Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Nasal Spray Research Articles

The Efficacy of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Combined With Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Nasal Spray for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the efficacy of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) combined with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TAA AQ) for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.MethodsFrom December 2019 to June 2021, 109 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were classified into a control group (n = 50) and an experimental group (n = 59) according to the method of treatment. Subjects in the control group were treated with FESS while those in the experimental group were treated with FESS + TAA AQ. We then compared clinical indices, total effective rate, and the clinical symptoms of patients between the two groups. The pre- and postoperative serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were also determined. Before and 12 months after surgery, we analyzed the recovery of the nasal mucosa, olfactory function, and mucociliary transport rate of each patient. Postoperative complications were observed and recorded and the quality-of-life 12 months after surgery was ascertained.ResultsClinical indices and total effective rate were higher in the experimental group. After treatment, the VAS score and serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in the two groups both decreased, although the experimental group had lower VAS scores and inflammatory cytokine levels. Six months after treatment, olfactory function, and the recovery of nasal mucosa were improved, MTR had increased, and the total incidence of complications had reduced in the experimental group when compared with the control group. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of quality-of-life (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe combination of FESS and TAA AQ exerted a certain therapeutic effect on chronic rhinosinusitis.

Can a Pretreatment Visual Analog Scale Predict Treatment Outcome in Allergic Rhinitis?

Background: The visual analogue scale (VAS) is a simple and useful tool to assess the severity of allergic rhinitis. Whether a pretreatment VAS score can guide appropriate medication is unclear. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a pretreatment VAS score could be used to predict therapeutic response. Methods: A prospective 4-week cohort study involving 101 allergic rhinitis patients was carried out. All patients were treated with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray 220 μg once daily for 28 days. The treatment outcomes were evaluated using VAS scores (0–10 cm), total nasal symptoms scores (TNSSs), nasal mucociliary clearance times (NMCCTs), and global symptom controls (GSCs). The minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) method was used to separate the patients into with and without improvement groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive value of pretreatment VAS scores in relation to MCIDs after treatment. Results: Pretreatment VAS scores showed a positive correlation with pretreatment TNSSs and NMCCTs (ρ = 0.66, p < 0.001 and r = 0.44, p < 0.001, respectively), and a negative correlation with GSCs after treatment (r = –0.53, p < 0.001). The MCID values of TNSSs and NMCCTs were 3.19 and 2.78, respectively. The cutoff value of pretreatment VAS ranged between 6.5 and 7.7 points, with an average value of 7.1. Conclusion: A pretreatment VAS score of 7 or higher was associated with an unfavorable treatment outcome, which suggests the potential therapeutic predictive value of VAS scoring.

Intranasal triamcinolone and growth velocity.

Inadequate designs and conflicting results from previous studies prompted the US Food and Drug Administration to publish guidelines for the design of clinical trials evaluating the effects of orally inhaled and intranasal corticosteroids on the growth of children. This study conformed to these guidelines to evaluate the effect of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TAA-AQ) on the growth of children with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study evaluated the effect of once-daily TAA-AQ (110 μg) on the growth velocity (GV) of children aged 3-9 years with PAR by using stadiometry at baseline (4-6 months), during treatment (12 months), and at follow-up (2 months). Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function was assessed by measuring urinary cortisol levels. Details of adverse events were recorded. Of 1078 subjects screened, 299 were randomized, and 216 completed the study (placebo, 107; TAA-AQ, 109). In the primary analysis (modified intent-to-treat: placebo, 133; TAA-AQ, 134), least-squares mean GV during treatment was lower in the TAA-AQ group (5.65 cm/year) versus placebo (6.09 cm/year). The difference (-0.45 cm/year; 95% confidence interval: -0.78 to -0.11; P = .01), although clinically nonsignificant, was evident within 2 months of treatment and stabilized thereafter. At follow-up, the GV approached baseline (6.70 cm/year) in the TAA-AQ group (6.59 cm/year) and decreased slightly in the placebo group (5.89 cm/year vs 6.06 cm/year at baseline). No HPA axis suppression was observed. By using rigorous Food and Drug Administration-recommended design elements, this study detected a small, statistically significant effect of TAA-AQ on the GV of children with PAR.

Effect of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide on basal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis function in children with allergic rhinitis

Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective medication class for controlling allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms. However, limited data are available on their effects on basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in children. This study was designed to determine the effect of 6-week triamcinolone acetonide aqueous (TAA-AQ) nasal spray treatment on HPA axis function by measuring 24-hour serum cortisol area under the curve (AUC(0-24h)) in children with AR aged 2-11 years. This phase 4, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study randomized children with AR to receive TAA-AQ (110 μg, 2-11 years old, or 220 μg, 6-11 years old) or placebo. At pre- and posttreatment domiciled visits, 24-hour serum cortisol and reflective total nasal symptom scores (rTNSSs) were assessed. Safety assessment included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) at each visit and trough levels of 24-hour serum cortisol. A total of 140 subjects (mean age, 7.2 years; males, 59%) were randomized; 66 from each group completed treatment. The ratio of TAA-AQ to placebo for change from baseline in serum cortisol AUC(0-24h) was 0.966 (95% confidence interval, 0.892-1.045). Reduction from baseline in mean rTNSS was significantly greater in the TAA-AQ than in the placebo group (difference: least square mean ± SE = -0.85 ± 0.24; p = 0.0007). The safety profile was similar (TEAEs, TAA-AQ, 27.5%; placebo, 25.4%), and so was the mean change in serum cortisol trough level (TAA-AQ, -0.4 μg/dL; placebo, -0.1 μg/dL; p = 0.1818 for treatment difference) from pre- to posttreatment. TAA-AQ was safe, well tolerated, and not associated with clinically meaningful suppression of serum cortisol AUC(0-24h) in children with AR. Clinical trial NCT01154153, www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Efficacy and safety of once daily triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray in adults with non-allergic and allergic rhinitis

BackgroundThe efficacy of corticosteroid has not been thoroughly studied in the treatment of non-allergic rhinitis. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of nasal corticosteroid in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). MethodsThe efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide nasal spray (TANS) on total nasal symptom scores (TNSS), and nasal peak inspiratory flow rate (nPIFR) was studied in a six-week parallel-group trial of NAR (n: 25), and AR (n: 16) patients. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were also analysed. ResultsThe TNSSs, and symptom scores of conjunctivitis, snoring, and postnasal drainage were significantly improved in both groups, after two and six weeks of treatment. In contrast to AR, patients with NAR had statistically significant improvement in nasal obstruction, and postnasal drainage beginning from two weeks of the treatment. nPIFR slightly increased in both groups. Scores of generic (SF-36), rhinitis specific (MiniRQLQ) and ESS questionnaires generally improved better in AR than NAR. TANS was well-tolerated in AR and NAR groups with minor adverse events including headache, nasal burning, and bitter mouth taste. ConclusionsOur study disproved the idea of ineffectiveness of corticosteroid treatment in NAR, and showed that triamcinolone acetate may be an alternative drug in the treatment of NAR.

Bayesian Modeling and Inference for Meta-Data with Applications in Efficacy Evaluation of an Allergic Rhinitis Drug

Allergic rhinitis is an allergic inflammation of the nasal membranes. The symptoms include disorders in nose and eyes. Studies have been carried out on safety and efficacy evaluation of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray. To combine the results from different studies, we propose random-coefficient regression models. The properties of the proposed models are examined. The models are compared via the deviance information criterion (DIC), and Bayesian computations are carried out via MCMC sampling. A set of meta-data from nine clinical trials is analyzed in detail via the proposed methodology.

Efficacy and safety of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray in children aged 2 to 5 years with perennial allergic rhinitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with an open-label extension

Intranasal corticosteroids (INSs) are the most effective treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR). However, available INS safety and efficacy data in children younger than 6 years are limited. To report the first well-controlled study assessing the safety and efficacy of an INS in children aged 2 to 5 years with perennial AR. In a 4-week, multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group study, patients were randomized to receive triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TAA AQ), 110 microg once daily, or placebo. A subset of children continued into a 6-month, open-label phase. Efficacy end points included total nasal symptom scores. Safety measures included reports of adverse events, morning serum cortisol levels before and after cosyntropin infusion, and growth as measured using office stadiometry. A total of 474 patients were randomized to receive TAA AQ (n = 236) or placebo (n = 238); 436 entered the open-label extension phase. Adjusted mean (SE) changes from baseline during the double-blind period in instantaneous and reflective total nasal symptom scores were -2.28 (0.16) and -2.31 (0.15), respectively, in the TAA AQ group (P = .09) vs -1.92 (0.16) and -1.87 (0.15) in the placebo group (P = .03). Adverse event rates were comparable between treatment groups. There was no significant change from baseline in serum cortisol levels after cosyntropin infusion at study end. The distribution of children by stature-for-age percentile remained stable during the study. Use of TAA AQ, 110 microg once daily, for up to 6 months offers a favorable efficacy to safety ratio in children aged 2 to 5 years with perennial AR.

Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Nasal Spray: Safe and Effective in Young Children

Allergic rhinitis affects up to 42% of children by age 6 years, but few studies have evaluated the effects of intranasal corticosteroids in children aged 2 to 5 years. To address concerns that intranasal corticosteroids may affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and growth of young children, researchers conducted a manufacturer-funded, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TAA AQ) in children aged 2 to 5 years who had allergic rhinitis. Children with symptoms of allergic rhinitis for at least 1 …

Effect on growth of long-term treatment with intranasal triamcinolone acetonide aqueous in children with allergic rhinitis

Guidelines recommend treatment with intranasal corticosteroids for patients with allergic rhinitis (AR), but concerns remain about possible adverse effects. To present the 1- and 2-year growth results for children with AR treated with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray. Thirty-nine children (aged 6.1-14.3 years at study entry) were treated with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous for 1 year, and a subset of 30 children completed a second year of treatment. The dose was physician titered to achieve control over AR symptoms. For each child, statural heights at baseline and at the 1- and 2-year (where available) visits, together with growth rates, were measured and were compared with predicted values. There were no significant differences between measured and predicted heights at the 1- and 2-year visits. The mean (SD) measured--predicted difference was 0.3 (2.2) cm (95% confidence interval, -0.4 to 1.0 cm) at the 1-year visit and 0.5 (3.0) cm (95% confidence interval, -0.6 to 1.6 cm) at the 2-year visit. Mean differences in measured and predicted growth rates were nonsignificant at the 1- and 2-year visits. Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous titered to control AR symptoms and given for 1 or 2 years had no significant effect on statural growth in children with AR.

The Effect on Growth of 6 Month's Treatment with Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 110 μg Once Daily in Children Aged 2-5 Years with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

The Effect on Growth of 6 Month's Treatment with Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous Nasal Spray 110 μg Once Daily in Children Aged 2-5 Years with Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic Rhinitis in Children: Selecting an Intranasal Corticosteroid

Allergic rhinitis affects up to 40% of children in the United States. Proper management of this disease is important for controlling symptoms, improving quality of life, and preventing the development or exacerbation of comorbid diseases such as asthma, sinusitis, otitis media, and respiratory infections. Intranasal corticosteroids (INSs) are recognized as the most effective medication class for controlling allergic rhinitis symptoms and are recommended by guidelines as first-line treatment for moderate to severe cases of allergic rhinitis in patients of all ages. Four once-daily, aqueous formulations of INSs are available in the United States for pediatric patients: budesonide aqueous nasal spray (BANS), fluticasone propionate nasal spray (FPNS), mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS), and triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TANS). The results of comparative studies of these INSs show that all four appear to be similar in efficacy and tolerability. The sensory attributes of these INSs do differ and these differences may play a role in the choice of an INS for each patient. Based on studies in adults, patient preference was found to be greater for the sensory attributes of BANS and TANS than for those of FPNS and MFNS, although a number of patients still showed a preference for the attributes of FPNS and MFNS. Similar studies of INS sensory attributes have not been conducted in children. Prescribing the INS with sensory attributes most pleasing to the individual patient may be important in improving patient acceptance of and satisfaction with treatment and perhaps lead to better adherence with therapy. (Pediatr Asthma Allergy Immunol 2005; 18[4]:216–229.)

Growth velocity and HPA axis function during 1-year treatment with Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous (TAA) nasal spray in children with allergic rhinitis (AR)

Growth velocity and HPA axis function during 1-year treatment with Triamcinolone Acetonide Aqueous (TAA) nasal spray in children with allergic rhinitis (AR)

Effect of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide on bronchial hyper-responsiveness in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis and comparison of perceptional nasal obstruction with acoustic rhinometric assessment

Objective: Many patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) have bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR), and seasonal variation of BHR has been demonstrated in these patients. We aimed to investigate how BHR in children with seasonal AR is modified by triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TANS) therapy during the pollen season. A secondary aim was to assess the efficacy of TANS on nasal congestion by acoustic rhinometry and symptom scores. Methods: A total of 34 children aged 7–18 years with grass pollen-induced AR and 18 age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in study. The patients were divided into the following two subgroups: 22 patients who had AR only; and 12 patients who had AR and asthma. All of them had a baseline BHR (PC 20FEV 1 methacholine <8 mg/ml). All patients received 220 μg TANS once daily for 4 weeks following a 1-week run-in period. Nasal patency was measured by acoustic rhinometry and patients recorded their nasal obstruction scores in a diary. Results: There was no significant difference at baseline pulmonary function test parameters between the patients and the healthy control children. None of the control subjects had BHR. Asthmatic children with AR had significantly reduced baseline PC 20FEV 1 when compared with the AR only group [mean±S.E.M., (1.60±0.57 mg/ml versus 2.93±0.42 mg/ml, P=0.021)]. The mean PC 20FEV 1 values increased slightly at the end of treatment in both group (from 1.60±0.57 mg/ml to 3.25±1.11 and from 2.93±0.42 mg/ml to 3.93±1.41 mg/ml), but the change was not statistically significant. TANS produced substantial symptomatic recovery in nasal obstruction according to patients’ daily diary assessments, and significantly improved all objective acoustic rhinometry parameters. Conclusions: Once-daily intranasal TANS 220 μg effectively controlled nasal obstruction in children with seasonal AR according to subjective and objective assessments, and blocked the increase in BHR to methacholine after high-load natural pollen exposure. There was no correlation between patients’ own subjective assessment of nasal obstruction and objective acoustic rhinometric assessment.

Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray improves nocturnal rhinitis-related quality of life in patients treated in a primary care setting: the Quality of Sleep in Allergic Rhinitis study

Sleep disturbances due to allergic rhinitis can contribute to daytime fatigue, impair mood, and decrease daytime functioning. To measure allergic rhinitis patients' nocturnal rhinitis-related quality of life using a new, validated disease-specific instrument, the Nocturnal Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (NRQLQ). This open-label study was conducted in a primary care setting. Adult patients with seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis rated nocturnal rhinitis-related quality of life using the NRQLQ and sleep disturbances using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at baseline and after 3 weeks of treatment with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray (TAA AQ), 220 microg/d. Changes from baseline in overall and individual domain scores for both the NRQLQ and PSQI were evaluated using t tests for paired differences. The majority of the patients (N = 651) were female (58%), were white (85%), and shared a bed with a partner (63%). Mean +/- SD patient age was 45.7 +/- 15.5 years. TAA AQ treatment was associated with significant improvements in overall NRQLQ score (mean +/- SD change, -1.5 +/- 1.3; P < .001) and in individual domain scores (P < .001 for sleep problems, symptoms during sleep, symptoms upon waking in morning, and practical problems). Similarly, overall and individual PSQI domain scores were statistically significantly improved (P < .001). There were strong correlations between NRQLQ and PSQI scores (all comparisons P < .001). Treatment with TAA AQ for 3 weeks resulted in statistically significant improvements in nocturnal rhinitis-related quality of life and sleep quality in allergic rhinitis patients treated in a primary care setting.

Correlation between disease-specific and generic measures of quality of life (QOL) support improvement in nocturnal rhinitis-related QOL in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients treated with triamcinolone acetonide aqueous (TAA AQ) nasal spray

Rationale Generic and disease-specific questionnaires are used to measure effects of AR treatment on QOL. Often, statistical differences are observed with the more sensitive disease-specific instrument but the generic instrument may lack sufficient depth to measure important problems associated with a particular condition. 1 1 Juniper EF. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28(suppl):34–8. Methods An open-label study of AR patients (N=651) treated in a primary care setting assessed nighttime rhinoconjunctivitis-related QOL using the validated Nocturnal Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (NRQLQ; domains: sleep problems, symptoms during sleep, symptoms upon waking in morning, practical problems); and sleep disturbances using the validated Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; domains: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleep medications, daytime dysfunction), at baseline and after 3 weeks of treatment with TAA AQ 220 μg QD. Changes from baseline in NRQLQ and PSQI scores were assessed by t-test methods, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between NRQLQ and PSQI scores at baseline and study end. Results Mean patient age (± SD) was 45.7 (15.5) years, 58% were female, 85% were Caucasian, and 63% shared a bed with a partner. Significant improvements from baseline overall and in all individual domains of the NRQLQ and PSQI were observed (all comparisons P<.001). There were strong correlations between NRQLQ and PSQI instruments (all correlations >0.5; P<.001). Conclusions Correlations between outcomes of generic and disease-specific instruments strongly support improvement in nighttime QOL after 3 weeks of TAA AQ treatment in AR patients.

Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous nasal spray and fluticasone propionate are equally effective for relief of nasal symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis

We compared 220 microg daily intranasal aqueous triamcinolone acetonide (TAA AQ) with 200 microg daily fluticasone propionate (FP) for relief of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Study design and setting Randomized, parallel-group, investigator-blind study included patients with symptomatic seasonal allergic rhinitis. After a baseline period, TAA AQ or FP was taken for about 21 days. Nasal symptom (discharge, stuffiness, itching, sneezing) severity was recorded twice daily; total nasal symptom score was calculated. Health-related quality of life was assessed by Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire. Reductions in individual symptoms and total nasal symptom score were statistically significant versus baseline and were equivalent between treatments: -3.15 +/- 0.19 with TAA AQ (n = 148) and approximately 3.17 +/- 0.18 with FP (n = 147) (95% confidence interval for the difference, -0.7391 to 0.3693). Clinically and statistically significant improvements in Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire scores were comparable. TAA AQ and FP were equally efficacious in relieving seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms and improving health-related quality of life. Differences in molecular potency of intranasal steroids do not confer differences in efficacy.

Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous (TAA AQ) and fluticasone propionate (FP) nasal sprays show equivalent relief of total symptom scores regardless of disease severity

Triamcinolone acetonide aqueous (TAA AQ) and fluticasone propionate (FP) nasal sprays show equivalent relief of total symptom scores regardless of disease severity

Triamcinolone acetonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays significantly improve nasal airflow in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis

Triamcinolone acetonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays significantly improve nasal airflow in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis

Patient preferences and sensory comparisons of three intranasal corticosteroids for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

Although they have comparable safety and efficacy profiles, different intranasal corticosteroids possess different sensory/chemical properties that can be easily differentiated by patients, and which may influence their preference and compliance. We sought to compare patient assessments of sensory attributes of three intranasal corticosteroid sprays: triamcinolone acetonide aqueous (TAA), fluticasone propionate (FP), and mometasone furoate (MF). In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 95 patients with allergic rhinitis rated 14 sensory items (100-point scales), product preference, and likelihood of compliance with treatment. Immediately after administration, compared with MF, TAA was rated as having significantly better comfort during administration, less irritation, less odor strength, preferred odor, more moistness of nose/throat, milder taste (all P < or = 0.001), and preferred taste (P < or = 0.01). Compared with FP, TAA was rated as having significantly less odor strength, preferred odor (both P < or = 0.001), more moistness of nose/throat (P < or = 0.01), and milder taste (P < or = 0.05). Two minutes after application, TAA was rated as having less aftertaste than FP (P < or = 0.01) or MF (P < or = 0.001), and produced significantly less irritation (FP P < or = 0.05; MF P < or = 0.01). Of patients, 54.7% said they would prefer a prescription of TAA over one for MF (24.2%; P = 0.001) or FP (21.1%; P = 0.001). More patients indicated that they would be more compliant with treatment if given the TAA prescription (67.4%) than if given a prescription with FP (54.7%) or MF (49.5%). Several of the TAA sensory attributes were preferred over those of MF and FP. Patient preference may play a role in enhancing treatment compliance. Such findings indicate that TAA nasal spray may be a better choice than MF or FP in the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.

Comparative efficacy, safety, and effect on quality of life of triamcinolone acetonide and fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal sprays in patients with fall seasonal allergic rhinitis

The topical potency of fluticasone propionate (FP) is known to be four times greater than that of triamcinolone acetonide (TAA). However, the significance of this difference has not been proven in the clinical treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). To compare the efficacy, safety, and effect on health-related quality of life (HRQL) of FP and TAA aqueous nasal sprays in patients with SAR. Single-blind, parallel-group, active-controlled design. Patients were randomized to 3-week treatment with TAA 220 microg (n = 172) or FP 200 microg (n = 180) as two sprays/nostril once daily AM. Twelve-hour reflective symptom evaluations (nasal discharge, stuffiness, itching; sneezing; ocular itching/tearing/redness) were performed AM/PM, beginning at pretreatment baseline period. Incidences of specific treatment-related side effects were collected in daily questionnaires. HRQL was evaluated at baseline and end-of-treatment with a validated disease-specific, quality-of-life instrument. TAA and FP produced similar improvement in daily total nasal symptom scores overall (49.4% and 52.7%, respectively; P = 0.332) and at every weekly time point (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences between TAA and FP in any individual symptom score at any time point except week 2 (FP provided greater reduction in sneezing, P = 0.046). No significant difference was found between groups in overall occurrence of specific treatment-related side effects. Overall Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire scores were similar for TAA and FP at end-of-treatment. Despite differing molecular potencies, FP and TAA demonstrated comparable efficacy in the treatment of SAR, and produced similar occurrences of specific treatment-related side effects and similar improvements in overall patient HRQL.