Tridodecylamine Research Articles

Development of a Bitterness Sensor Using Partially Dissociated Amine Compounds.

This study focused on developing an advanced bitterness sensor designed to minimize interference from common anions such as nitrate (NO3-) and iodide (I-) by incorporating partially dissociated amine compounds into the sensor membrane. The conventional bitter sensor (C00) uses fully dissociated quaternary ammonium salt tetradecyl ammonium bromide (TDAB), which typically exhibits high responses to these anions, leading to inaccurate bitterness assessments. To address this issue, we explored the use of three partially dissociated amines-oleylamine (OAm), dioctadecylamine (DODA), and tridodecylamine (TDA)-as lipids in the membrane components. We fabricated sensor membranes and tested their ion selectivity, interference resistance to anion, and sensitivity to iso-alpha acids (IAAs), representative bitter compounds in beer. The results showed that the membranes with partially dissociated amines significantly reduced anion interference. Notably, the sensitivity of the TDA membrane to IAAs was 80.4 mV/dec in concentration, exceeding the 68.5 mV/dec of the TDAB membrane. This enhanced sensitivity, coupled with reduced anion interference, reveals a novel property of partially dissociated lipids in taste sensors, distinguishing them from fully dissociated lipids. These findings pave the way for the development of sensors that can accurately assess a bitter taste and have potential applications in the food and beverage industry.

Extraction of acid orange 7 from water by emulsion liquid membrane using Tri-dodecyl-amine as extractant

The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of extracting Acid Orange 7 (AO7), a complex reactive dye, from aqueous solutions using a stabilized emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique. The ELM formulation comprised tri-dodecylamine (TDA) as the extracting agent, kerosene as the diluting medium, and SPAN 80 as the surfactant. We systematically examined various experimental variables that affect the extraction of AO7. These variables included the concentrations of the extractant and surfactant, internal phase concentrations, the ratio of the membrane phase to the internal phase, the choice of diluting medium and its grade, stirring speed, treatment ratio, and the initial concentration of AO7. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of sodium chloride concentration in the external phase. Our research findings indicate that the optimal conditions for AO7 extraction using the ELM method were as follows: a TDA concentration of 3% (w/w), a SPAN 80 concentration of 9% (w/w), an oil-to-aqueous phase ratio (O/A) of 1:1, kerosene as the diluting medium, H2SO4 as the internal phase, a stirring speed of 200 rpm, a treatment ratio of 1:10, and an initial AO7 concentration of 10 mg/L. Under these precise conditions, an exceptional extraction efficiency of 98.49% was achieved in just 15 min. Under these carefully controlled conditions, an exceptional extraction efficiency of 98.49% was achieved in just 15 min. Consequently, the emulsified liquid membrane extraction process demonstrates significant potential as an advanced separation technique for removing hazardous dyes, particularly in dilute solutions.

Recovery of rare earth elements from electronic waste by diffusion dialysis

Recycling rare earth elements (REEs) contained in electronic waste is of utmost importance due to their ever-increasing use in the high-tech sector. In this context, the use of non-polluting techniques represents a real challenge for scientists. In this work, we demonstrated that a clean and energy-efficient process, diffusion dialysis, has great potential for the recovery of neodymium (Nd) and praseodymium (Pr), contained in the Nd-Fe-B magnets of end-of-life computer hard disk drives (HDDs). Four kinds of polymer membranes were prepared by blending cellulose triacetate (CTA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) with the addition of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), tridodecylamine (TDDA), trioctylamine (TOA) or trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO). The membranes were first characterized by several techniques such as water uptake, contact angle, ATR-FTIR, SEM, XRD and zeta potential. They were further implemented in diffusion dialysis experiments in which diluted HDDs leachates were used as feed solutions. The relevance of the diffusion dialysis process for the recovery of REEs was demonstrated as it was possible to extract up to 15% of the boron by spontaneous diffusion through the CTA/PEI/TOA membrane in 6 h with a lab-scale cell operating in batch mode. All membranes were positively charged under the operating conditions and then, REEs (present mainly in the form of trivalent cations Nd3+ and Pr3+) were strongly rejected. A fairly good correlation was found between the membrane water uptake and boron transfer, with boric acid molecules passing more easily through the more hydrated membranes. The selectivity factor between boron and REEs resulted from the interplay between the membrane structure, its water uptake ability and surface charge. It was also found to be dependent on the leachate composition. The CTA/PEI/TDDA membrane was found to exhibit the greatest B/REE selectivity factors, with values reaching up to 3706 and 140 for Nd and Pr, respectively. The lower selectivity towards Pr was explained by the weaker Gibbs energy of hydration of Pr3+ cations compared with Nd3+.

Experimental studies on removal of arsenites from industrial effluents using tridodecylamine supported liquid membrane.

In this article, we report the efficient removal of arsenic in the form of arsenite (As(III)) from an aqueous solution which was applied on the industrial effluents. A flat-sheet polypropylene-supported liquid membrane (SLM) was clamped between the feed phase and strip phase in a liquid membrane permeator setup using tridodecylamine (TDDA) as carrier for extraction of As(III). We have optimized the reaction in changing different parameters such as metal, acid concentration in feed phase, strip phase concentration, and carrier concentration for the maximum As(III) transport through the SLM. The flux value, time of extraction, the stoichiometry of the complex formed, and membrane stability were also investigated. As a result of different experiments performed, we find the best conditions of 0.1mol/L of TDDA, 1.0mol/L of HCl in feed phase at optimum pH1, and 1.0mol/L of NaOH in stripping phase for the maximum As(III) removal. The optimized reaction was utilized on effluent collected from different industries. During repeated set of experiments on a single polypropylene membrane, it was found that it could withstand five consecutive experiments. Moreover, as high as 93% of extraction efficiency was achieved in 180min.

Reactive Extraction of Lactic Acid using Environmentally Benign Green Solvents and Synergistic Mixture of Extractants

An environment-friendly reactive extraction method as a novel phase separation technique was postulated to extract lactic acid (LA) from aqueous solution by means of environmentally benign green solvents along with the synergistic mixture of extractants. Reactive extraction of LA has been carried by using synergistic mixture of extractants (trioctylamine (TOA), Aliquat336, and tridodecylamine (TDDA)), organic solvents, and non-toxic and biocompatible green solvents. From the different LA reactive extraction systems investigated, the system having sunflower oil, synergist extractant (TOA and Aliquat336) and Butan-2-ol were found to be the most favourable system. The LA distribution coefficient (KD=27.75±0.22) and extraction efficiency (η=97.17±0.54%) were obtained by a system consisting of LA concentration (0.05 [M]), TOA (15%, v/v), Aliquat336 (15%, v/v), solvent ratio (2.5, v/v), phase ratio (1:1, v/v), agitation speed (100 rpm), and stirring time (120 min). The main driving force for this research work on the LA reactive extraction from aqueous solution was to develop a suitable combination of extractants, organic solvents and natural solvents which possesses high affinity towards LA and also has less toxicity towards LA producing microbes.

Pervaporative Separation of Mixed Volatile Fatty Acids: A Study Towards Integrated VFA Production and Separation

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) are heavily synthesized from fossil-based processes regardless of the scarcity of non-renewable resources. Anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes can be an alternative way to produce VFAs, however the recovery of VFAs from fermentation broths is the bottleneck of the resource recovery. In this study, membrane contactor based pervaporation system was used to recover VFAs through polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tridodecylamine (TDDA) filled PTFE, and composite silicone rubber/PTFE membranes. Synthetic VFA mixtures were used as feed solutions representing fermentation broths composed of acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acids. Effect of temperature on recovery of VFAs through PTFE and TDDA filled PTFE liquid membrane was investigated at 21 °C, 35 °C, and 55 °C. In addition, effect of increased membrane thickness on VFA recovery efficiency of composite membranes was assessed at 35 °C. The results of the study revealed that TDDA filled PTFE liquid membrane resulted in significantly higher VFA flux, separation factor, permeance, and selectivity compared to that of PTFE membrane, which was presumably due to strong ion-pair formation between TDDA and carboxylic acids. The highest permeance of VFAs were observed at 35 °C through TDDA filled PTFE liquid membrane. Membrane thickness significantly influenced the VFA separation efficiency in composite membranes. The highest membrane selectivity of VFAs was observed in a composite membrane with 190.2 ± 4.8 µm thickness. The results of the study are significant in terms of the development of integrated fermentation and membrane-based VFA separation applications, which will hopefully decrease the reliance on fossil-fuels for VFA production.

Extraction of hexavalent chromium by environmentally benign green emulsion liquid membrane using tridodecyamine as an extractant

In this present investigation, the potentiality of rice bran oil (RBO) and tridodecylamine (TDDA) to be incorporated as the key constituents in the formulation of new environmentally benign green emulsion liquid membrane (GELM) to extract hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous feed phase was explored. The pertinent constituents of GELM were RBO (70%, v/v) and hexane (30%, v/v) as green and organic diluent, respectively; TDDA (0.75 (%, v/v) of diluent solution) as carrier; emulsifying agent (span 80: 1.75 (%v/v) of diluent solution); and NaOH as internal reagent. The investigation of optimum process conditions for various parameters has resulted in 0.45pH of aqueous solution, 0.25 [M] internal phase concentration, 2:1 (v/v) treat ratio, 0.40 (v/v) phase ratio, 550 (rpm) agitation speed, 25 (min) extraction time, and 30±2 (°C) feed phase temperature. The highest achievable extraction efficiency (η, %) and dynamic stability (min) of GELM have been obtained as 97±2% and 150±2min, respectively under these optimum process conditions. The present finding has revealed that RBO as a green diluent has huge capability to be further utilized for the extraction of Cr (VI) from various industrial effluent streams.

A comparative study on experimental and response surface optimization of lactic acid synergistic extraction using green emulsion liquid membrane

A comparative study on the optimization of various operating variables of lactic acid (LA) synergistic extraction through an environment-friendly green emulsion liquid membrane (GELM) using experimental and response surface optimization has been done. The comparison between response surface methodology (RSM) and experimentally optimized values has been achieved by optimizing various operating variables (internal phase concentration, LA concentration, extractant concentration, emulsification time, treat ratio, phase ratio, agitation speed, and stirring time). The formulation of GELM organic phase constituents was done by using rice bran oil (RBO) as a green solvent, hexane as a diluent, span 80 as a surfactant, tridodecylamine (TDDA) and Aliquat336 as extractants, and NaOH as a stripping phase reagent. A better GELM stability during the LA extraction process was obtained by using the combination of RBO, TDDA, Aliquat336, and span 80. This study has shown a good agreement among all the values excluding the LA concentration and emulsification time. Hence, this present finding has indicated that RBO possesses the high potential to be utilized in the several standing ELM operations for lessening the use of toxic and costly petroleum-based organic solvents.

SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTANT FOR EXTRACTION OF REMAZOL ORANGE 3R IN LIQUID MEMBRANE FORMULATION

Currently, various synthetic dyes are used in the textile industry and a lot of non-bonded dyes are released into the wastewater; increasing its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Liquid membrane process is one of the potential methods to eliminate these unwanted particles from the wastewater. The most crucial part of the liquid membrane process is its formulation; especially the extractant or carrier. In order to find a suitable extractant, liquid-liquid extraction process was carried out. The effect of synergistic extractant to extract the Remazol Orange 3R reactive dyes in a shorter time and at a lower concentration of extractant was investigated in this study. Several parameters have been studied such as extractant type, extractant concentration, synergist extractant type and synergist extractant concentration. The results show that, Remazol Orange 3R reactive dyes were extracted by tridodecylamine (TDA) as a base and trioctylamine (TOA) as a synergist extractant. Meanwhile, the salicyclic acid (SA) was used to protonate the TDA and TOA, and cooking palm oil was used as a diluent. The performance of extraction of reactive dyesat the 0.1 M concentration of extractant was 70% when synergistic system was applied compared to single extractant which was only 50% of the dyes have been extracted. Therefore, the synergistic extractant has a potential to be further utilised in liquid membrane studies on the extraction of reactive dyes.

Simultaneous extraction and enrichment of reactive dye using green emulsion liquid membrane system

ABSTRACTCurrently, an extractive green palm oil-based emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) has been used for simultaneous extraction and enrichment of Reactive Red 3BS from simulated synthetic dye wastewater. The ELM consists of two main phases, which are organic liquid membrane (LM) and stripping solution. During the extraction process, the ELM was dispersed into the simulated synthetic dye wastewater containing the Reactive Red 3BS complexes. The organic LM contains tridodecylamine (TDA), Sorbitan Monooleate (Span 80) and palm oil as a carrier, surfactant and diluent, respectively. The sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) was used as stripping solution for the enrichment process. Several important parameters that affected the simultaneous extraction and enrichment of Reactive Red 3BS, such as carrier and stripping agent concentrations, extraction time and treat ratio, were investigated. The results showed that almost 90% of Reactive Red 3BS ions were successfully extracted with 10 times enrichment in the stripping phase at the optimum conditions of 0.2 M TDA, 0.1 M NaHCO3, 5 min of extraction time and 1:5 of treat ratio. Hence, it can be concluded that palm oil possesses a high potential as green diluent in future technology, especially in ELM process for the removal and recovery of Reactive Red 3BS from synthetic dye wastewater.

Emulsion Liquid Membrane Extraction of Turquoise Blue Reactive Dye–Study on Membrane Breakage and Swelling

Reactive dyes are the principal dyes used in batik industry in Malaysia. From the environmental point of view the dyes should be removed from wastewater because they are toxic in nature. Therefore, the removal and recovery of dyes from batik industry wastewater is absolute necessity in order to save raw materials and to protect environment from hazardous compounds. An experiment was carried out using emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) process in batch system to study the extraction behaviour of Turquoise Blue which is commonly used in batik industry. Several parameters have been studied such as carrier and surfactant/emulsifier concentrations, stripping agent and extraction time. The liquid membrane was formulated using kerosene as diluent, SPAN 80 as emulsifier and tri-dodecylamine (TDA) as a carrier. Hydrodynamic condition to generate extraction process was at 1:3 treat ratio and 250 rpm stirring speed for 10 minutes while the emulsification was done at 12000 rpm for 5 minutes using homogenizer. The result obtained shows that, more than 70% of Turquoise Blue was extracted at favourable condition of 0.07 M TDA, 7% (w/v) SPAN 80 and 0.5 M Thiourea in 1 M NaOH.

Facilitated Transport of Cd(II) Through Supported Liquid Membrane with Tridodecylamine as Carrier

This work investigates the extraction of cadmium (II) from aqueous solution through supported liquid membrane system (SLM). A microporous polypropylene (Celgard 2400) film with tridodecylamine (TDDA) in xylene was used as a membrane phase. Cadmium chloride and hydrochloric acid was used as a feed phase, while ammonia solution was used as stripping reagent. Effect of concentrations of feed, strip solution, and carrier was investigated for the extraction of cadmium. The optimized concentration of Cd(II) and hydrochloric acid, carrier, and striping reagent solution were 1.33 × 10−3 mol/L, 1 mol/L, 30%, and 6 mol/L, respectively. Ninety-two percent extraction of cadmium (II) was achieved under the optimized conditions. In this work, tridodecylamine has been used as a carrier for the first time for the extraction of cadmium ions from wastewater.

Extraction Equilibria of Glycolic Acid Using Tertiary Amines: Experimental Data and Theoretical Predictions

Extraction equilibrium of glycolic acid (1.5 mol·kg–1) from aqueous solutions has been carried out using a solvent/extractant consisting of 50 vol % trioctylamine (TOA) and 50 vol % tridodecylamine (TDA) in the concentration range of 0.194 mol·kg–1 to 1.163 mol·kg–1. The extract phase is diluted with dimethyl phthalate (DMP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 2-octanone, 1-decanol, and cyclohexylacetate (CHA). The data are represented by calculating distribution coefficients (D), loading factors (Z), and extraction efficiencies (% E) using experimental values. The highest value of D for the glycolic acid extraction is found to be 4.44 for DMP, 4.09 for MIBK, 3.78 for 2-octanone, 3.51 for 1-decanol, and 2.71 for CHA. A substantial amount (73.05 % to 81.61 %) of glycolic acid is recovered by all the amine-diluent systems and at 1.163 mol·kg–1 initial concentration of (TOA + TDA) mixture.

Intensification of Citric Acid Extraction by a Mixture of Trioctylamine and Tridodecylamine in Different Diluents

Extraction of citric acid (0.595 mol·kg–1) from aqueous solutions has been investigated by using binary extractant system comprising of trioctylamine (TOA) + tridodecylamine (TDA) at six different concentrations (0.19 mol·kg–1 to 1.16 mol·kg–1). The extractant system is diluted using five different solvents such as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 2-octanone, 1-decanol, and cyclohexylacetate (CHA). The batch extraction results of citric acid for the design of a separator have been obtained. The data are interpreted in terms of distribution coefficient (D), loading factors (Z), and extraction efficiency ( %E). The values of D for the citric acid extraction are found to vary from 0.40 to 118 for DMP, MIBK, and 2-octanone. For 1-decanol and CHA diluent, the values are observed in the range of 0.38 to 98.16 and 0.39 to 86.76, respectively. Considerable amount of citric acid is recovered (almost 99 %) by all the amine–diluent systems at 1.16 mol·kg–1 initial concentration of (TOA + TDA) mixture.

Effect of Diluents on the Extraction of Fumaric Acid by Tridodecyl Amine (TDA)

Separation of fumaric acid from aqueous media with tridodecyl amine (TDA), which is a long chain aliphatic amine, was carried out at 298 K. Different categories of diluents, ketones (methyl iso butyl ketone (MIBK), 2-heptanone, and 2-octanone) and alcohols (isoamyl alcohol, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol) were used to dissolve TDA. Distribution coefficients (KD), extraction efficiency (E), and loading factors (Z) were obtained as a function of experimental results. The most operative diluent was determined as heptan-2-one with the highest distribution coefficient (KD) value of 26.00. In additional to experimental studies, the linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) modeling with included Hidebrand–Hansen solubility parameters was applied for alcoholic diluents. Predicted data by LSER gave good agreement with experimental data.

Investigation of Extraction of Phenol from Wastewater UsingN,N-Didodecyl-1-dodecanamine (Tridodecylamine) in Benzene

Tridodecylamine (TDDA) is used as an extractant in benzene for the separation of phenol from the aqueous streams generated from industrial effluents. The effects of aqueous solution pH (at five different pH values, 3 to 11) and concentration of TDDA (at three different compositions, 100 w = 5 to 100 w = 20) in the organic phase are investigated on the distribution coefficient (D). Results show that the neutral phenol molecule is effectively extracted by TDDA into the organic phase by H-bonding. A maximum value of D (5.027, 83.41 %E) is observed at equilibrium pH of 5 and at highest concentration of TDDA (100 w = 20). A mathematical expression for equilibrium D is proposed based on the mass action law, and the apparent equilibrium constants (K) and the stoichiometric coefficient (n) are estimated from the regression of the experimental data. The K and n are found to be 10.17 and 0.60, respectively, at pH of 5. The D values are also predicted and show a good agreement with R2 > 0.99 and SD < 0.0141.

Reactive Extraction of (E)-Butenedioic Acid (Fumaric Acid) by Nontoxic Diluents

In this work, the equilibrium distribution of (E)-butenedioic acid (fumaric acid) between water and tridodecylamine (TDDA) or tributylamine (TBA) was carried out at 298 K. The organic phase was prepared using both TDDA and TBA in three nontoxic diluents (canola oil, sesame oil, and almond oil). The batch equilibrium experimental data are presented by calculation of the loading factor (Z), extraction efficiency (E), and distribution coefficient (KD). The highest extraction efficiencies of 92.59 % and 92.50 % with values of KD equal to 12.50 and 12.40 were obtained with 0.789 mol·kg–1 TDDA in canola oil and 2.080 mol·kg–1 TBA in canola oil. The extraction abilities of TDDA and TBA in different nontoxic natural diluents in terms of KD and E were found to be in the order of canola oil > almond oil > sesame oil. Partition coefficients (P = 0.3819, 0.4739, and 0.7535) and dimerization constants (D = 83.64, 50.28, and 43.51) were calculated according to physical extraction for sesame oil, almond oil, and canola oil, respectively.

Uranium extraction enhancement form phosphoric acid by emulsion liquid membrane

This work is mainly concerned with the uranium extraction from phosphoric acid commercially produced by Abu Zaabal Fertilizers and Chemical Co., Egypt. This target would realize a dual purpose where the phosphate ore is considered as an alternative source of uranium besides eliminating its environmental contamination. The applied procedures are that of the new technology of emulsion liquid membrane. Authors have indeed pointed out that the variables explored still leave open to question the roles of stripping at the internal interface as well as the bulk transfer of uranium in the internal phase. For this purpose, two reducing agents are studied as additives to two organic solvent systems; namely the organophosphorous synergistic mixture of D2EHPA/TOPO as well as the tridodecyl amine. The relevant factors have first been optimized upon synthetic uraniferous phosphoric acid solution followed by the application upon the commercial acid after purification. These factors include the concentration of solvent system and the used emulsifier, acid concentration of the external and internal phases besides the nature and concentration of the reductant added to the internal phase. In addition, the permeation time as well as the oxidation state of the external phase was studied. All these factors have indeed been studied under different mixing speeds ranging from 300 up to 1,000 rpm. Ascorbic acid concentration, 1 % as an additive to the internal phosphoric acid phase (40 % P2O5) resulted in 95 % uranium extraction efficiency at the lower speed of 600 rpm.

A novel approach for itaconic acid extraction: Mixture of trioctylamine and tridodecylamine in different diluents

Extraction of itaconic acid has been investigated from aqueous solutions by six kind of different solutions of trioctylamine (TOA)–tridodecylamine (TDA) mixtures. Solvents have selected as dimethyl phthalate (DMP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 2-octanone, 1-octanol, cyclohexyleacetate (CHA), and 1-decanol. Distribution and equilibrium data for design of separation equipments have been obtained as a result of batch extraction of itaconic acid. It has been calculated that distribution coefficients (D), loading factors (Z), extraction efficiency (E). The maximum removal of itaconic acid has been obtained as 98.39% with DMP and 3.14molL−1 initial concentration of TOA–TDA mixture.

Extraction of D-(−)-Quinic Acid Using an Amine Extractant in Different Diluents

The extraction of quinic acid was studied by using an amine extractant with respect to the functional groups of the diluents. All experiments were reported on the extraction of quinic acid by tridodecylamine (TDA) dissolved in two different acetates (ethyl acetate and hexyl acetate), two different alcohols (octan-1-ol and decan-1-ol), and two different ketones (heptan-2-one and octan-2-one), as well as single solvents. The experimental results of extraction experiments are reported as distribution coefficients (KD = (C*PA/CPA)), loading factors, Z, and the extraction efficiency, E. The recovery problem has been reduced by using an amine as an extractant in different diluents. The addition of the extractant was found to improve the extraction.