Triadic Groups Research Articles

Peer Review Circles: The Value of Working in Triadic Groups and Oral Observational Peer Feedback in the Development of Student Feedback Literacy

Abstract There has been increasing debate about the effectiveness of peer feedback, especially the way learners actively engage with and act upon the feedback (Lam, 2017). Yet research has shown that well-managed peer feedback offers a host of social, cognitive and linguistic benefits (Sun & Doman, 2018). This paper looks at the perceptions of 24 teachers of English from Myanmar who experienced and evaluated a new way of organizing the peer feedback process known as Peer Review Circles (PRCs). In PRCs, learners work in groups of three, with two giving feedback on the work of the third, who listens, reflects on and only then responds to the comments. It was found that teachers perceived this arrangement to increase the quantity, variety and reliability of feedback, create a more conducive feedback atmosphere and aid the development of “soft/transferable” skills. Respondents identified teachers’ and learners’ lack of familiarity with this new approach, time constraints and the possibility of conflicting comments as potential difficulties of PRCs. To overcome these, respondents suggested providing training to teachers and learners, especially through modelling. This paper sheds light on a different way of managing peer feedback, PRCs, highlighting the benefits of working in triadic over dyadic groups and the value of oral observational peer feedback to develop students’ feedback literacy. The key implications relate to peer review training and the need to focus not just on procedural aspects but also on developing learners’ emotional competence to help sustain their language learning within today’s educational landscape.

UNDERSTANDING LATE PRECLASSIC MAYA POLITICS: PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE TRIADIC GROUP AT ACTUNCAN, BELIZE

For the Maya, the Late Preclassic period was a time of growth and consolidation; populations boomed and a common set of cultural ideas spread across the Maya Lowlands. This process is evident in the widespread presence of Chicanel Horizon ceramics, the dispersal of a unified Late Preclassic figural style found on mural and carved monuments, and the construction of a common set of architectural forms including canonical Triadic Groups. In the lower Mopan River Valley, the adoption of these ideas is evident in the rapid growth of the major center of Actuncan, Belize, which contains each of these cultural forms. This presentation reports on several years of preliminary research by the Actuncan Archaeological Project into the site’s triadic temple group. The authors have undertaken original documentation of the site's extensive looters’ tunnels and trenches, two seasons of original excavations, and archival work to recover original notes and drawings from research by James McGovern under the auspices of the Xunantunich Archaeological Project during the 1990s. Drawing on these data, we present initial interpretations of the sequence of construction of Structure 4, the largest and central pyramid of Actuncan’s Triadic Group. This includes evidence for eleven major construction phases, which are described in detail. We contextualize these findings by explaining our observations of regional trends in Triadic Group construction, which drive our ongoing research.

Identification of serous ovarian tumors based on polarization imaging and correlation analysis with clinicopathological features

Ovarian cancer is one of the most aggressive and heterogeneous female tumors in the world, and serous ovarian cancer (SOC) is of particular concern for being the leading cause of ovarian cancer death. Due to its clinical and biological complexities, ovarian cancer is still considered one of the most difficult tumors to diagnose and manage. In this study, three datasets were assembled, including 30 cases of serous cystadenoma (SCA), 30 cases of serous borderline tumor (SBT), and 45 cases of serous adenocarcinoma (SAC). Mueller matrix microscopy is used to obtain the polarimetry basis parameters (PBPs) of each case, combined with a machine learning (ML) model to derive the polarimetry feature parameters (PFPs) for distinguishing serous ovarian tumor (SOT). The correlation between the mean values of PBPs and the clinicopathological features of serous ovarian cancer was analyzed. The accuracies of PFPs obtained from three types of SOT for identifying dichotomous groups (SCA versus SAC, SCA versus SBT, and SBT versus SAC) were 0.91, 0.92, and 0.8, respectively. The accuracy of PFP for identifying triadic groups (SCA versus SBT versus SAC) was 0.75. Correlation analysis between PBPs and the clinicopathological features of SOC was performed. There were correlations between some PBPs ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], rqcross, [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) and clinicopathological features, including the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, pathological grading, preoperative ascites, malignant ascites, and peritoneal implantation. The research showed that PFPs extracted from polarization images have potential applications in quantitatively differentiating the SOTs. These polarimetry basis parameters related to the clinicopathological features of SOC can be used as prognostic factors.

Animal-to-robot social attachment: initial requisites in a gallinaceous bird

Animal–Robot Interaction experiments have demonstrated their usefulness to understand the social behaviour of a growing number of animal species. In order to study the mechanisms of social influences (from parents and peers) on behavioural development, we design an experimental setup where young quail chicks, after hatching, continuously live with autonomous mobile robots in mixed triadic groups of two chicks and one robot. As precocial birds are subject to imprinting, we compare groups where chicks meet the robot as their very first social partner, on their first day after hatching (R chicks), with groups where chicks meet a real conspecific first (C chicks), and the robot later (on the second day after hatching). We measured the behavioural synchronization between chicks and robot over three days. Afterwards, we directly tested the existence of a possible social bond between animal and robot, by performing separation–reunion behavioural tests. R chicks were more synchronized with the robot in their daily feeding–resting activities than C chicks. Moreover, R chicks emitted numerous distress calls when separated from the robot, even in the presence of another chick, whereas C chicks emitted calls only when separated from the other chick. Whether the observed chick–robot attachment bond reflects filial, or sibling-imprinting of chicks towards the robot remains unclear, as the latter process is not fully understood in natural familial groups. Still, these results reveal the necessary initial conditions for stable, cohesive mixed groups of chicks and robots, a promising tool to experiment on the long-term dynamics of social behaviour.

Between death and divinity. Rethinking the significance of Triadic Groups in ancient Maya culture

This paper aims to gather the most complete list of recorded Triadic Groups from the Maya Area, and subsequently analyze various aspects of their spatial and temporal occurrence, as well as their architecture, urban context, and iconography, in order to re-evaluate the existing theories and, possibly, arrive at a new one. The final conclusion states that both previously existing theories, namely those interpreting Triadic Groups as either earthly replicas of the Cosmic Hearth, or architectural stages for king’s accession rituals, cannot be entirely dismissed. However, they demonstrate possible secondary functions and meanings of the Triadics, limited to a certain number of known triadic assemblages. A more general interpretation is introduced, according to which Triadic Groups can be perceived as architectural stages and replicas of the Flower Mountain at the specific moment of the Maize God’s resurrection.

Mating System of a Migratory Bat, Nathusius' Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii): Different Male Strategies*

The mating system of European bats is often reported as ‘resource-defence polygyny’ where the resource is a male roost and its adjacent territory. With a large amount of field data we tested predictions of that model on the spatial dispersal of males in a resident population of a migratory species, Pipistrellus nathusii, well known for its complex vocal advertising by males during the mating season. The study was conducted in southern Bohemia throughout nine seasons (1999–2007) and revealed that (i) pronounced aggregations of male roosts and vocalization sites were affected by the vicinity of the breeding colony, and (ii) dyadic or triadic aggregations were observed in 65% of resident males that shared a common vocalization site. Dyadic or triadic groups were often quite stable over time (for up to seven successive years). No direct agonistic behaviour was observed between group members in contrast to regularly observed synchronization in their activity patterns and advertisement vocalizations. The busy vocalization sites were also visited by alien males that also produced advertisement vocalization and by non-vocalizing males that may have acted as sneaks. All these phenomena suggest considerable diversity in male strategies, suggesting that the mating system does not correspond entirely to ‘resource-defence polygyny’ nor can it be regarded as a lek mating system to which it corresponds in other characteristics (e.g., aggregations of males and the essential role of female choice). We expect that the broad diversity in mating tactics that characterises the species under study may also reveal features relevant to the mating systems of other temperate bats.

XTOBO, YUCATAN, MEXICO, AND THE EMERGENT PRECLASSIC OF THE NORTHERN MAYA LOWLANDS

AbstractTraditionally, research on the Preclassic Maya has focused on settlements found in the Southern Maya Lowlands. Apart from work at a few well-known archaeological sites in the Northern Lowlands, such as Komchen, Dzibilchaltun, and Yaxuna, the Preclassic Northern Maya had received relatively little attention from scholars. In recent years, however, many previously unreported archaeological sites with Preclassic materials have come to light. In northwest Yucatan, Mexico, a survey carried out by Proyecto Costa Maya encountered 140 sites with Preclassic components, including the site of Xtobo. Xtobo stood out from its neighboring Preclassic sites due to its extent and the size and complexity of its architecture. In addition, initial surveys of the site suggested that it was never reoccupied after the Preclassic period, thereby making it a valuable site for studying the Preclassic period in the Northern Maya Lowlands. After three seasons of fieldwork, the Proyecto Arqueologico de Xtobo was able to build substantially on the initial findings of the Proyecto Costa Maya, mapping 67 ha of settlement, including 387 structures, and carrying out a stratified sample of test pit excavations throughout the site. The project documented a dense and well-organized settlement, which included complex architectural features, such as pyramids, triadic groups, elite residences, and a ballcourt. The settlement at Xtobo shows many signs of a complex sociopolitical organization and interaction with other areas of the Maya region and Mesoamerica. The results of the Proyecto Arqueologico de Xtobo indicate that the Northern Maya Lowlands were an important and integral part of Preclassic Mesoamerica and should be considered in larger cultural reconstructions of the time period.

Frank Martin e la dodecafonia

The most part of literature has underestimated Frank Martin’s relationship with the dodecaphony, perhaps deliberately. In reality, dodecaphony concerns a significant part of the production of the Swiss composer and cannot be reduced to a sporadic occurrence of twelve-tone series within thematic functions. The essays aims to analyze Martin’ s personal use of some instances of Arnold Schoenberg’s dodecaphonic method, particularly in the 4 Short Pieces for guitar (1933), in the first Concerto for piano (1933/1934), in the Trio pour violon, alto et violoncello (1936) and in Der Schrei , the eighth song of the cycle Der Cornet (1942/1943). While in these pieces, one might observe Martin's tendency to exploit the series especially as chromatic enrichment of the melodic line (usually without recourse to inversion or retrograde) predominantly in tonal harmonic contexts, there are, however, moments in which the series takes the control over the vertical dimension, thus becoming the real Grundgestalt of the composition. Nevertheless, also in this case Martin avoids to drive his music toward a complete atonality, building its series with a clear predominance of consonant intervals and triadic groups. In general, Martin’s relation to dodecaphony shows personal features, that should however be assimilated to the broader context of the reception of Schoenberg’s method in the Thirties and Forties.

A Comparison of Deception Behavior in Dyad and Triadic Group Decision Making in Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication

Deception can be detrimental to individual and organizational decision making. Existing research on behavioral cues to deception has focused mainly on monologue and dyadic interaction. No studies have empirically examined the impact of group size on behavioral cues to deception. This study is the first attempt to investigate whether deceivers behave differently in dyads and triadic groups in synchronous computer-mediated communication. The empirical results revealed that cues to deception were contingent on the group size. Compared with truth tellers, deceivers showed a lower level of pleasantness and language complexity only in dyads, whereas a higher level of cognitive complexity and initiation only in triadic groups. Although participation behavior was a significant cue in both groups, its levels of significance was higher in triadic groups than in dyads. This study raises a broad yet critical issue of group effect on deception behavior. It has significant implications for deception detection in computer-mediated communication.

Play behaviour in lowland gorillas: Age differences, sex differences, and possible functions

A study on lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) play behaviour was conducted on four exhibits at three different zoological parks so that 19 gorillas were observed. Juvenile gorillas played the most, but play continued at fairly high frequencies through adolescence. Most social play occurred between dyads. Triadic groups usually chased each other. No sex differences in type of play were observed, but gender differences in partner preferences were observed. Males played with both other males and females, while females seldom played together. These data support the social skills hypothesis (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1974) of play.

Patterns of coalition formation in two games played by male tetrads.

Patterns of coalition formation and apportionment of payoffs in two negotiable tetrad games were studied. Twenty groups were studied and male players were assigned additive power weights reflecting the value of the game. Game 1 assigned 1,2,2, and 4 to the players, and Game 2 players received 1,1,1, and 3. The winning coalition received the constant stake in the game to be divided among them according to negotiated agreement. In Game 1 any triple alliance and any alliance including the high power weight could win. Likewise, any coalition including the high weight in Game 2 could claim all of the constant payoff. However, in Game 2 the triple alliance of weak players (holders of 1's) could only tie with the high power weight. In both games, if no coalition were formed, the high power weight would claim all of the payoff. On the basis of studies of triadic groups the following hypotheses were generated: In Game 1 the high power weight was expected to gain access to pair alliances more often in later than in earlier games of a ten-game series. As this inclusion increased his payoff share was expected to become approximately equal to that of his weaker ally. In Game 2, where the strong power weight could secure half of the constant payoff whether he allied or not, it was expected that the weak triple alliance would be preferred in most groups to the winning pair which included the high weight. The findings revealed that the high power weight was included in winning pair alliances as a general thing over all time periods for both experimental games. Evidence for shifts in payoff share over time for the high power weight in Game 1 was inconclusive. Although the weak triple alliance was used above chance expectancy only in Game 2, such alliances were not preferred by most groups playing the game defined by this pattern. The difficulty of negotiating triple alliances, which require a two-step negotiation, seemed to account for the general scarcity of triple alliances. The occurrence of the weak triple alliances in Game 2 rather than in Game 1 may depend on the higher activity level of the weaker players in Game 2. Activity level was assessed by comparing frequencies of first offers in each trial for the two different games. It was proposed that differential pressures are brought to bear on the different power positions in different game-situations; however, further study of the bargaining process would be needed to establish the worth of such an hypothesis.