Triadic Patents Research Articles

Experience effects of patent examiners: an empirical study of the career length and citation patterns on triadic patents

Experience effects of patent examiners: an empirical study of the career length and citation patterns on triadic patents

What can accelerate technological convergence of hydrogen energy: a regional perspective

Focusing on technological innovation and convergence is crucial for utilizing hydrogen energy, an emerging infrastructure area. This research paper analyzes the extent of technological capabilities in a region that could accelerate the occurrence of technological convergence in the fields related to hydrogen energy through the use of triadic patents, their citation information, and their regional information. The results of the Bayesian spatial model indicate that the active exchange of diverse original technologies could facilitate technological convergence in the region. On the other hand, it is difficult to achieve regional convergence with regard to radical technology. The findings could shed light on the establishment of an R&D strategy for hydrogen technologies. This study could contribute to the dissemination and utilization of hydrogen technologies for sustainable industrial development.

The drivers of private and public eco-innovations in six large countries

The purpose of this paper is to examine and compare the contributions to environmental innovation of the public sector and private sector, respectively, and to compare their determinants. We analyze the development over time of triadic patents, classified as environmental technological innovations, for six major patenting countries from 1990 to 2014. This is done using a factor decomposition analysis framework. The analysis is done at both country aggregate level, and for a set of specific technological topics: alternative energy production, energy conservation, agriculture and forestry, and waste management. Results indicate that there has been a shift at an aggregate level towards environmentally sustainable technologies. In the private sector, the shift can be attributed to changes in research priorities and an increased scale of R&D. In the public sector, increased patenting of environmentally sound technologies can be attributed to efficiency gains. The largest difference between the public and private sector is observed in R&D efficiency, where in the private sector, reductions in efficiency have contributed negatively to patent growth, whereas the opposite is true for the public sector. In both sectors, research focus has shifted towards energy-related technologies.

Role of Information Communication Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Impact on GDP

Demand and supply still remains the main instrument to determine the role of information and communication technology on gross domestic product and growth. ICT Abstract: There is an increasing body of research, investigating the determinants of economic growth in China. Most studies have focused on technology results in increase demand for new products and services. This demand on the supply side naturally accounts for increase efficiency in production of services, goods and infrastructure. Knowledge spill overs, triadic patents and researcher-related activities spanning number of publications and people employed in the high-tech sectors. Although increases in innovation stemming from R&D activities are evident, the extent of economic growth is contingent on the market size (IMF reference). This paper investigates the relationship between exogenously-determined growth, proxied by ICT imports, and endogenous drivers of economic growth, by employing ICT exports. The verifies the hypothesis by employing a machine learning approach to Pearson’s correlation and employs the Augmented Dickey Fuller test to test for multicollinearity. The study postulates evidence-based policy recommendations that will facilitate the transition of the Chines economy towards and innovation-driven and consumer led economy.

Capturing the economic value of triadic patents

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of patent family characteristics of triadic patents. We test specific features of triadic patent families to highlight common correlation patterns between patent value, as measured by patent forward citation data, and the structure of triadic patent families that cover the same invention at the international level. Our results suggest that the share of USPTO, EPO and JPO patents in the patent family, and the time span between the earliest priority application and latest priority application, are positively associated with the value of inventions in the triadic patent families.

Effects of standardization on the evolution of information and communications technology

Many studies have suggested that standardization inhibits technological change via lock-in effects. However, the negative side of standardization has been overemphasized because of insufficient empirical evidence. On the basis of the standard and triadic patents registered during 1977–2010, this study examines the associations between standardization and technological evolution in the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. We apply the annual International Patent Classification co-occurrence network to Telecommunications, Computers & Machinery, Consumer electronics, and Other ICTs to measure technological evolution with respect to diversity, openness, and concentration. Consequently, we regressed each aspect of technological evolution against the polynomial distributed lag number of the registered ICT standards per annum. The findings suggest different degrees of associations between standardization and technological diversity, openness, and concentration across each area. We observed that technological diversity increases with technology standardization in telecommunication and consumer electronics. In addition, there is a long time-lag effect on technological diversity in Computer & Machinery. Conversely, negative associations with diversity were observed in Other ICT. No significant associations were found between technology standardization and openness or concentration. These findings support the positive side of technology standards, which can offset the claimed lock-in effects.

Patent landscape: Technology development behind science in the flavor and fragrances (F&F) area

This paper presents a panorama of the flavor and fragrance (F&F) technological sector, constructed with the use of patent applications worldwide. Information from patent documents was retrieved using databases, yielding 5474 documents related to 2903 patent families for the last 10 years. The information within these documents goes far beyond a mere technical description of technologies. They include data regarding the assignee, year of application, countries where the patents have been applied, the technical sector of technologies and other aspects. These data were grouped by category to determine the actual reality of F&F technologies. The panorama obtained with the patent data showed some curious results. Crossing data regarding patents and markets, it is clear that the largest companies not always are those that apply for the most patents. In this work, the correlation between innovation and the production of patents is discussed. Inside the patent landscape, a specific group of patents has been analyzed. The 416 triadic patents found generated an island within the original landscape with its own environment. This environment and some trends and facts regarding triadic patents are discussed.

The Demographics of Innovation in the United States

Behind every technological innovation is an individual or a team of individuals responsible for the hard scientific or engineering work. And behind each of them is an education and a set of experiences that impart the requisite knowledge, expertise, and opportunity. These scientists and engineers drive technological progress by creating innovative new products and services that raise incomes and improve quality of life for everyone. But who are these individuals? How old are they? Were they born in the United States or abroad? Are they male or female? What are their races and ethnicities? What kind of education do they have? Identifying the characteristics of the individuals who create successful, meaningful innovation in America can shed important light on how to broaden and deepen the country’s pool of potential innovators through STEM education (science, technology, engineering and math), immigration, and overall innovation policies. This study surveys people who are responsible for some of the most important innovations in America. These include people who have won national awards for their inventions, people who have filed for international, triadic patents for their innovative ideas in three technology areas (information technology, life sciences, and materials sciences), and innovators who have filed triadic patents for large advanced-technology companies. In total, 6,418 innovators were contacted for this report, and 923 provided viable responses. This diverse, yet focused sampling approach enables a broad, yet nuanced examination of individuals driving innovation in the United States.

Using Patent Development, Education Policy and Research and Development Expenditure Policy to Increase Technological Competitiveness of Small European Union Member States

Abstract The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative will open new trade routes between China and the European Union (EU) and increase competition pressures on smaller EU member states. This article ranks where states like Estonia stand internationally in terms of innovativeness (and consequent competitiveness) by conducting an econometric study of patent development, education policy and research and development (R&D) expenditure policy. The authors claim that small member states such as Estonia should follow the example of countries such as Germany and adopt policies which focus more on increased public spending on R&D and innovation in public universities of science and technology, and raise support for high tech startups with a strong focus on international patenting. Member States must go further and subsidise R&D activities by focusing, inter alia, on filing of foreign patents such as triadic patents.

Invisible Constraints: The Relationship among Non-Competition Agreements, Inventor Mobility, and Patent Commercialization

To advance our understanding of the institutional-level influence of intellectual property policies on innovation, this article investigates a set of hypotheses questioning the links between state-level non-competition agreements, inventor mobility, and patent commercialization. It uses US inventor survey data covering a sample of 1,900 triadic patents. Results provide some evidence in support of the prevalent, yet under-researched, proposition that mobile inventors perform better than non-mobile ones in terms of commercialization activity. This article also finds that the severity of judicial enforcement of non-competition agreements has hampered the positive contribution of inventor mobility to invention commercialization and concludes that legal infrastructure is a crucial factor in innovation and invention success stories. Findings, therefore, have considerable policy implications with respect to the role of the judiciary in the enforcement of non-competition agreements.

Openness and innovation in the US: Collaboration form, idea generation and implementation

Much current work in management of innovation argues that it is becoming increasingly necessary for inventors and their firms to exploit information and capabilities outside the firm in order to combine one’s own resources with resources from the external environment. Building on this prior work, we examine the relationship between collaboration and innovation. Using detailed information on a sample of triadic patents, with over 1900 responses in the US, we report on the rates of collaboration of various forms, and test the effects of collaboration. Our results suggest that just over 10% of inventions involve an external co-inventor and about 23% involve external (non-co-inventor) collaborators (with 27% involving any external collaborators). We find evidence that heterogeneous collaboration and university-industry collaboration in inventing drive higher invention quality. However, vertical collaboration at the inventing stage is relatively more critical to commercialization at the implementation stage than is university-industry collaboration. These results suggest that the impact of different forms of collaborative innovation may vary depending on the stage of the innovation process.

Win, lose or draw? The fate of patented inventions

Using information from a survey of US inventors, this study explores the reasons for patent non-use and different types of non-use at the patent level, and how this varies by industry and firm characteristics. We find that 55% of triadic patents are commercialized. We also find that 17% of all triadic patents are not commercialized but are at least partially for preemption, though only 3% of all triadic patents are purely preemptive patents. We find that preemptive non-use is less common than failed patents. We then test the discriminating effects of patent effectiveness, competition, firm size and fragmentation of patent rights on the likelihood of preemptive patents. We find that greater patent effectiveness, more competition, and large firm size are associated with greater preemptive non-use relative to commercial use of patents. We conclude with the policy implications of our results.

Predicting the pattern of technology convergence using big-data technology on large-scale triadic patents

Understanding technology convergence became crucial for pursuing innovation and economic growth. This paper attempts to predict the pattern of technology convergence by jointly applying the Association Rule and Link Prediction to entire IPCs related to triadic patents filed during the period from 1955 to 2011. We further use a topic model to discover emerging areas of the predicted technology convergence. The results show that the medical area is in the center of convergence, and we predict that technologies for treating respiratory system/blood/sense disorders are associated with the technologies of genetic engineering/peptide/heterocyclic compounds. After eliminating the majority of convergence, we found the convergence pattern among activating catalysts, printing, advanced networking, controlling devices, secured communication with in-memory system, television system with pattern recognition, and image processing and analyzing technologies. The results of our study are expected to contribute to firms that seek new innovative technological domain.

Innovation Goes Global

By taking a U.S.-national approach to innovative capabilities and comparing the present with the postwar period, W. B. Bonvillian (“Advanced manufacturing policies and paradigms for innovation,” Policy Forum, 6 December 2013, p. [1173][1]) ignores the truly transformational change that has occurred over the past several decades: the growth of the global science system. The critical knowledge needed to innovate into the next generation of production is increasingly distributed across the globe, and it is just as likely to be located in India or China as in Ohio. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development reports that the growth in the number of triadic patents demonstrates the worldwide spread of innovative activities ([ 1 ][2]). U.S. researchers are actively tapping this global resource by collaborating with researchers from many other countries. The global network of international links (drawn from coauthorships on publications) has tripled in density over the past 20 years ([ 2 ][3]), with many new members joining the global network from developing countries, particularly China. Chinese addresses now appear more frequently than any other country in publications coauthored with U.S. researchers. Scientific globalization does not threaten an end to U.S. excellence in innovation; quite the opposite. The diffusion and rooting of scientific capacity to new places provides opportunity for greater efficiency in research activities, particularly by removing redundancy. Creative problem-solving can be enhanced by having new entrants grapple with technological challenges, as many U.S. companies are finding as they invest in foreign research. Culturally tied knowledge is often important to market access in foreign countries. These goods require a deliberate policy shift on the part of U.S. agencies from pushing knowledge creation to fomenting knowledge scanning and integration. Scanning the globe for the best new knowledge and ensuring local uptake is the more promising approach to closing the gaps in U.S. know-how than building a U.S.-only R&D effort, as Bonvillian suggests. 1. [↵][4] OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2013 (OECD Publishing, Paris, 2013). 2. [↵][5] 1. L. Leydesdorff, 2. C. Wagner , J. Informetrics 2, 317 (2008). [OpenUrl][6][CrossRef][7][Web of Science][8] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242210 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [6]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ.%2BInformetrics%26rft.volume%253D2%26rft.spage%253D317%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.joi.2008.07.003%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [7]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/j.joi.2008.07.003&link_type=DOI [8]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000260903700007&link_type=ISI

Analysis on Patent Activity and Technical Diversity in Green Car Fields

Patent activity was analyzed using green car-related patents according to the country and applicant. Green car-related R&D has been actively underway in advanced countries such as the U.S., and Japan, and recently, Korea has joined it by developing hybrid electric vehicles, electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Among green car-related patent applicants, Toyota motor in Japan has the largest percentage of the latest patents, and Honda Giken Kogyo has the largest percentage of triadic patents. As a result of comprehensive review of the number of patents, and the percentages of the latest patents and triadic patents in green car fields, it was found that the U.S. and Japan have excellent patent activity, while Korea has a low percentage of triadic patents. It was analysed that the percentages of the latest patents in Korea was relatively higher for fuel cell electric vehicles but lower for clean diesel vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles among green car fields than in advanced countries. Technical diversity by country was analyzed with hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), electric vehicles (EV), clean diesel vehicles (CDV), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).

Triadic citations, country biases and patent value: the case of pharmaceuticals

Triadic patents minimise home bias effects in studies that focus on patent counts as a measure of innovative activity. Yet, biases in qualitative patent indicators have been largely neglected. This article advocates that forward patent citations, and triadic citations in particular, can illuminate further on home bias, self citations, and the speed of knowledge flows for drug patents published by the USPTO for the period 1980---2008. The evidence shows that triadic citations help to minimize the home bias in citations as well as to make patent quality more transparent. Also, it indicates that self citations and the age distribution of citations are important factors to consider when explaining cross-country differences in pharmaceutical citations.

Globalization and knowledge spillover: international direct investment, exports and patents

This paper examines, within the context of globalization, the impact of the main channels of international trade on domestic innovation, namely outward direct investment (ODI), inward direct investment (IDI), cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) by foreigners, R&D expenditure, exports, and imports. The number of approved Triadic patents serves as a proxy for innovation. The data set contains 37 countries that are considered to be highly competitive in world markets, covering the period 1994–2005. The empirical results show that increased exports and ODI are able to stimulate an increase in approved patents. In contrast, IDI exhibits a negative correlation with domestic patents. Imports are shown not to have a significant impact on international technology spillovers. The paper shows that the impact of IDI on domestic innovation is characterized by two forces, namely the cross-border M&A by foreigners and remaining IDI, both of which are found to be negative.

Globalization and Knowledge Spillover: International Direct Investment, Exports and Patents

This paper examines the impact of the three main channels of international trade on domestic innovation, namely outward direct investment, inward direct investment (IDI) and exports. The number of Triadic patents serves as a proxy for innovation. The data set contains 37 countries that are considered to be highly competitive in the world market, covering the period 1994 to 2005. The empirical results show that increased exports and outward direct investment are able to stimulate an increase in patent output. In contrast, IDI exhibits a negative relationship with domestic patents. The paper shows that the impact of IDI on domestic innovation is characterized by two forces, and the positive effect of cross-border mergers and acquisitions by foreigners is less than the negative effect of the remaining IDI.

Patent activity on water pollution and treatment in China—a scientometric perspective

This research intends to investigate the patent activity on water pollution and treatment in China (1985-2007), and then compares the results with patents data about Triadic patents, South Korea, Brazil and India over the same periods, patents data were collected from Derwent World Patents Index between 1985 and May 2008. For this study, 169,312 patents were chosen and examined. Total volume of patents, technology focus, assignee sector, priority date and the comparison with other countries are analyzed. It is found that patents on water pollution and treatment filed at China have experienced a remarkable increase and the increase rate of patents filed at China change simultaneous with the percentage of domestic applications. However, the number of high quality Triadic patents with priority country as China remains small. Furthermore, in addition to individual patent assignees, both Chinese universities and enterprises also play important roles in patent activity of water pollution and treatment. In addition, the pattern of South Korea's development can provide short-term implications for China and the regularity in Triadic patents' development can provide some guidance to China's long-term development. In contrast, the development pattern of Brazil and India is less influential to China's devel- opment. Furthermore, China's technology focuses on water pollution and treatment seem to parallel global and triadic patent trends. This research provides a comprehensive picture of China's innovation capability in the area of water pollution and treatment. It will help China's local governments to improve their regional S&T capability and will provide support the National Water Pollution Control and Treatment Project in China.

Transnational patents and international markets

Patent statistics are a frequently used innovation indicator for the description and analysis of technological strengths and weaknesses, both on the macro and the micro level. Patent data has a broad coverage, high reliability, allows a very differentiated perspective and the data has become easier in availability and accessibility. Especially when cross country comparisons and comparative assessments are intended, a deep knowledge and understanding of patent systems is required. In the 1990s Triadic patents, which were able to balance the home advantage of domestic applicants/inventors. An increasing internationalisation and globalisation makes it also necessary to adapt the patent analyses to this new world order. In this paper the so called Transnational patents are suggested, which allows to grasp the new relations and relative positions between the industrialised, industrialising and emerging countries. The existing concepts are presented and discussed and contrasted against the concept of Transnational Patents.