Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate Research Articles

Wood fibers with natural blowing agents for extrusion and injection molding of polypropylene

ABSTRACT This paper presents a new two-step approach of foaming polypropylene (PP) containing wood fibers (WF) with tri-sodium citrate dihydrate as the low-temperature chemical blowing agent (CBA) and sucrose as the high-temperature CBA. The first CBA was intentionally selected to thermally degrade during extrusion (lower temperature range), whereas the second CBA during the injection molding (higher temperature range). The CBAs were dissolved in water, and WF were soaked in these solutions, afterward dried, ground, and then mixed with PP and extruded. The extruded granules were then injection molded to produce dumbbell-shaped samples. The porosity, thermal degradation, PP crystallization, mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the wood-polymer composites (WPCs), as well as their susceptibility to acoustic damping, were determined. It was shown that sucrose can be an effective CBA for injection-molded WPC samples. However, the effectiveness of this additive is improved by the addition of tri-sodium citrate dihydrate, which decomposed during extrusion.

MXene-Based Skin-Like Hydrogel Sensor and Machine Learning-Assisted Handwriting Recognition.

Conductive hydrogels are widely used in flexible sensors owing to their adjustable structure, good conductivity, and flexibility. The performance of excellent mechanical properties, high sensitivity, and elastic modulus compatible with human tissues is of great interest in the field of flexible sensors. In this paper, the functional groups of trisodium citrate dihydrate (SC) and MXene form multiple hydrogen bonds in the polymer network to prepare a hydrogel with mechanical properties (Young's modulus (23.5-92 kPa) of similar human tissue (0-100 kPa)), sensitivity (stretched GF is 4.41 and compressed S1 is 5.15 MPa-1), and durability (1000 cycles). The hydrogel is able to sensitively detect deformations caused by strain and stress and can be used in flexible sensors to detect human movement in real time such as fingers, wrists, and walking. In addition, the combination of matrix sensing and machine learning was successfully used for handwriting recognition with an accuracy of 0.9744. The combination of machine learning and flexible sensors shows great potential in areas such as healthcare, information security, and smart homes.

Stoichiometry crystallographic phase analysis and crystallinity integration of silver nanoparticles: A Rietveld refinement study

A highly crystalline phase of silver nanoparticles was successfully synthesized using silver nitrate as the precursor and trisodium citrate dihydrate as the chelating agent. Rietveld refinement analysis revealed that approximately 95.0 % of the synthesized material consisted of crystalline silver nanoparticles, with the remaining 5.0 % being unreacted starting material. XRD characterized the prominent crystalline phase, providing insights into lattice parameters were α = β = γ = 90.0°, a = b = c = 4.08871 Å; lattice strain 0.290 %, lattice volume 68.353 Å3 and average dislocation density 9.6 9× 10-4 nm−2. The most intense diffraction peak was attributed to the (111) plane at 2θ = 38.18°. The average crystallite size was determined to be 32.12 nm, confirming the formation of crystalline silver nanoparticles. The specific surface area of the synthesized silver nanoparticles was 18 m2/g Notably, the synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited a higher degree of crystallinity (59.35 %) compared to the standard silver nitrate (38.46 %), indicating a highly crystalline nature. The crystallographic data confirmed the successful synthesis of highly crystalline silver nanoparticles with improved crystallinity over the reference material.

Trisodium citrate dihydrate catalyzed one-pot four component synthesis of spiropyrano-indenoquinoxaline derivatives and their molecular docking analysis on the anti-cancer efficacies

Trisodium citrate dihydrate catalyzed one-pot four component synthesis of spiropyrano-indenoquinoxaline derivatives and their molecular docking analysis on the anti-cancer efficacies

Coumarin derivative-functionalized nanoporous silica as an on–off fluorescent sensor for detecting Fe3+ and Hg2+ ions: a circuit logic gate

A highly efficient fluorescent sensor (S-DAC) was easily created by functionalizing the SBA-15 surface with N-(2-Aminoethyl)-3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane followed by the covalent attachment of 7-diethylamino 3-acetyl coumarin (DAC). This chemosensor (S-DAC) demonstrates selective and sensitive recognition of Fe3+ and Hg2+ in water-based solutions, with detection limits of 0.28 × 10–9 M and 0.2 × 10–9 M for Hg2+ and Fe3+, respectively. The sensor’s fluorescence characteristics were examined in the presence of various metal ions, revealing a decrease in fluorescence intensity upon adding Fe3+ or Hg2+ ions at an emission wavelength of 400 nm. This sensor was also able to detect ferric and mercury ions in spinach and tuna fish. The quenching mechanism of S-DAC was investigated using UV–vis spectroscopy, which confirmed a static-type mechanism for fluorescence quenching. Moreovre, the decrease in fluorescence intensity caused by mercury and ferric ions can be reversed using trisodium citrate dihydrate and EDTA as masking agents, respectively. As a result, a circuit logic gate was designed using Hg2+, Fe3+, trisodium citrate dihydrate, and EDTA as inputs and the quenched fluorescence emission as the output.Graphic abstract

Silver Nanoparticles-Chitosan Nanocomposites: A Comparative Study Regarding Different Chemical Syntheses Procedures and Their Antibacterial Effect.

Nanocomposites based on silver nanoparticles and chitosan present important advantages for medical applications, showing over time their role in antibacterial evaluation. This work presents the comparative study of two chemical synthesis procedures of nanocomposites, based on trisodium citrate dihydrate and sodium hydroxide, using various chitosan concentrations for a complex investigation. The nanocomposites were characterized by AFM and DLS regarding their dimensions, while FT-IR and UV-VIS spectrometry were used for the optical properties and to reveal the binding of silver nanoparticles with chitosan. Their antibacterial effect was determined using a disk diffusion method on two bacteria strains, E. coli and S. aureus. The results indicate that, when using both methods, the nanocomposites obtained were below 100 nm, yet the antibacterial effect proved to be stronger for the nanocomposites obtained using sodium hydroxide. Furthermore, the antibacterial effect can be related to the nanocomposites' sizes, since the smallest dimension nanocomposites exhibited the best bacterial growth inhibition on both bacteria strains we tested and for both types of silver nanocomposites.

The Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Antimicrobial and Biodegradation of Cornstarch Bioplastic

The development of bioplastics is currently increasing, because bioplastics are an effort to reduce landfill waste. One of the bioplastics that has good degradation ability is cornstarch. The addition of nanoparticles was carried out to improve the properties of bioplastic packaging. One example of the application of nanotechnology in food packaging is silver nanoparticles (AgNP), known as antimicrobial substances. This research was conducted to determine the effect of adding AgNP (0%, 1%, and 2%) on the antimicrobial and biodegradation of cornstarch bioplastics. Bioplastics are made by casting method. AgNP was used from the synthesis of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and trisodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7.2H2O) as a reducing agent and stabilizer by chemical reduction method, which was then analyzed by FTIR. The results obtained showed that cornstarch bioplastic AgNP 1% has the ability to estimate the fastest degradation time among other concentrations with an addition of 103 days. Cornstarch bioplastic AgNP 2% had the best ability to inhibit bacterial growth, with antibacterial inhibition zone diameters of 11.03 mm (Staphylococcus aureus) and 10.61 mm (Escherichia coli). However, AgNP could not inhibit the mold growth of Aspergillus niger. The addition of AgNP to cornstarch bioplastics can increase the degradation capabilities and antibacterial activity of bioplastics.

Flotation of lean coal using trisodium citrate dihydrate as a dispersant in the presence of sodium oleate

Flotation is a highly efficient method for purifying low-ash coal particles from high-ash fine slimes. Herein, the dispersion effect of trisodium citrate dihydrate (TCD) on the reduction of slime coating on low-ash lean coal particle surface was studied using flotation tests, scanning electron microscope–energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) observation, turbidity measurements, and extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (E-DLVO) calculations. Flotation tests revealed that after adding of 2000 g/t TCD, the yield of clean coal increased by 1.09 % and the ash content of clean coal decreased by 1.45 % with 1000 g/t NaOL at pH 7.0, thereby increasing the combustible recovery and flotation perfect index by 2.50 % and 6.42 %, respectively. The SEM–EDS observation and turbidity measurements indicated that the coating of the high-ash fine slimes on the low-ash coal particle surface was significantly weakened in the presence of 2000 g/t TCD. Furthermore, the E-DLVO calculations verified that the addition of 2000 g/t TCD increased the energy barrier between the low-ash coal particles and high-ash fine slimes, providing theoretical evidence for flotation tests and SEM–EDS observation. Therefore, TCD served as an effective dispersant for the high-ash fine slimes to improve the flotation performance of lean coal.

Metabolome analysis to investigate the effect of heavy metal exposure and chemoprevention agents on toxic injury caused by a multi-heavy metal mixture in rats

Heavy metal pollution is a significant threat to both the environment and living organisms. This is especially vital considering the persistent and cumulative nature of heavy metal exposure, which can lead to severe and chronic health consequences for individuals. Therefore, implementing effective treatments is critical to addressing the serious public health issues posed by heavy metal pollution. In this study, nontargeted metabolomics was carried out to investigate the metabolic changes associated with long-term low-dose intake of mixed heavy metal pollutants (MHMPs) in liver, kidney, and plasma samples of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with and without treatment to reveal the underlying toxic effects of MHMPs and the effects of chemoprevention agents, including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), trisodium citrate dihydrate (TCD), and glutathione (GSH). In the liver, kidney, and plasma, we observed a total of 21, 69, and 16 metabolites, respectively, exhibiting significant differences (P < 0.05, fold change >1.2 or <0.83, and VIP ≥ 1) between the control group and the mixture group. The findings demonstrated that exposure to MHMPs leads to the dysregulation of numerous metabolic pathways, with a particular emphasis on purine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis with upregulated renal purine metabolites and downregulated hepatic purine metabolites as well as renal aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis-related metabolites. However, the application of chemical protectants was shown to partially restore the metabolic alterations induced by MHMPs, particularly purine metabolism-related metabolites, including hepatic adenine and renal adenine, guanine, guanosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and hypoxanthine. In addition, liver adenosine, kidney inosine and L-phenylalanine were considered the main regulated sites based on their significant correlations with multiple heavy metals. Our study provides crucial insights into the toxicological mechanisms of heavy metal pollution and has the potential to guide the development of effective preventive strategies.

Fabrication of Ag nanostar and PEI-based SERS substrate for sensitive and rapid detection of SO2: Application for detection of sulfite residues in beer

Because of sulfite's potential toxicity, there is a growing concern about detecting and controlling its concentration in foods, alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and environmental samples to ensure public health. A branched polyethyleneimine-coated silver nano-star (AgNS@PEI) surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate was synthesized in this study for use as a sensitive, simple, rapid, stable, and reproducible non-destructible sulfite detection analytical technique. The seed morphology of the nano-star was created by using hydroxylamine (NH2OH) solution as a primary reducing agent, followed by a slow secondary reduction by trisodium citrate dihydrate (HOC(COONa)(CH2COONa)2 2H2O), resulting in the complete growth of the silver nano-star. For extra stability and selective absorption of sulfur dioxide from the headspace extraction of SO2 from sulfites, the nano-stars were thin coated with branched polyethyleneimine (b-PEI). The results showed that the thin-coated plasmonic substrates selectively absorb sulfur dioxide molecules, allowing sulfites in beer samples to be detected with a detection limit of 0.48 mg/L. Furthermore, the PEI-coated silver nano-star demonstrated increased stability and reproducibility, allowing for longer use of the substrate. Recovery experiments with recovery rates ranging from 95 to 112% and relative standard deviations ranging from 1.55 to 8.1% demonstrated that headspace extraction, selective SO2 absorption by the synthesized substrate, and subsequent SERS detections were reliable and valid for practical applications. Finally, this study developed an SO2-sensitive, selective, and robust Si@AgNS@PEI substrate for effective SERS detection and monitoring of sulfite levels in real-world environmental samples.

Green Approach for the Simultaneous Synthesis and Separation of Gold Nanoparticles.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have diagnostic and therapeutic applications as they are biocompatible and can be surface-functionalized. The use of organic solvents in the synthesis of AuNPs hampers their applications in the medicinal field. The large-scale production of nanoparticles requires their simultaneous synthesis and separation. Self-assembly of nanoparticles at the fluid-fluid interface facilitates their separation from the bulk and eliminates a downstream processing step. In this work, we exploit this in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to synthesize and separate stable AuNPs. The ATPS was based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trisodium citrate dihydrate (citrate) as both these compounds can reduce Au ions. After the synthesis of nanoparticles, using one of the solutes, a complementary solution containing the other solute is added to form a two-phase system to facilitate self-assembly at the interface. The nanoparticles synthesized in different phases are characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The AuNPs synthesized using the citrate solution are found to be unstable. Particles synthesized using the ATPS with PEG-600 are trapped at the interface while those using PEG-6000 remain in the bulk. Continuous synthesis and separation of nanoparticles in slug flow in a millichannel are demonstrated as a first step for large-scale controlled synthesis.

Structure engineering of 3D interconnect graphene nanocapsules for microwave absorption

Constructing porous structures is important for enhancing the impedance matching of carbon-based microwave absorbing materials (MAM) and achieving effective electromagnetic wave absorption. In this study, we prepared three-dimensional interconnected graphene nanocapsules (IGNCs) with a honeycomb-like structure using trisodium citrate dihydrate. During pyrolysis, sodium citrate dihydrate undergoes self-assembly and thermal polymerization, forming interconnected nanocapsules. The homogeneous distribution of Na2CO3 serves as a template for this process. The IGNCs-700 demonstrated an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.32 GHz, at a fill concentration of only 5 wt.% and a matched thickness of 2.3 mm. Finally, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) simulation results further validate the radar microwave absorption capability of the IGNCs-700 under far-field conditions.

The influence of trisodium citrate dihydrate complexing agent on the structural, electrical and optical properties of γ-MnS thin films

The influence of trisodium citrate dihydrate complexing agent on the structural, electrical and optical properties of γ-MnS thin films

Crystallite size-dependent magnetic moment in hydrogen bridged manganese tetracyanonickelate based two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks

Two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are the coordination network of organic cyanide (CN) ligands and metal cyanometallates. They possess great potential as molecular magnets between subzero up to above room temperature. These complexes are greatly sought after due to the unique structural features that allow them to offer tunable magnetic properties by changing crystal entities and/or through external stimulation such as light and heat. Layered structure of tetracyanonickellate based MOFs T(H2O)2Ni(CN)4·.4H2O, T = Mn herein called Mn-MOF, have been synthesized by the chemical precipitation method with controlled particle size using tri-sodium citrate dihydrate (TSCD) as the chelating agent. This work involves the study of spontaneous magnetism in the layered solid, the effect of their crystallite sizes and morphology on the magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic interaction takes place in-plane between the pseudo-octahedral metal (T) ions through the diamagnetic Ni2+ center, and out-of-plane through the hydrogen bonding bridge formed in the interlayer spacing. Magnetic properties were measured using Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) and calculated for Curie temperatures with magnetic exchange energies using the Curie-Weiss mean field theory and total angular momentum of the involved metal ions. The MOFs exhibit a paramagnetic behavior above 50 K and show increased magnetic susceptibility on cooling with a paramagnetic to weak ferromagnetic (wFM) transition below 50 K. A field-dependent response of the magnetic ordering temperature from 34 to 44 K was also observed for the Mn(H2O)2Ni(CN)4·.4H2O complex. The value of magnetic exchange coupling between interlayer metal centers increases though the hydrogen bonding network which results increased magnetic moment with decreased crystallite surface area to volume ratio.

Controlling the 3D flower‐like ZnO via simple precipitation method and its formation mechanism and photocatalytic application

AbstractThe stratified ZnO has been known to be an efficient photocatalyst. However, its morphological control is limited because of the strict conditions. In this study, the 3D flower‐like ZnO was synthesized by the simple precipitation method. Its morphology was simply controlled by changes in NaOH and trisodium citrate dihydrate content and reaction temperature. Flower‐like ZnO has been produced in different sizes and petals thicknesses with the variation of trisodium citrate dihydrate. Besides, at 0.25 M NaOH, the ZnO‐1NaOH was 5 μm in size assembled from numerous petals with an average thickness of 13 nm. The morphology changed at higher NaOH content, it was observed as a triangular prism for the ZnO‐2NaOH sample. While the reaction temperature changed the thickness of the petals. The plausible formation mechanism of flower structure was proposed. The catalytic activity of ZnO was demonstrated through the decomposition of tetracycline hydrochloride (THC) under visible light. In addition, the stability and photocatalytic mechanism of ZnO were studied.

Silicon dioxide quantum dots anchored on the surface of carbon nanodiscs as photoluminescent probe for Cr(VI) detection

Photoluminescent nanomaterials are emerging as excellent probe for detection of wide range of analytes at trace concentrations. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) are not widely explored as photoluminescent probes for metal ion sensing. Here, silicon dioxide quantum dots anchored on the surface of carbon nanodisc (SiO2-QDs@CND) has been developed as a probe for quantitative detection of micromolar concentrations of Cr(VI), via photoluminescence quenching. SiO2-QDs@CND is synthesized via hydrothermal route by controlled heating of 3-Aminopropytriethoxysilane (APTES) and trisodium citrate dihydrate (as a reducing agent and as a carbon matrix) at 170 °C for 12 h, which resulted in formation of 3–10 nm sized nanoocrystalline SiO2-QDs, measured by transmission electron microscopy. The structural, morphological, compositional and optical characteristics of the probe have been studied. The probe exhibited bright bluish photoluminescence corresponding to an emission wavelength of 440 nm with photoluminescence quantum yield of 23.1 %. The pH and contact time optimized SiO2-QDs@CND exhibited a linear Stern-Volmer quenching by Cr(VI) whose concentrations ranged between 1 and 75 μM. The probe exhibited high selectivity towards Cr(VI) detection, confirmed against several relevant cations and anions as interfering agents. The limit of detection is determined as 0.78 ± 0.01 μM. The suitability of the probe towards measurement of Cr(VI) in real water samples is demonstrated through recovery analysis of spiked samples. Experimental evidences suggested that the PL quenching mechanism is predominantly due to complexation between the probe and Cr(VI) in the ground state, along with a minor contribution of inner filter effect.

Preparation of Novel Triangular Prism e -Zn(OH)2 by the Facile Precipitation Route for the Photocatalysis Under Visible Light

Objective: This study aims to decompose antibiotic of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) in aqueous medium by photocatalysis under the visible light irradiation. Method: Photocatalyst e -Zn(OH)2 was synthesized by facile precipitation method from an aqueous containing zinc nitrate, using trisodium citrate dihydrate. The characterization of as-prepared material was confirmed by XRD, SEM, FI-IR, and UV-Vis-DR. The catalytic performance of catalyst was evaluated by batch reaction. Finding: e -Zn(OH)2 has an orthorhombic structure with a length prism of 5-7 mm and triangle angles of 56.92, 69.46, and 66.71o e -Zn(OH)2 has been shown to efficiently degrade tetracycline hydrochloride. The degradation efficiency (DE) and reaction rate at the TCH concentration of 5 mg/L were the highest, exhibiting 89.51% and 0.120 min-1, respectively. The alkaline medium was an appropriate condition for degradation of TCH on catalyst. Application/Improvement: e -Zn(OH)2 was synthesized by the facile precipitation method, it has relatively strong photocatalytic ability for applying in treatment of medical wastewater. Novelty: Novel triangular prism e -Zn(OH)2 was prepared for photocatalysis. The relationship between structure and catalytic efficiency was investigated in detail. In addition, the photocatalytic mechanism of TCH on e -Zn(OH)2 has been proposed. Keywords: Photocatalyst; Zn(OH) 2; Tetracycline hydrochloride; Degradation; Kinetic

Use of gold nanoparticle-silibinin conjugates: A novel approach against lung cancer cells.

Lung cancer presents one of the most challenging carcinomas with meager 5-year survival rates (less than 20%), high metastasis and high recurrence due to chemo- and radio- resistance. An alternative or complementation to existing prognosis modalities is the use of phytochemicals such as silibinin, which targets essential cytokines, angiogenic factors and transcription factors for a profound anti-tumor effect. However, the problems of low solubility in an aqueous physiological environment, poor penetration, high metabolism and rapid systemic clearance limit the therapeutic use of silibinin. Conjugation of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with silibinin may overcome the above challenges along with distinct advantages of biocompatibility, optical properties for monitoring and causation of cytotoxicity in cancer cells. The current study thus aims to develop silibinin conjugated gold nanoparticles (Sb-GNPs) with pH responsive release in the cancer microenvironment, optimizing several parameters for its higher activity and further evaluate the nanoplatform for their efficacy in inducing cell death in vitro against A549 lung cancer cells. GNPs was synthesized using trisodium citrate dihydrate as the reducing agent and further used for the conjugation of silibinin. The synthesized GNPs were found to be monodispersed and spherical in shape. The silibinin was successfully conjugated with gold nanoparticles and long-term stability of GNPs and Sb-GNPs nanoconjugates in suspension phase was confirmed by FTIR and DLS. Anticancer properties of Sb-GNPs were confirmed by different assay using MTT, Trypan blue dye exclusion assay and cell cycle analysis assay. After conjugation of silibinin with GNPs, the efficacy of silibinin increased 4–5 times in killing the cancer cells. This is the first report on using silibinin gold nanoconjugate system for lung cancer therapy with promising future applications.

Excitation-independent deep-blue emitting carbon dots with 62% emission quantum efficiency and monoexponential decay profile for high-resolution fingerprint identification

Reaching emissive nanomaterials at short wavelengths with a high quantum efficiency (QE) is an attractive task for researchers. This is more demanding in carbon dots (CDs) with diverse applications that usually emit photons at wavelengths around 450–620 nm. In this study, deep blue-emissive doped-CDs (d-CDs) with high photoluminescence (PL) QE up to 62% and excitation-independent properties were prepared via a short-time microwave irradiation method. The prepared CDs showed simultaneous amorphous and crystalline features, with average sizes of 4.75 nm and bright emission color located at 422 nm. It was found that the presence of sulfur-related dopant levels plays a key role in emission properties in such a way that the PL signal drops significantly in the absence of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) as a dopant source. On the other hand, the trisodium citrate dihydrate (TSC) was selected as a carbon source to form the main carbon skeleton without it no emission was recorded. Monoexponential-fitted recombination trend with an average lifetime of about 10 ns also confirmed excellent PL emission properties with uniform energy levels and minimized defect-contributing recombinations. The practical use of the as-prepared N, S-doped CDs was assessed in fingerprint detection indicating a bright and clear scheme for both core and termination regions of the fingerprint. Simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high-product yield, low toxicity, along with high/stable PL quantum efficiency in deep-blue wavelengths, and demonstrated ability for fingerprint purposes, support the prospective application of these dual doped-CDs for sensing and bioimaging applications.

Trisodium citrate dihydrate catalyzed one-pot pseudo four-component synthesis of fully functionalized pyridine derivatives

A facile and convenient method has been developed for the one-pot pseudo-four component synthesis of fully functionalized pyridine derivatives from the reactions of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and thiols in the presence of a catalytic amount of trisodium citrate dihydrate as an efficient metal-free catalyst in aqueous ethanol under refluxed conditions. All the reactions were completed within just 45 minutes and the desired products afforded in excellent yields (90–95%). Gram scale production of the desired compound was also achieved. Synthesis of biologically promising scaffolds, high atom economy, excellent yields, use of metal-free catalyst, less toxic solvents, no column chromatographic purifications, reusability of the solvent media, multiple carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations are some of the major advantages of this newly developed protocol.