At three months of follow-up, as compared to the baseline, the mean CST was significantly decreased from 535.0±157.24 to 319.55±127.30 µm (P<0.001), the mean BCVA was significantly improved from 1.05±0.41 to 0.73±0.41 logMAR (P<0.001), and the mean IOP was not significantly different, from 15.05±2.54 to 15.85±3.60 mm Hg (P=0.185). Any complication related to the injection procedure including cataract, choroidal and retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or endophthalmitis was not observed in this study. The simple and minimally invasive technique of SCS injection of TA with a disposable 30-gauge needle connected to a 1 mL syringe is useful and applicable for macular edema.

Evaluation of the efficacy of intralesional methotrexate versus intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of localized vitiligo: comparative intra individual study

Evaluation of the efficacy of intralesional methotrexate versus intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of localized vitiligo: comparative intra individual study

Platelet-Rich Plasma in Alopecia Areata-A Steroid-Free Treatment Modality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background: Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic autoimmune condition that can lead to a serious deterioration in patients’ quality of life. The first line of treatment in patchy AA is triamcinolone acetonide (TrA); however, the efficacy of the treatment varies greatly. Our aim was to investigate the therapeutic effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of AA. Method: We performed a systematic literature search in four databases. Randomized clinical trials (RCT) reporting on patients with AA treated with PRP were included, comparing PRP with TrA or a placebo. The primary outcome was the Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score. Results: Our systematic search provided a total of 2747 articles. We identified four studies eligible for quantitative analysis. The pooled mean differences from the four studies did not exhibit a significant difference in the mean change in the SALT score when PRP and TrA groups were compared (MD =−2.04, CI: −4.72–0.65; I2 = 80.4%, p = 0.14). Conclusions: PRP is a promising topical, steroid-free treatment modality in the therapy of AA. No significant difference was found between PRP and TrA treatment; however, further high-quality RCTs are needed to further assess the efficacy of PRP treatment and strengthen the quality of evidence.

Intravitrealversus Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide in Conjunction with Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Refractory Diabetic Macular Edema

Purpose &#x0D; Aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of combined simultaneous injection of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and bevacizumab versus intravitreal bevacizumab and posterior subtenon triamcinolone acetonide in treatment of persistent refractory diabetic macular edema after intravitreal bevacizumab injection failure&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; 40 pseudophakic diabetic patients were enrolled in quasi experimental study conducted at ophthalmology department. All eyes were specifically diagnosed with persistent refractory diabetic macular edema with central retinal thickness of _____on OCT. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A was given simultaneous injection of intravitreal bevacizumab 1.25mg/0.05ml with posterior subtenon triamcinolone 40mg and group B was given intravitreal bevacizumab in conjunction with simultaneous intravitreal triamcinolone 2mg/0.05 ml.Patients were followed upmonthly till three months. Changes in the best corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure and central retinal thickness by optical coherence tomography were evaluated in both groups. Retreatment was given at 12 weeks interval whenever indicated by OCT.&#x0D; Results &#x0D; Group B showed a more significant decrease in the median CRT at 1month (p =0.0002)but after 3 months both groups showed a reduction in CRT which was not statistically significant between two groups _____. Both groups had significant improvement in BCVA compared to pre-injection baseline visual acuity.Between two groups BCVA changes were not statistically significant at 3 months _____.Five eyes in group B developed IOP beyond 22mmHg, which was treated with anti glaucoma medications within 2 weeks. No eye in group A developed IOP greater than 21mmHg. At 12 weeks, 7 of group A patients and 6 of group B patients developed recurrent macular edema and required repeated injections.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; While treating persistent refractory diabetic macular edema, posterior subtenon triamcinolone is as effective as intravitreal triamcinolone in conjunction with intravitreal bevacizumab in reducing CRT and improving and stabilizing BCVA but in terms of IOP rise posterior subtenon injection is safer as compared to intravitreal injection. Both treatments are cost effective and combined simultaneous injections decrease the number of repeated injections.

"Comparison of Effectiveness of Curcumin and Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Minor Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis” - A Randomized Controlled Trial

"Comparison of Effectiveness of Curcumin and Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Minor Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis” - A Randomized Controlled Trial

Triamcinolone acetonide-loaded nanoparticles encapsulated by CD90+ MCSs-derived microvesicles drive anti-inflammatory properties and promote cartilage regeneration after osteoarthritis

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent human degenerative joint disorder that has long plagued patients. Glucocorticoid injection into the intra-articular (IA) cavity provides potential short-term analgesia and anti-inflammatory effects, but long-term IA injections cause loss of cartilage. Synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reportedly promote cartilage proliferation and increase cartilage content.MethodsCD90+ MCS-derived micro-vesicle (CD90@MV)-coated nanoparticle (CD90@NP) was developed. CD90+ MCSs were extracted from human synovial tissue. Cytochalasin B (CB) relaxed the interaction between the cytoskeleton and the cell membranes of the CD90+ MCSs, stimulating CD90@MV secretion. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle was coated with CD90@MV, and a model glucocorticoid, triamcinolone acetonide (TA), was encapsulated in the CD90@NP (T-CD90@NP). The chondroprotective effect of T-CD90@NP was validated in rabbit and rat OA models.ResultsThe CD90@MV membrane proteins were similar to that of CD90+ MCSs, indicating that CD90@MV bio-activity was similar to the cartilage proliferation-inducing CD90+ MCSs. CD90@NP binding to injured primary cartilage cells was significantly stronger than to erythrocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles (RNP). In the rabbit OA model, the long-term IA treatment with T-CD90@NP showed significantly enhanced repair of damaged cartilage compared to TA and CD90+ MCS treatments. In the rat OA model, the short-term IA treatment with T-CD90@NP showed effective anti-inflammatory ability similar to that of TA treatment. Moreover, the long-term IA treatment with T-CD90@NP induced cartilage to restart the cell cycle and reduced cartilage apoptosis. T-CD90@NP promoted the regeneration of chondrocytes, reduced apoptosis via the FOXO pathway, and influenced type 2 macrophage polarization to regulate inflammation through IL-10.ConclusionThis study confirmed that T-CD90@NP promoted chondrocyte proliferation and anti-inflammation, improving the effects of a clinical glucocorticoid treatment plan.Graphical

Intra-articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide sustains macrophage levels and aggravates osteophytosis during degenerative joint disease in mice.

Background and purposeCorticosteroids such as triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) are potent drugs administered intra‐articularly as an anti‐inflammatory therapy to relieve pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA). However, the ability of early TAA intervention to mitigate OA progression and modulate immune cell subsets remains unclear. Here, we sought to understand the effect of early intra‐articular injection of TAA on OA progression, local macrophages, and peripheral blood monocytes.Experimental approachDegenerative joint disease was induced by intra‐articular injection of collagenase into the knee joint of male C57BL/6 mice. After 1 week, TAA or saline was injected intra‐articularly. Blood was taken throughout the study to analyse monocyte subsets. Mice were killed at days 14 and 56 post‐induction of collagenase‐induced OA (CiOA) to examine synovial macrophages and structural OA features.Key resultsThe percentage of macrophages relative to total live cells present within knee joints was increased in collagenase‐ compared with saline‐injected knees at day 14 and was not altered by TAA treatment. However, at day 56, post‐induction of CiOA, TAA‐treated knees had increased levels of macrophages compared with the knees of untreated CiOA‐mice. The distribution of monocyte subsets present in peripheral blood was not altered by TAA treatment during the development of CiOA. Osteophyte maturation was increased in TAA‐injected knees at day 56.Conclusion and implicationsIntra‐articular injection of TAA increases long‐term synovial macrophage numbers and osteophytosis. Our findings suggest that TAA accentuates the progression of osteoarthritis‐associated features when applied to an acutely inflamed knee.

Modulation of Inflamed Synovium Improves Migration of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Vitro Through Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages.

ObjectiveInflammation is known to negatively affect cartilage repair. However, it is unclear how inflammation influences the migration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from the underlying bone marrow into the defect. We therefore aimed to investigate how synovial inflammation influences MSC migration, and whether modulation of inflammation with triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) may influence migration.DesignInflamed human osteoarthritic synovium, M(IFNγ+TNFα) pro-inflammatory macrophages, M(IL4) repair macrophages, M(IL10) anti-inflammatory macrophages, or synovial fibroblasts were cultured with/without TAA. Conditioned medium (CM) was harvested after 24 hours, and the effect on MSC migration was studied using a Boyden chamber assay. Inflammation was evaluated with gene expression and flow cytometry analysis.ResultsSynovium CM increased MSC migration. Modulation of synovial inflammation with TAA further increased migration 1.5-fold (P < 0.01). TAA significantly decreased TNFA, IL1B, and IL6 gene expression in synovium explants and increased CD163, a gene associated with anti-inflammatory macrophages. TAA treatment decreased the percentage of CD14+/CD80+ and CD14+/CD86+ pro-inflammatory macrophages and increased the percentage of CD14+/CD163+ anti-inflammatory macrophages in synovium explants. Interestingly, MSC migration was specifically enhanced by medium conditioned by M(IL4) macrophages and by M(IL10) macrophages treated with TAA, and unaffected by CM from M(IFNγ+TNFα) macrophages and synovial fibroblasts.ConclusionMacrophages secrete factors that stimulate the migration of MSCs. Modulation with TAA increased specifically the ability of anti-inflammatory macrophages to stimulate migration, indicating that they play an important role in secreting factors to attract MSCs. Modulating inflammation and thereby improving migration could be used in approaches based on endogenous repair of full-thickness cartilage defects.