Triacetyl Derivative Research Articles

Nitrogen-containing andrographolide derivatives with multidrug resistance reversal effects in cancer cells.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a challenging issue in cancer treatment. Aiming at finding anticancer agents to overcome MDR, the triacetyl derivative (2) of the labdane diterpenoid lactone andrographolide (1) underwent the Michael-type addition reaction followed by elimination, yielding twenty-three new derivatives, bearing nitrogen-containing substituents (3-25). Their structures were assigned, mainly, by 1D and 2D NMR experiments. The MDR reversal potential of compounds 1-25 was assessed, by functional and chemosensitivity assays, using resistant human ABCB1-gene transfected L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells as a model. Several derivatives exhibited remarkable P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitory ability. Compounds 13 and 20, bearing thiosemicarbazide moieties, were the most active exhibiting a strong MDR reversal effect at 2 μM. Some compounds showed selectivity towards the resistant cells, with compound 5 exhibiting a collateral sensitivity effect associated with significant antiproliferative activity (IC50 = 5.47 ± 0.22 μM). Moreover, all selected compounds displayed synergistic interaction with doxorubicin, with compound 3 being the most active. In the ATPase assay, selected compounds exhibited characteristics of P-gp inhibitors.

Synthesis of C3-symmetric star shaped amphiphiles for drug delivery applications.

C 3-symmetric star-shaped aromatic compounds are known to possess unique characteristics which facilitate their industrial and biomedical applications. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, self-assembly and drug/dye delivery capabilities of C3-symmetric, hexa-substituted benzene-based amphiphiles. The synthesis of the hexa-substituted C3-symmetric core involves C-acetylation of phloroglucinol to yield the corresponding tri-acetyl derivative. This was further subjected to O-propargylation, followed by the carbonyl reduction of acetyl groups to yield the central core. Various hydrophilic (mPEG) and lipophilic units were then incorporated into this core via click and esterification reactions, respectively, to produce a new type of star shaped amphiphiles. So the obtained amphiphilic architectures have a tendency to aggregate in an aqueous medium forming nanosized assemblies with an inner hydrophobic core, allowing the substituents to control the tension-active properties. The critical aggregation concentration of the amphiphiles was evaluated by fluorescence measurement using the dye Nile red as a fluorescent probe. The hydrodynamic diameter of self-assembled aggregates in aqueous solution was studied by dynamic light scattering, while the actual size and morphology were determined by cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) analysis. The physicochemical properties of the amphiphiles suggested their suitability for exploring their drug delivery applications. In this endeavor, the amphiphiles were utilized for the encapsulation of model hydrophobic entities and studying their subsequent release from their hydrophobic core in a controlled manner. The transport potential of the synthesised amphiphiles was explored for transdermal drug delivery. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies were conducted using MCF7 and HeLa cells, which indicated that the nanocarriers had no toxic effect on the cells.

Functionalized Crystalline N-Trimethyltriindoles: Counterintuitive Influence of Peripheral Substituents on Their Semiconducting Properties.

Three crystalline N-trimethyltriindoles endowed with different functionalities at 3, 8 and 13 positions (either unsubstituted or with three methoxy or three acetyl groups attached) are investigated, and clear correlations between the electronic nature of the substituents and their solid-state organization, electronic properties and semiconductor behavior are established. The three compounds give rise to similar columnar hexagonal crystalline structures; however, the insertion of electron-donor methoxy groups results in slightly shorter stacking distances when compared with the unsubstituted derivative, whereas the insertion of electron-withdrawing acetyl groups lowers the crystallinity of the system. Functionalization significantly affects hole mobilities with the triacetyl derivative showing the lowest mobility within the series in agreement with the lower degree of order. However, attaching three methoxy groups also results in lower hole mobility values in the OFETs (0.022 vs. 0.0014 cm2 V−1 s−1) in spite of the shorter stacking distances. This counterintuitive behavior has been explained with the help of DFT calculations performed to rationalize the interplay between the intramolecular and intermolecular properties, which point to lower transfer integrals in the trimethoxy derivative due to the HOMO wave function extension over the peripheral methoxy groups. The results of this study provide useful insights into how peripheral substituents influence the fundamental charge transport parameters of chemically modified triindole platforms of fundamental importance to design new derivatives with improved semiconducting performance.

Massarilactones D and H, phytotoxins produced by Kalmusia variispora, associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) in Iran

A strain of Kalmusia variispora associated with grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) was identified in Iran and induced disease symptoms on the host in greenhouse conditions. The grapevine pathogens are able to produce a plethora of toxic metabolites belonging to different classes of naturally occurring compounds. Two homogeneous compounds were isolated from the organic extract of K. variispora culture filtrates. They were identified by physic (specific optical rotation), and spectroscopic (essentially 1D 1H and 13C NMR and HR ESIMS) methods as the fungal polyketides massarilactones D and H (1 and 2). The unassigned absolute configuration of massarilactone D was unambiguously determined by X-ray diffractometric analysis. Massarilactones D and H showed phytotoxic activity on Vitis vinifera L. at two concentrations used and depending from the days of inoculation. Phytotoxicity is also increased when the 3,4,7-O,O',O"-triacetyl derivative of massarilactone D (3) was assayed on the host plant. This is the first report on the investigation of phytotoxic metabolites produced by K. variispora isolated from infected grapevine in Iran and they seem to be involved in the development of disease symptoms.

A common approach to the total synthesis of l-1-deoxyallonojirimycin, l-homo-1-deoxyazaallose and triacetyl derivative of 5-epi hyacinthacine A5

A common strategy for the synthesis of polyhydroxylated piperidines l-1-deoxyallonojirimycin, l-homo-1-deoxyazaallose and triacetyl derivative of 5-epi hyacinthacine A5 from the readily available d-ribose as a starting material has been described.

Synthesis, characterization, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cells of O-alkyl and O-acyl flavonoid derivatives

A series of O-alkyl and O-acyl flavonoid derivatives was synthesized in high efficiency. Alkylation and acylation of 5-hydroxyflavonoids showed that the low reactivity hydroxyl group, 5-OH, well reacted with strong reagents whereas with weaker reagents, the different products were obtained dependently on structural characteristic of ring C of respective flavonoid. In order to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity, all compounds were tested for in vitro inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation and in vivo inhibition of carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema. Among them, the compounds 3, 3b, 4b and 4c demonstrated more effective anti-inflammatory activity than standard drugs (diclofenac sodium and ketoprofen) in both tests. Meanwhile, the flavonoids 2, 2c, 3a and 4b displayed anti-proliferative activity against MCF-7 cell lines. Triacetyl derivative of hesperetin 4b inducing degradation of DNA in MCF-7 cells was observed.

Regioselective Alcoholysis of Silychristin Acetates Catalyzed by Lipases

A panel of lipases was screened for the selective acetylation and alcoholysis of silychristin and silychristin peracetate, respectively. Acetylation at primary alcoholic group (C-22) of silychristin was accomplished by lipase PS (Pseudomonas cepacia) immobilized on diatomite using vinyl acetate as an acetyl donor, whereas selective deacetylation of 22-O-acetyl silychristin was accomplished by Novozym 435 in methyl tert-butyl ether/n-butanol. Both of these reactions occurred without diastereomeric discrimination of silychristin A and B. Both of these enzymes were found to be capable to regioselective deacetylation of hexaacetyl silychristin to afford penta-, tetra- and tri-acetyl derivatives, which could be obtained as pure synthons for further selective modifications of the parent molecule.

PREPARATION OF ISOINDOLO[2,1- a ]QUINOXALINES BASED ON N -(2-AMINOPHENYL)ISOINDOLE DERIVATIVES

A new method is proposed for the preparation of N -(2-aminophenyl)isoindoles by the reaction of o -(bromomethyl)benzophenones with 1,2-phenylenediamines. The reaction of N -(2-aminophenyl)isoindoles with Ac 2 O leads to 1, N -diacetyl- or 1, N , N -triacetyl derivatives, whereas heating with formic acid or diethyl oxalate leads to cyclization with the formation of 11-arylisoindolo[2,1- a ]quinoxaline derivatives. Salt formation in the 11-arylisoindolo[2,1- a ]quinoxaline series was studied. Authors: V. V. Sypchenko, L. M. Potikha, V. A. Kovtunenko, V. N. Baumer, and O. V. Shishkin. English Translation in Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds , 2012, 48 (7), pp 1033-1042 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10593-012-1096-x

Synthesis and characterization of thiazole and 2-thioxoimidazolidinone derivative; their antibacterial and anticancer properties

5-Aryl-2-[(5-substituted-3-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-hydrazine]-thiazoles (3a,b) and 3-[(5-substituted-3-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)amino]-4-oxo-imidazolidin-2-thiones (4a,b) were prepared via cyclization of 5-substituted-3-methoxy-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazones (2a,b) with ώ-bromomethyl aryl ketones and ethyl chloroacetate in fused sodium acetate. Acetylation of thiazoles and imidazolidinone derivatives with acetic anhydride yielded the diacetyl derivatives (5a,b and 6a,b). Acetylation of 4 with acetic anhydride in fused sodium acetate gave the corresponding triacetyl derivatives (7a,b). Synthesized compounds were characterized by EI-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The biological activity studies of thiazoles and imidazolidinone were carried out against antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

Synthesis and Electrophilic Substitutions of Novel Pyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines

5-Aryl-7-hydrazino-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines 1 were used as precursors for the preparation of a new series of 5-aryl-8-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]-1,2,4- triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidines 2. The reactions of 2 with certain electrophilic reagents gave the respective 6-substituted derivatives 3-5 rather than the 7-isomeric products. Formylation of the key compounds 1 with ethyl formate yielded the formyl derivatives 6. Furthermore, boiling of compounds 1 with acetic acid afforded 7-acetylhydrazino-5-aryl-2-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidines 7. Bromination of 7 yielded the dibromo- derivatives 8, while their iodination and nitration gave the monosubstituted derivatives 9 and 10, respectively. Also, treatment of 1 with boiling acetic anhydride yielded the triacetyl derivatives 11. The structure of synthesized products was confirmed by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and MS spectra.

A convergent total synthesis of a new antiepileptic ceramide and its triacetyl derivative using olefin cross metathesis

A convergent total synthesis of a new antiepileptic ceramide 1b and its triacetyl derivative 1b′ was completed by using two important C–C bond forming reactions, Wittig methylenation and olefin cross metathesis as the key steps. The easily available 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-d-galactal was used as a chiral pool for the synthesis of highly functionalized amide 3 and the commercially available 1,12-dodecanediol for the long chain olefin counterpart 4. The long hydrocarbon chain of the new ceramide 1b was installed by using olefin cross metathesis between amide 3 and long chain terminal olefin 4 followed by hydrogenation.

Synthesis, spectroscopic and theoretical study of isoquinoline alkaloid dehydrosalsolinol base and its triacetylated derivative

Dehydrosalsolinol and its triacetylated derivative i.e. are synthesized, isolated, and the spectra and structure are elucidated. Solid-state linear-dichroic infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, TGV and DTA methods are applied. The potential energy surface of both compounds are explored with DFT correlation functional B3LYP method and MP2, using the 6-311++G ∗∗ basis set. Single point calculations are performed at levels up to B3LYP/6-311++G ∗∗// MP2/6-311++G ∗∗ and MP2/6-311++G ∗∗. Two isomers of dehydrosalsolinol are located and the relative energies are determined. The planar quinoidal structure with strong intramolecular OH…O hydrogen bond and dipole moment of 7.392 D is more stable than the diphenolic form. Calculated vibrational frequencies are used to determine the type of molecular motions associated with each of the experimental IR-bands observed. IR-spectroscopic data show that dehydrosalsolinol exists in solid-state as the quinoide form in contrast to solution, where 1H NMR data indicate a keto-diphenolic equilibrium. Comparison between calculated and experimental IR-frequencies of triacetyl derivative shows the presence of two phenolic ester carbonyl and one-amide groups and an exocyclic double bond. The same conclusions are obtained by corresponding 1H NMR data.

Synthesis of 4-amino-5-(4,6-diphenyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione and its reactions with C-electrophiles

4-Amino-5-(4,6-diphenyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-trazole-3-thione is formed from the reaction of 4,6-diphenylpyrimidinecarboxylic acid or its ethyl ester with thiocarbonyl hydrazide. Alkylation of the product leads to S-alkyl derivaties or 6-substituted 3-(4,6-diphenyl-2-pyriimidinyl)-7H-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazine. Acetylation of 4-amino-5-(4,6-diphenyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione gave under different conditions monoacetyl-, diacetyl, and triacetyl derivatives at the amino group and the N(2) atom, whereas benzoylation gave a benzoyl group at the amino group and 3-(4,6-diphenyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-6-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole.

Interaction of Resveratrol and Its Trimethyl and Triacetyl Derivatives with Biomembrane Models Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

The interaction of resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) and two of its derivatives (3,5,4'-tri-O-methylresveratrol and 3,5,4'-tri-O-triacetylresveratrol) with biomembrane models, represented by dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) multilamellar vesicles (MLV), has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The analysis of MLV prepared in the presence of increasing molar fraction of such compounds has been carried out to reveal their maximum interaction with biomembrane models. The results from these studies have been compared with kinetic experiments results, in order to detect the entity and rate of compound absorption by the biomembrane models. The findings indicate that the compounds affected the thermotropic properties of DMPC MLV by suppressing the pretransition peak and broadening the DMPC main phase transition calorimetric peak and shifting it to lower temperatures. The order of effectiveness found was resveratrol > trimethylresveratrol > triacetylresveratrol. The kinetic experiments reveal that in an aqueous medium the absorption of resveratrol by the biomembranes models is allowed, whereas the absorption of its derivatives is hindered; in contrast when a lipophilic medium is employed, all three compounds are easily absorbed.

Production of Triacetylhydroxytyrosol from Olive Mill Waste Waters for Use as Stabilized Bioantioxidant

A hydroxytyrosol triacetyl derivative was very efficiently produced as a highly pure stabilized antioxidant compound by a short treatment of olive mill waste water (OMWW) organic extracts, rich in hydroxytyrosol, with an acetylating mixture composed of HClO4-SiO2 and Ac2O (Chakborti and Gulhane reaction), in mild and safe conditions. A successive single step of middle pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) purification of the reaction product was performed, with an overall yield of 35.6%. (This process, including both the Chakborti and Gulhane reaction and the MPLC purification, is protected by an international patent under PCT/IT2005/000781.) The o-diphenol triacetyl derivative was also produced by direct reaction of hydroxytyrosol, previously purified by MPLC, with HClO4-SiO2 and Ac2O, with an overall yield of 29.5%. A further procedure for the production of the hydroxytyrosol triacetyl derivative was consistent with the direct treatment of raw OMWW with the acetylating agent and a single step of MPLC purification, with an overall yield of 27.6%. The purified natural triacetylhydroxytyrosol confirmed the same strong protective effects against the oxidative stress in human cells as the corresponding synthetic compound, likely because of the biochemical activation of the acetyl derivative into the active parent hydroxytyrosol by esterases. We therefore propose the utilization of OMWW for recovering hydroxytyrosol as a natural antioxidant in a chemically stabilized form, with a good yield, which can be potentially used as a nontoxic functional component in nutritional, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic preparations.

Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 1,2-diaryl-and 2,3-diaryl-(2-aryl-3-n-arylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-ones

New 2,3-diaryl-(2-aryl-3-N-arylamino)-and 1,2-diaryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-ones were obtained via reactions of arylamides and anthranilic acid phenylhydrazide or N-arylanthranilic acid amides with 5-bromo-or 5-nitrosalicylic aldehydes. One of these compounds was acetylated to a triacetyl derivative. The structures of the synthesized compounds were determined by spectral methods (1H NMR, IR) and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated.

Protective Effects of Synthetic Hydroxytyrosol Acetyl Derivatives against Oxidative Stress in Human Cells

Chemically stable di- and triacetyl derivatives of the natural o-diphenol antioxidant hydroxytyrosol were synthesized, and their chemical and biological antioxidant activities were assessed in comparison with that of the native synthetic compound. The chemical antioxidant activity of the selected compounds was evaluated by measuring the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The data clearly indicate that, as expected, the hydroxytyrosol analogues, modified in the o-diphenolic ring, are devoid of any chemical antioxidant activity. On the contrary, both acetyl derivatives, at micromolar concentrations, equally protect against tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative damages in Caco-2 cells and human erythrocytes. This paper for the first time reports that chemically stable hydroxytyrosol acetyl derivatives, although devoid of chemical antioxidant activity, are as effective as the parent compound in protecting human cells from oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity, after metabolization by esterases at the intestinal level, suggesting their possible utilization in either nutritional (functional food), cosmetic, or pharmaceutical preparations.

7-O-6'-O-malonylcachinesidic acid, a new macrocyclic iridoid ester of malonic acid from the Tunisian plant Ajuga pseudoiva.

A new iridoid glucoside, 7-O-6'-O-malonylcachinesidic acid (1), was isolated from the leaves of Ajuga pseudoiva and characterized as its triacetyl derivative (1a). Its structure was established by spectroscopic methods and showed an unusual feature, in which an alcoholic function of the iridoid moiety and the primary alcohol of a glucopyranose unit form a 13-membered heterocycle with malonic acid.

Quantification of naltrexone and 6,β-naltrexol in plasma and milk using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Application to studies in the lactating sheep

A selective gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method using solid-phase extraction has been developed for the detection and quantification of naltrexone and its metabolite, 6,β-naltrexol in plasma and milk from humans and sheep at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Di- or tri-acetyl derivatives were formed and quantified by selected-ion monitoring. Recoveries of naltrexone (30 μg/l) and 6,β-naltrexol (250 μg/l) from both human plasma and milk were greater than 70%. Intra-assay and inter-day precision ranged from 3 to 21% for naltrexone and 2–18% for 6,β-naltrexol for all matrices investigated, with an overall mean accuracy of 104% for naltrexone, and 99% for 6,β-naltrexol. Human samples containing these analytes were stable for at least 3 weeks at −20°C or 6 weeks at −80°C. Analysis of the plasma and milk from the lactating sheep showed mean milk-to-plasma ratios of 55 for naltrexone and 3 for 6,β-naltrexol.

SOME REACTIONS WITH 6-BENZOYL-3-AMINO-2-IMINO-2,3- DIHYDROTHIAZOLO[4,5-b]QUINOXALINE: SYNTHESIS OF (1,2,4) TRIAZOLO[3′,2′:2,3]THIAZOLO[4,5-b] QUINOXALINE AND (1,3,4)THIADIAZINO [5,6-b]QUINOXALINE DERIVATIVES

Condensation of 6-benzoyl-3-amino-2-imino-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline (IV) with aldehydes, formic acid and acetyl chloride yielded the corresponding Schiff bases (VI), N-formyl (VIII) and triacetyl (IX) derivatives, respectively. While, interaction of (IV) with benzoyl chloride and ethyl cyanoacetate produced the (1,2,4) triazolo[3′,2′:3,2] thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxaline derivatives (X) and (XI), respectively. Also, interaction of (IV) with carbon disulphide caused ring expansion to give (1,3,4) thiadiazino[5,6-b]quinoxaline (XII) and (XV) was also prepared in one pot reaction on condensation of 6-benzoyl-2,3-dichloro-quinoxaline with thiocarbohydrazide.