Trends In Prevalence Research Articles

Prevalence of Kala-Azar and Its Contributing Factors Among Rural Population in Selected Community of West Bengal

Background: Kala-azar is a serious form of leishmaniasis. It is a long-term infectious disease. The study was aimed to assess the prevalence of Kala-azar, and it’s contributing factors among the rural population. Methods: In this retrospective study population was previously treated Kala-azar patients (Visceral Leishmaniasis and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis) from 2017 to 2021. The settings were villages under Kushmondi and Harirampur Rural Hospital under Dakshin Dinajpur. 90 samples were selected through Non-Probability Purposive sampling technique. Demographic data were collected by applying Semi structured interviewed schedule. Record analysis format was used to identify the prevalence of Kala-azar and the disease profile. An observational checklist and structured interview schedule were used to assess the contributing factors of Kala-azar. Results: Maximum prevalence of Kala-azar (1.4%) seen in the year 2017. There were statistically significant mean differences among the contributing factors as the ANOVA test calculated F-value (2507.18) is higher than table value of F (2.60) with df (3, 356) at 0.05 level of significance. Environmental factors contributed more than other factors as the mean value (13.00) was more than other factors. There is a statistically significant relation between environmental factor with utilization of services, economic factors with socio- cultural factors & utilization of services, as well as socio- cultural factors with utilization of services as the p-value is <0.05, at 0.05 level of significance. There was a statistically significant association between contributing factors and selected demographic variables like age, gender as the calculated value of chi square 7.391 and 4.888 is higher than table value c² (df)2=5.99 p ,c² (df)1=3.84 p <0.05 at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: The study has implications in nursing practice through the awareness of the rural population about the contributing factors of Kala-azar. The study concluded that the trends of prevalence were decreasing in nature and the environmental factors contributed more than other factors. Keywords: Prevalence, Kala-azar case, Environmental factors, Economic factors, Socio- cultural factors & Utilization of services.

Epidemiology of cleft lip and palate in Bhutan, 2015-2022.

The epidemiology of cleft lip (CL) and cleft palate (CLP) has not previously been described in the context of the Bhutan and Bhutanese populations. Using National Birth Defects Surveillance Data and other vital statistics, we present the comprehensive epidemiology of the cleft lip and palate in Bhutan. The National Birth Defects Surveillance Data Registry from 2015 to 2022 is reviewed retrospectively, covering 8 years of birth defect surveillance in the country from records maintained with three referral hospitals in the country. The baseline prevalence and incidence of cleft lip and palate have been presented over the years. The incidence of cleft lip and palate was defined as the number of cases per 1000 live births. We used Poisson's regression to compute the incidence of cleft lip and palate. Pearson chi-square tests (χ2) were used to examine the associations of maternal and child characteristics with cleft lip and palate. A total of 1401 newborns with various birth defects were born among the 89,078 live births from 2015 to 2022 in Bhutan. Of these, 122 (8.7%) constituted orofacial clefts. The prevalence of orofacial clefts tended to increase, with a period prevalence of 1.37 per 1000 live births. There were more cases in males (72) than in females (50). The incidence rate ratio ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 compared with the 2015 baseline year, indicating increased rates over time. Orofacial clefts constituted 8.7% of total birth defects and 1.37 per 1000 live births over the years. The increasing prevalence trends and incidence rate ratios over the years underscore the importance of ongoing surveillance and interventions to address the burden of orofacial clefts in Bhutan. Not applicable.

Investigation of the Prevalence and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis in South Korea Using a Large National Dataset.

Updated reports on the population-based analysis of atopic dermatitis (AD) in Korea are rare. This study aimed to investigate the nationwide prevalence and systemic medication prescription trends of AD in Korea. Based on the Korean National Health Insurance database, the prevalence of AD and systemic medication prescription trends in patients with AD were analyzed according to age groups and regional districts from 2010 to 2015. The prevalence of AD was the highest among patients aged 0-1 year (18.6%-24.5%), decreasing rapidly with increasing age (<2% in patients aged ≥20 years). From 2010 to 2015, the prevalence of AD decreased in children but increased slightly in adolescents and adults. In 2015, the proportion of systemic steroid prescriptions increased from 11.2% in the 0-9 years age group to 41.1% in the 50-59 years age group, while that of systemic antibiotic prescriptions gradually decreased from 6.2% in the 0-9 years age group to 1.8% in the 80-89 years age group. The proportion of systemic steroid prescriptions by region remained consistently high in Gyeongbuk (34.2%- 34.9%) and low in Daejeon (20.2%-22.5%). The annual proportion of systemic cyclosporine prescriptions increased significantly from 0.6% in 2010 to 1.2% in 2015, with the highest rates observed in patients in their 30s (1.5%-2.4%), followed by those in their 20s (1.3%-2.3%) and 40s (1.1%-2.0%). From 2010 to 2015, the prevalence of AD decreased in children but increased slightly in adolescents and adults. Approximately one-fourth of the patients with AD were prescribed systemic steroids, and the percentage of cyclosporine prescriptions doubled during the study period.

Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in the Thai population, 2004 to 2020.

Under Thailand's universal health coverage every citizen has access to primary care including free hypertension treatment. This study describes temporal trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Thailand. Data were analyzed from four survey cycles of Thailand's National Health Examination Survey (NHES), between 2004 and 2019-2020. The NHES is a nationally-representative cross-sectional survey conducted every five years using a multistage probability sample. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure > = 140 or diastolic blood pressure > = 90 mmHg or currently taking antihypertensive medicines; blood pressure control was defined as < 140/90 mmHg for patients without diabetes and < 130/80 mmHg for those with diabetes. In 2019-2020, age-standardized hypertension prevalence in Thailand was 25.7% (24.6% females, 26.8% males). Among people with hypertension, 51.5% were aware of their diagnosis, 47.9% were treated, and 22.7% had controlled blood pressure. Age-standardized hypertension prevalence remained relatively unchanged in Thai adults from 2004 to 2019-2020, however trends varied by age group. Hypertension control increased from 8.8% in 2004 to a peak of 30% in 2014 but dropped to 22.7% by 2019-2020. Hypertension awareness increased from 30.7 to 55.8% between 2004 and 2014, but decreased to 51.5% by 2019-2020. Hypertension prevalence in Thailand has remained high over the past 15 years. Despite universal health coverage, hypertension awareness has not improved and blood pressure control has decreased in the past five years. An urgent and concerted public health response is needed to improve diagnosis and control of hypertension to prevent avoidable cardiovascular disease.

Abstract 4117640: Thirty-Year Prevalence and Prognosis of the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome in U.S. Females and Males

Background: The American Heart Association recently published guidelines on how to clinically identify and categorize individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome. The extent to which CKM syndrome prevalence and prognosis differ by sex remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the impact of sex on trends in prevalence over 30 years and long-term prognosis of the CKM syndrome in the US. Methods: We analyzed nationally representative NHANES 1988-2018 data collected from 33,868 US adults (age ≥20 years) who were under surveillance for all-cause mortality through December 31, 2019. We examined sex-specific prevalence of CKM syndrome, and sex-specific CKM associations with all-cause mortality. Results: Of the 33,868 adults studied, the mean±SD age was 48.4±18.3 years with 52% female and 56% non-White. Overall prevalence of CKM syndrome increased steadily from 1988 to 2018 in both sexes, with a larger temporal rise in prevalent Stage 3 CKM seen for males (from 18.9% to 22.4%) compared to females (from 13.9% to 15.2%) ( Figure 1 ). Over a median follow-up of 13.3 years, there were 8745 deaths. In multivariable cox-regression analysis, worsening CKM severity was associated with all-cause mortality (P&lt;0.001 for both sexes), with greater magnitudes of risk seen in females (HR=1.24 to 3.33) compared to males (HR=0.85 to 2.60) across all stages (LRT χ 2 =19.0, P interaction &lt;0.001); results were similar for cardiovascular mortality (LRT χ 2 =22.3, P interaction &lt;0.001) ( Table 1 ). Conclusions: Females, compared with males, exhibited a lower prevalence of CKM stage 3 but experienced excess mortality risk across the spectrum of multi-system CKM dysfunction. These findings underscore the importance of identifying mechanisms underlying joint cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic systems pathophysiology to close a potentially widening sex disparities gap in multi-organ disease risk.

Abstract 4125887: Aladyn Individual: Dynamic Individual Comorbidity Modeling for Genomic Discovery and Clinical Prediction

Intro: Considering comorbidity patterns for both discovery and prediction of individual disease trajectories is essential for personalized medicine. Existing methods often lack genetic integration and interpretability. We develop an approach suited for dynamic environments that combines genetics with individual and population level-trajectories for enhanced discovery and prediction. Method: Our method employs a dynamic Bayesian hierarchical latent allocation framework to learn and predict disease trajectories. Leveraging longitudinal electronic health care data from 485,698 UK Biobank participants and 287,012 All of Us Research Program participants, we aim to learn individual and population level disease trajectories for 352 distinct conditions. Genetic risks inform the model in two fundamental ways: First, we introduce a genetic warping parameter that recognizes the tendency of an individual to experience events earlier or later within these profiles while retaining the relative order of progression (1a). Second, we introduce a gaussian process to combine individual and population level trends in comorbidity profile prevalence over time (1b), whose mean is augmented by genetic predilection. Finally, we allow for profile weights to update with each new diagnoses, merging prediction and classification. Results: Our results indicate stark disparities in disease progression; individuals at high genetic risk for myocardial infarction experience events nearly a decade earlier than those at low risk (median age of onset 53.7 [53.1-53.9] vs 62.6 years [61.4-63.1]) (1b). Our model dynamically updates and predicts correct diagnoses 79.5% more frequently than existing topic-modeling approaches (1c,d). The dynamic approach adjusts disease profiles by at least 11.7% annually for 50% of individuals, with 65% experiencing over a 10% change in comorbidity profiles. Simulation results confirm the model's superior accuracy [51.4-41%], precision [50.9 vs 39.9%], and recall [48.4 vs 39.2%] compared to fixed-weight approaches. Summary: We offer a novel approach for integrating genetic risk with dynamic modeling of complex disease profiles for joint biologic discovery and personalized clinical prediction over the lifetime.

The Relationship Between Mental Health and Periodontal Disease: Insights from NHANES Data

Introduction and aim Periodontal disease, initiated by dental biofilm and influenced by various local and systemic factors, includes stress as a potential contributor to its progression. Despite associations with severe forms like acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, a comprehensive large-sample study linking stress to periodontal disease is lacking. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mental health and periodontal disease. Materials and Methods Leveraging data (secondary dataset) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2011–2012 and NHANES 2013–2014 cycles, relevant information was extracted. Mental health was the exposure variable, and periodontal disease, assessed through indices following Eke et al.’s definition, served as the outcome. Covariates (demographical characteristics) impacting periodontal disease were considered, and disease status analyses employed the Rao-Scott chi-squared test. A logistic regression model assessed mental health’s impact on periodontal disease. Results Among the 2764 Participants, more than a quarter (29.1%) were aged over 60 years, 52% were females. Logistic regression indicated higher odds of periodontal disease among individuals feeling bad about themselves for more than half of the day (OR 1.170, 95% CI 0.533-2.474), though statistical significance was not reached. Periodontitis prevalence significantly varied based on marital status, with 6.6% of married and 10.8% of unmarried Participants affected. Notably, a statistically significant difference in periodontitis prevalence existed between Participants with health insurance (8.3%) and those without (16.5%). Conclusion Our findings suggest trends in periodontal disease prevalence linked to mental health, marital status, and access to health insurance. However, the absence of statistically significant findings calls for caution in interpreting these relationships. We recommend that future studies further investigate these potential associations to provide a clearer understanding.

Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality Trends Among U.S. Adults Ages 72 and Older, 2011-2021.

U.S.-focused studies have reported decreasing dementia prevalence in recent decades, but have not yet focused on the implications of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for trends. We use the 2011-2021 National Health and Aging Trends Study (N = 48 065) to examine dementia prevalence, incidence, and mortality trends among adults ages 72 and older, and the contribution to prevalence trends of changes in the distribution of characteristics of the older population ("compositional shifts") during the full and prepandemic periods. To minimize classification error, individuals must meet dementia criteria for 2 consecutive rounds. The prevalence of probable dementia declined from 11.9% in 2011 to 9.2% in 2019 and 8.2% in 2021 (3.1% average annual decline). Pre-pandemic declines continued for women and non-Hispanic White individuals and emerged over the 2011-2021 period for men and those ages 80-89. Declines in dementia incidence were stronger for the 2011-2021 period than for the prepandemic period, while mortality among those with dementia rose sharply with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Shifts in the composition of the older population accounted for a smaller fraction of the decline over the full period (27%) than over the prepandemic period (45%). Declines in dementia prevalence continued into years marked by onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with declines in incidence and sharp increases in mortality among those with dementia. However, declines are no longer largely attributable to compositional changes in the older population. Continued tracking of dementia prevalence, incidence, and mortality among those with and without dementia is needed to understand long-run consequences of the pandemic.

Long-term trends in the burden of breast cancer in China over three decades: a joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis based on Global Burden of Disease 2021.

We analyzed the trends in breast cancer (BC) morbidity, prevalence, and mortality among Chinese residents from 1990 to 2021. We then used joinpoint regression to further assess BC morbidity and mortality. We screened the morbidity, mortality, and prevalence of BC in Chinese residents (1990-2021) from the Global Burden of Disease. We used age-period-cohort (APC) modeling to assess the effects of age, period, and cohort on BC morbidity and mortality separately. We also used the joinpoint model to characterize trends in BC morbidity and mortality in China. From 1990 to 2021, age-standardized rates of morbidity have risen significantly, whereas mortality has declined. We discovered that the risk of morbidity and death rose with age by using the APC model. We also found that mortality and morbidity roughly continued to increase over time, and finally, we found that the later the birth cohort, the lower the mortality and the higher the morbidity. From 1990 to 2021, the burden of BC disease in China will continue to rise, and the situation of BC prevention and control will remain severe. Therefore, regular imaging and palpation examinations should be performed in the regular population over 40 years of age. When treating patients with BC, healthcare workers should develop individualized treatment plans to further reduce mortality.

Nationwide trends in the use of ADHD medications in the period 2006–2022: a study from the Norwegian prescription database

BackgroundThe use of medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) increased globally throughout the early 2000s. This study examine trends in prevalences and incidences of medication use in Norway from 2006 to 2022.MethodsData from the Norwegian Prescription Database were used to present one-year-prevalence and incidence rates of ADHD medication (ATC-group N06BA and C02AC02) for the overall population (ages 6–64) and within sex and age subgroups of children (ages 6–17) and adults (ages 18–64). Incident use was defined as the dispensing of medication, with no recorded use in the previous two calendar years.ResultsThe overall prevalence of ADHD medication use in 6- to 64-year-olds increased from 5.2 to 19.4 per 1000 in the period, most pronounced from 2020 and onwards. While males experienced a nearly threefold increase in use (from 7.3 to 20.6 per 1000), the use among females increased almost sixfold during the study period (from 3.0 to 18.1 per 1000). Consequently, the male-to-female prevalence-ratio decreased from 2.4 to 1. Children exhibited a higher prevalence of use compared to adults throughout the period, although the largest relative increase was observed in adults, particularly in female adults. In children the male-to-female ratio decreased from 3.2 to 2.0, primarily due to an increasing use in 13–17-year-old females. Among adults, prevalences were similar across most age groups, with the highest rates observed among those aged 18–24, where female use exceeded male use by the end of the period. The male-to-female prevalence-ratio in adults decreased from 1.6 to 0.9 during the period. Parallel to prevalent use, overall incident use increased from 1.4 to 5.0 per 1000 during the period, with the most pronounced increase occurring from 2020 and onwards. From this point, incident use among females aged 13–17, 18–24, and 25–34, exceeded that of males. The male-to-female incidence-ratio decreased from 1.8 to 0.9. The overall incidence to prevalence ratio remained similar throughout the period, being 0.27 in 2006 and 0.25 in 2022.ConclusionA sustained increase in the prevalence of ADHD medication use was observed, with the most pronounced rise occurring among females and adults from 2020 and onwards. By 2022, the overall gender disparity in ADHD medication use had diminished, which should be considered in the context of a steep increase in incident use among adolescent and young adult females starting from 2020.

Retrospective analysis of HPV infection: Cotesting and HPV genotyping in cervical cancer screening within a large academic health care system.

In 2019, the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology introduced fundamental shifts toward "risk-based" guidelines, with human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping as a principal test for investigating squamous intraepithelial lesions. This study aims to provide practice-based evidence and supplement the updated guidelines by investigating HPV demographic distribution and uncovering the pathological features of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) caused by high-risk HPV (hrHPV) subtypes. Patients who underwent Papanicolaou screening and HPV testing in two hospital systems over the course of 4 years were recruited. The cytology results were categorized on the basis of the 2014 Bethesda classification. DNA sequences of 14 types of hrHPV were detected by Aptima test. The histological features of HSILs caused by different subtypes were compared between biopsies and excisions. A total of 63,709 cases were included. The HPV prevalence was 14.70%, predominantly in the 30 to 39-year-old age group, with slightly higher rates observed in African Americans. There was no significant racial distribution difference between HPV 16/18/45 and other types. HPV 16/18/45 infection was directly correlated with the severity of abnormal cytology, although the other subtypes were the major causes of cytological abnormalities. The trend for HPV prevalence was consistent across calendar years, and was associated with 8.77% negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, 30.46% atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance, 64.62% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 66.75% atypical squamous cell-cannot exclude a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and 91.80% HSIL. Furthermore, 29.09% of HSILs associated with other subtypes were not detectable on subsequent resections. Given the HPV demographic distribution and the histological features of HSILs caused by different subtypes, cotesting with reflex HPV genotyping in specific populations, or expanding the subtypes in the primary HPV screening test, should be considered.

Time Trends in the Burden of Environmental Heat and Cold Exposure Among Children and Adolescents

Environmental heat and cold exposure (EHCE) remains the principal preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents globally. To report EHCE-related burden and analyze its temporal trends among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019. This repeated cross-sectional study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, which encompassed 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years were included in the study. Data analysis occurred from December 2023 to March 2024. EHCE in children and adolescents from January 1990 to December 2019. The primary outcomes were cases and rates of EHCE incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Global trends in these metrics were also analyzed by sex, age, and sociodemographic index (SDI), which is a comprehensive indicator of the socioeconomic status of a country or region. A linear regression model was used to calculate AAPCs and a joinpoint regression model was used to identify the years in which trends changed significantly. From 1990 to 2019, EHCE-related incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs showed a downward trend globally. However, an upward trend in EHCE incidence and prevalence was detected between 2010 and 2019 (incidence AAPC, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.05-1.87; prevalence AAPC, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.50). Regionally, although EHCE-related incidence showed a decreasing trend in most regions from 1990 to 2019, there were still some regions with an increasing trend (Southern sub-Saharan Africa AAPC, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.01-0.44). In 2019, the mortality and DALYs of EHCE were higher among children and adolescents in countries with low SDI levels. Additionally, the burden of EHCE among children and adolescents varied according to sex and age. In this cross-sectional study, a global increase was observed in EHCE incidence and prevalence since 2010. Furthermore, children and adolescents in low-SDI regions, which bear the brunt of the climate crisis, were disproportionately impacted. This suggests that future responses to climate change crises should emphasize health equity, which implies that vulnerable populations, such as children and adolescents, should be given priority in the allocation of resources to address climate change.

Temporal trends in the prevalence of major birth defects in China: a nationwide population-based study from 2007 to 2021.

Birth defects constitute a significant public health issue worldwide, yet there is a lack of comprehensive population-based data for the Chinese population. Weanalyzed data from the China National Population-based Birth Defects Surveillance System from 2007 to 2021, we calculated the prevalence rates of selected birth defects, stratified by maternal residence, geographic region, maternal age, and infant sex. The Joinpoint regression model was utilized to assess trends and annual percent changes in prevalence. From 2007 to 2021, significant downward trends in prevalence were observed for neural tube defects (NTDs), hydrocephalus, cleft lip with or without palate (CL/P), limbreductiondefects (LRD), omphalocele, Down syndrome, and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Conversely, upward trends were identified for hypospadias, cleft palate (CP), microtia/anotia, polydactyly, syndactyly, ventricular septal defect (VSD), atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale (ASD/PFO), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Younger mothers exhibited a higher prevalence of hydrocephalus, gastroschisis, CL/P, and polydactyly, while anotia/microtia, Down syndrome, and congenital heart diseases (CHDs) were more common in mothers aged 35 years or older. Significant variations in the prevalence of anencephalus, spina bifida, CL/P, anorectal atresia/stenosis, hypospadias, polydactyly, syndactyly, VSD, ASD/PFO, and PDA were found across different maternal residences and geographic regions. This study highlights the diverse trends and prevalence patterns of major birth defects, underscoring the necessity for defect-specific public health interventions.

Sex-Specific Trends in the Prevalence of Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis From 2005 to 2021 in South Korea: Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are prevalent chronic joint disorders, with prevalence rates varying by sex. However, few studies have comprehensively documented the factors contributing to the sex-specific prevalence of osteoarthritis and RA, including sociological factors and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify long-term trends in the sex-specific prevalence of osteoarthritis and RA from 2005 to 2021 while examining the factors that serve as vulnerabilities specific to each sex within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected from a nationally representative sample of 110,225 individuals through the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2005 to 2021. The study included patients aged 19 years and older diagnosed with osteoarthritis or RA in South Korea. Data were analyzed using weighted trends to accurately represent the sample population, with a 95% CI. Weighted logistic and regression models were used to identify vulnerable groups at risk of osteoarthritis or RA during the pandemic to assess sex-specific trends. In total, 110,225 individuals (n=48,410, 43.92% male participants) were analyzed from 2005 to 2021, with prevalence rates remaining stable over time and higher in female than in male participants. Notably, during the pandemic, female participants aged 60 years and older exhibited a prevalence of osteoarthritis that was 4.92 times greater than male participants and a prevalence of RA that was 6.44 times greater (osteoarthritis: prevalence ratio [PR] 69.78, 95% CI 41.66-116.88; RA: PR 17.27, 95% CI 8.75-34.07). In terms of osteoarthritis, male participants did not show a significant association with BMI (PR 1.40, 95% CI 1.21-1.61; P=.47), whereas female participants exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability within the obese group (PR 1.68, 95% CI 1.55-1.83; P<.001). Regarding RA, lower education levels were associated with increased vulnerability, with male participants showing a greater risk than female participants (male participants: PR 2.29, 95% CI 1.61-3.27 and female participants: PR 1.50, 95% CI 1.23-1.84). This study reveals that women in South Korea have a higher prevalence of osteoarthritis and RA than men. Understanding these sex-specific trends and identifying vulnerability factors can enhance preventive efforts and patient care.

Prevalence and temporal trends of anemia in patients with thyroid disease: 1999–2018 NHANES

BackgroundAnemia and thyroid disease, both prevalent health conditions, often co-occur and may be easily overlooked, collectively imposing a significant burden on society. This study specifically investigated the prevalence and temporal trends of anemia among individuals with thyroid disease in the US population, shedding light on a critical intersection in public health. MethodsUtilizing National Health and Nutrition Examination data from 10 survey cycles (1999–2018), this study included participants aged 20–85 years who self-reported a diagnosis of thyroid disease. Anemia was defined with a cutoff of 12 g/dL for women and 13 g/dL for men. The chi-square test compared prevalence across different categories and survey cycles. Data analysis employed R 4.3.2, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. ResultsThe median hemoglobin level among all individuals with thyroid disease was 13.6 g/dL. The overall prevalence of anemia among the US thyroid disease patients was 12.00 % (95 % CI: 10.96–13.09). A noteworthy upward trend in the prevalence of anemia among thyroid disease patients occurred during 1999–2008 (9.58 %, 95 % CI: 8.14–11.18) and 2009–2018 (13.68 %, 95 % CI: 12.26–15.21). Anemia incidence in individuals with thyroid disease was higher in females (9.05 %, 95 % CI: 8.14–10.02), the elderly population (7.98 %, 95 % CI: 7.12–8.91), individuals living alone (5.96 %, 95 % CI: 5.21–6.77), those with high body mass index (5.38 %, 95 % CI: 4.67–6.17), and non-Hispanic Whites (5.33 %, 95 % CI: 4.62–6.11). ConclusionsThe prevalence of anemia in the US population with thyroid disease was 12 %, indicating an increase over the past few decades.

Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants.

Diabetes can be detected at the primary health-care level, and effective treatments lower the risk of complications. There are insufficient data on the coverage of treatment for diabetes and how it has changed. We estimated trends from 1990 to 2022 in diabetes prevalence and treatment for 200 countries and territories. We used data from 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants aged 18 years and older with measurements of fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), and information on diabetes treatment. We defined diabetes as having a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of 7·0 mmol/L or higher, having an HbA1c of 6·5% or higher, or taking medication for diabetes. We defined diabetes treatment as the proportion of people with diabetes who were taking medication for diabetes. We analysed the data in a Bayesian hierarchical meta-regression model to estimate diabetes prevalence and treatment. In 2022, an estimated 828 million (95% credible interval [CrI] 757-908) adults (those aged 18 years and older) had diabetes, an increase of 630 million (554-713) from 1990. From 1990 to 2022, the age-standardised prevalence of diabetes increased in 131 countries for women and in 155 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest increases were in low-income and middle-income countries in southeast Asia (eg, Malaysia), south Asia (eg, Pakistan), the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Egypt), and Latin America and the Caribbean (eg, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, and Costa Rica). Age-standardised prevalence neither increased nor decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in some countries in western and central Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia and the Pacific, Canada, and some Pacific island nations where prevalence was already high in 1990; it decreased with a posterior probability of more than 0·80 in women in Japan, Spain, and France, and in men in Nauru. The lowest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in western Europe and east Africa for both sexes, and in Japan and Canada for women, and the highest prevalence in the world in 2022 was in countries in Polynesia and Micronesia, some countries in the Caribbean and the Middle East and north Africa, as well as Pakistan and Malaysia. In 2022, 445 million (95% CrI 401-496) adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes did not receive treatment (59% of adults aged 30 years or older with diabetes), 3·5 times the number in 1990. From 1990 to 2022, diabetes treatment coverage increased in 118 countries for women and 98 countries for men with a posterior probability of more than 0·80. The largest improvement in treatment coverage was in some countries from central and western Europe and Latin America (Mexico, Colombia, Chile, and Costa Rica), Canada, South Korea, Russia, Seychelles, and Jordan. There was no increase in treatment coverage in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa; the Caribbean; Pacific island nations; and south, southeast, and central Asia. In 2022, age-standardised treatment coverage was lowest in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, and treatment coverage was less than 10% in some African countries. Treatment coverage was 55% or higher in South Korea, many high-income western countries, and some countries in central and eastern Europe (eg, Poland, Czechia, and Russia), Latin America (eg, Costa Rica, Chile, and Mexico), and the Middle East and north Africa (eg, Jordan, Qatar, and Kuwait). In most countries, especially in low-income and middle-income countries, diabetes treatment has not increased at all or has not increased sufficiently in comparison with the rise in prevalence. The burden of diabetes and untreated diabetes is increasingly borne by low-income and middle-income countries. The expansion of health insurance and primary health care should be accompanied with diabetes programmes that realign and resource health services to enhance the early detection and effective treatment of diabetes. UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Epidemiological Characteristics of Neuro-Specific Antibodies Following Viral Infections.

This study aims to explore the epidemiological characteristics of neuro-specific antibodies (ns-Ab) induced by different viral infections within the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, it seeks to compare the autoimmune effects following several typical viral infections in CNS. We conduct a retrospective study to compare and analyze the prevalence trends of ns-Ab in patients with different viral infections. Additionally, evaluate the intensity of CNS inflammatory responses postviral infection by correlating clinical characteristics and laboratory findings, and briefly demonstrate the immune effects in CNS following various viral infections. This study retrospectively collected data from 1037 patients hospitalized with suspected CNS infections. A total of 654 patients (63.1%) were included in the final analysis. A higher proportion of patients with pathogens present in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (114 out of 332, 34.3%) tested positive for ns-Ab compared to those without pathogens (70 out of 322, 21.7%) (p = 0.0004). Specifically, the screening rate for ns-Ab in patients with CNS viral infections (83 out of 165, 50.3%) and the prevalence of ns-Ab (27 out of 83, 32.5%) were significantly higher than in those with other pathogen infections (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.016, respectively). Among these, human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) patients had the highest detection rate of ns-Ab during the disease course (11 out of 26, 42.3%), but exhibited infection characteristics distinctly different from those of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). Viral infections significantly promote the development of autoimmune responses in CNS. The production of ns-Ab and the subsequent autoimmune response vary across different viral infections. There is a strong statistical correlation between HHV7 and the presence of ns-Ab, suggesting that HHV7 may serve as an early indicator of secondary autoimmune response following CNS infections.

Current Trends in HIV Infection in the Republic of Crimea

The aim of this study was to analyse the trends in HIV infection, including diagnostic ones, in the Republic of Crimea in the period of 2014–2023. The source of data for this study was various statistical forms and reports. The findings revealed a significant downward trend in HIV incidence and a significant upward trend in HIV prevalence. The mortality rate was stable. The coverage of HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy increased over time. The number of patients with a suppressed viral load in the Republic fluctuated in different years of observation and reached 81% in 2023. In the second part of this study, we analysed the demographic and clinical laboratory characteristics of newly diagnosed patients with HIV. A predominance of men was noted. The proportion of injection drug users (IDUs) decreased, and the proportion of new HIV infection cases through heterosexual contacts increased. An increase in the median age of patients was also noted. Analysis of CD4 cell counts revealed significant differences between subgroups by gender, age, and route of infection. The longest time to disease detection was typical for IDUs. A comprehensive assessment of HIV infection trends in Crimea allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of measures and decisions taken on the issue of HIV infection.

Burden of diabetes mellitus in Weifang: Changing trends in prevalence and deaths from 2010 to 2021.

The objective of this study is to analyze the death characteristics and burden of disease (BOD) in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in Weifang from 2010 to 2021. The findings will serve as a foundational data source and theoretical framework for public health administrative departments in the formulation of DM-related policies. The annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) of the disability-adjusted life years (DALY), years of life lost (YLL), and years lived with disability (YLD) in DM residents from 2010 to 2021 were analyzed using the Joinpoint software to reflect the changing trend of the BOD in DM patients. Additionally, we conducted an analysis of the various causes of death among these patients and compared BOD in diabetic patients with different backgrounds. From 2010 to 2021, the burden of disease, which includes DALY, YL, and YLD, has been increasing among patients with DM in Weifang. It is noteworthy that the burden of disease is particularly pronounced among male patients and those aged 75 or above. Additionally, it is observed that widowed and illiterate DM patients have comparatively longer survival times. Furthermore, among the DM patients who have unfortunately passed away, it has been identified that unspecified DM with ketoacidosis accounts for 10.03% of the deaths as a direct cause of death. In contrast, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with kidney complications contributes to 10.23% of the deaths as the fundamental cause of death. The city is faced with a significant challenge of diabetes, which is influenced by factors such as gender, age, cultural background, and marital status. Unspecified diabetes mellitus (DM) with ketoacidosis (10.03%) and T2DM with renal complications (0.23%) are identified as the primary direct and underlying causes of death among diabetic patients, respectively. This study serves as a valuable reference for other regions in terms of diabetes prevention, control, and the management of chronic diseases.

Autism Diagnosis Among US Children and Adults, 2011-2022

An improved understanding of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence over time and across the lifespan can inform health care service delivery for the growing population of autistic children and adults. To describe trends in the prevalence of ASD diagnoses using electronic records data from a large network of health systems in the US. This cross-sectional study examined annual diagnosis rates in health records of patients in US health systems from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2022. Eligible individuals were included in the study sample for a given calendar year if they were enrolled in a participating health system for at least 10 months out of the year. Data were extracted from 12 sites participating in the Mental Health Research Network, a consortium of research centers embedded within large, diverse health care systems. Diagnoses of ASD were ascertained using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) revision codes. Annual diagnosis rates were calculated as the number of unique members diagnosed, divided by the total members enrolled. A total of 12 264 003 members were enrolled in 2022 (2 359 359 children aged 0 to 17 years [19.2%]; 6 400 222 female [52.2%]; 93 002 American Indian or Alaska Native [0.8%], 1 711 950 Asian [14.0%], 952 287 Black or African American [7.8%], 2 971 355 Hispanic [24.2%], 166 144 Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander [1.4%], and 6 462 298 White [52.7%]). The ASD diagnosis rate was greatest among 5-to-8-year-olds throughout the study period and increased by 175% among the full sample, from 2.3 per 1000 in 2011 to 6.3 per 1000 in 2022. The greatest relative increase in diagnosis rate from 2011 to 2022 occurred among 26-to-34-year-olds (450%) and increases were greater for female vs male individuals among children (305% [estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), 13.62 percentage points; 95% CI, 12.49-14.75 percentage points] vs 185% [EAPC, 9.63 percentage points; 95% CI, 8.54-10.72 percentage points], respectively) and adults (315% [EAPC, 13.73 percentage points; 95% CI, 12.61-14.86 percentage points] vs 215% [EAPC, 10.33 percentage points; 95% CI, 9.24-11.43 percentage points]). Relative increases were greater in racial and ethnic minority groups compared with White individuals among children, but not adults. In this cross-sectional study of children and adults in the US, ASD diagnosis rates increased substantially between 2011 and 2022, particularly among young adults, female children and adults, and children from some racial or ethnic minority groups. Diagnosis prevalence trends generated using health system data can inform the allocation of resources to meet the service needs of this growing, medically complex population.