Trends In Overweight Research Articles

Declining trends of overweight and obesity in 4-year-olds during 2007-2022 in Northern Sweden

Abstract Background Overweight among preschool children is a huge public health issue. The prevalence of both childhood overweight and obesity increased during the COVID-19-pandemic. Our aim was to study the development of overweight and obesity among 4-year-olds in Västerbotten, Sweden, from 2007 until 2022 with special focus on the COVID-19-pandemic and the year after. Methods This is a repeated cross-sectional study that utilized individual data from most 4-year-old children living in Västerbotten County, Sweden in 2007-2022, implying that the children were born 2003-2108. We included encrypted and anonymized individual anthropometrical data from the routine 4-year-old Child Health Care visit. There were 47 004 4-year-old children living in the county and we included data from 42 584 children, 21 966 boys and 20 618 girls at the age of 46-51 months. Results Overweight and obesity decreased over the study period. In 2007 the prevalence of overweight was 13.4% for boys and 14.9% for girls and obesity 3.7% for boys and 2.7% for girls. In 2022 the prevalence of overweight had declined to 9.5% for boys and 12.1% for girls and the prevalence of obesity to 1.8% and 2.1%, respectively. During the COVID-19-pandemic the prevalence of overweight and obesity for both boys and girls increased and then rapidly returned to the pre-pandemic level in 2022. Conclusions In a setting with free standardized Child Health Care, we present a clear decline in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Swedish preschool children over time. As in other settings the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased during the COVID-19-pandemic, but we also report a rapid decline in overweight and obesity after the pandemic. It is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for this favorable trend. Key messages • We present clear decline in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children over time in a setting with free standardized Child Health Care. • It is important to understand the possible mechanisms of the favorable trend of decrease of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children pre- and post-pandemic.

An increasing trend of overweight and obesity in the Japanese incident end-stage kidney disease population.

The global prevalence of overweight/obesity has been rising, and this trend is apparent in US and European incident end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) populations. We aimed to examine temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight among adult incident ESKD patients in Japan by year of dialysis initiation between 2006 and 2019 in comparison with those observed in the Japanese adult population during the same period. Using data from the Japanese Society of Dialysis Therapy Renal Data Registry and the National Health and Nutrition Survey, the sex-specific prevalence of overweight/obesity and that of underweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and <18.5 kg/m2, respectively) were calculated, adjusted for age according to the 2019 Population Census via the direct method. Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to examine trends. From 2006 to 2019, the age-adjusted prevalence of overweight/obesity in the incident ESKD population increased for males (AAPC 3.36 [95% CI, 2.70 to 4.09]) and females (AAPC 2.86 [95% CI, 1.65 to 4.19]). The age-adjusted prevalence of overweight/obesity in the general population increased for males (AAPC 0.87 [95% CI, 0.26 to 1.42]) but not for females (AAPC 0.01 [95% CI, -0.55 to 0.57]). The age-adjusted prevalence of underweight in the incident ESKD population significantly decreased but was higher than that in the general population for both sexes. An increasing trend of overweight/obesity was observed in the incident ESKD population in Japan. There is a pressing need to address both underweight and overweight/obesity in the incident ESKD population.

Epidemiology of overweight in under-five children in India: insights from National Family Health Survey.

Childhood overweight is not only an immediate health concern due to its implications but also significantly increases the risk of persistent obesity and consequently CVD in the future, posing a serious threat to public health. The objective of this study was to examine the trends and associated factors of childhood overweight in India, using nationally representative data from three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). For the primary analysis, we used data from 199375 children aged 0-59 months from fifth round of the NFHS (NFHS-5). Overweight was defined as BMI-for-age Z (BMI Z) score > +2 sd above the WHO growth standards median. We compared the prevalence estimates of childhood overweight with third round of the third round of NFHS and fourth round of the NFHS. Potential risk factors were identified through multiple logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of overweight increased from 1·9 % in third round of NFHS to 4·0 % in NFHS-5, a trend seen across most states and union territories, with the Northeast region showing the highest prevalence. The BMI Z-score distributions from the latest two surveys indicated that the increase in overweight was substantially larger than the decrease in underweight. The consistent upward trend in the prevalence across different demographic groups raises important public health concerns. While undernutrition rates have remained relatively stable, there has been a noticeable rise in the incidence of overweight during the same time frame. The increasing trend of overweight among children in India calls for immediate action.

Risk Factors and 20-Year Time-Trend in Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Switzerland: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study.

Background/Objective: Even though global childhood obesity rates keep increasing, stabilization has been shown over the past decade in several countries, including Switzerland. We aimed to investigate the trends in childhood overweight and obesity over the past 21 years in Switzerland and to identify the associated risk factors. Methods: Using cluster sampling, we recruited a national sample of 6-12-year-old children in Switzerland (n = 1245). We conducted anthropometric measurements and assessed risk factors using a self-administered questionnaire. We investigated the time trend by including data from four comparable previous surveys conducted since 2002. Results: We found a prevalence of overweight, including obesity, of 16.1 (14.1-18.2)%, with a significantly higher proportion in boys (18.6 (15.5-21.6)%) compared to girls (13.7 (11.0-16.4)%). We found a small but significant reduction in the prevalence of overweight including obesity over time (p = 0.005), but not of obesity alone (p = 0.099). The most important risk factors for obesity were parental education, parental origin, media consumption, as well as several dietary factors. Conclusions: Despite a slight decreasing trend in childhood overweight in Switzerland, it remains a public health concern. Prevention programs should focus on migrant families and those with low education and emphasize the risks of sedentary behavior and the importance of a healthy diet.

Nutritional status in the era of highly effective CFTR modulators.

Advances in cystic fibrosis (CF) diagnostics and therapeutics have led to improved health and longevity, including increased body weight and decreased malnutrition in people with CF. Highly effective CFTR modulator therapies (HEMT) are associated with increased weight through a variety of mechanisms, accelerating trends of overweight and obesity in the CF population. Higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with improved pulmonary function in CF, yet the incremental improvement at overweight and obese BMIs is not clear. Improvements in pulmonary health with increasing BMI are largely driven by increases in fat-free mass (FFM), and impact of HEMT on FFM is uncertain. While trends toward higher weight and BMI are generally seen as favorable in CF, the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity has raised concern for potential risk of traditional age- and obesity-related comorbidities. Such comorbidities, including impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, cardiac disease, hyperlipidemia, fatty liver, colon cancer, and obstructive sleep apnea, may occur on top of pre-existing CF-related comorbidities. CF nutrition recommendations are evolving in the post-modulator era to more individualized approaches, in contrast to prior blanket high-fat, high-calorie prescriptions for all. Ultimately, it will be essential to redefine goals for optimal weight and nutritional status to allow for holistic health and aging in people with CF.

Global trends in prevalence of maternal overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of routinely collected data retrospective cohorts

Pregnant women with obesity are at greater risk of complications during pregnancy, peripartum and post-partum, compared to women with healthy BMI. Worldwide data demonstrating the changes in trends of maternal overweight and obesity prevalence informs service development to address maternal obesity, while directing resources to areas of greatest need. This systematic review and meta-analysis of population level data sought to evaluate global temporal changes in prevalence of maternal obesity and overweight/obesity, and compare trends between regions. Pooled prevalence of obesity and overweight/obesity was estimated using random effects meta-analysis. Temporal and geographical trends in prevalence of obesity and overweight/obesity were examined using linear regression. From 11,684 publications, 94 met inclusion criteria representing 121 study cohorts (Europe n = 71; North America n = 23; Australia/Oceania n = 10; Asia n = 5; South America n = 12), totalling 49,009,168 pregnancies. No studies from Africa met the inclusion criteria. Eighty studies (85.1%) were evaluated as having a low risk of bias and 14 studies (14.9%) moderate. In the most recent full decade (2010-2019), global prevalence of maternal obesity was estimated as 16.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 15.1-17.5%), or approximately one in six pregnancies. Combined overweight/obesity in pregnancy had a pooled prevalence of 43.8% (95%CI: 42.2-45.4%), approaching half of all pregnancies. In each continent, an upward trend similar to the global trend was observed. North America demonstrated the highest prevalence (obesity: 18.7% (95%CI: 15.0-23.2%)); overweight/obesity: 47.0% (95%CI: 45.7-48.3%)) and Asia demonstrated the lowest prevalence (obesity: 10.8% (95%CI: 7.0-16.5%)); overweight/obesity: 28.5% (95%CI: 18.3-41.5%)). Both maternal obesity and combined overweight/obesity prevalence increased annually by 0.34% and 0.64% (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. Our linear regression model estimates current global prevalence of maternal obesity as 20.9% (95%CI 18.6-23.1%) and projects that this will increase to 23.3% (95%CI 20.3-26.2%) by 2030. Globally, maternal obesity and overweight/obesity prevalence is high and increasing, but varies greatly between regions, being highest in North America and lower in Asia. Maternity services across the globe should be adequately resourced to cope with the complexity of needs of pregnant women living with obesity. Future public health interventions should focus on reversing the high prevalence of maternal obesity observed across the globe. The availability of population-level data and research varies between regions, with more data required to understand the needs of maternal populations in the continents of Africa and Asia. Globally, there is a need for improved harmonisation and publication of data for monitoring and improvement of maternal inequalities.

Trends in overweight and obesity in Bergen, Norway, using data from routine child healthcare 2010-2022.

Trends in childhood overweight, obesity and severe obesity have been lacking in Norway. This study assessed pre-pandemic trends from 2010 to 2019 and evaluated differences in prevalence during the 2020-2022 pandemic years. Routine height and weight measurements from child and school health centres were extracted retrospectively from children aged 2, 4, 6, 8 and 13 years. Overweight, obesity and severe obesity was classified according to the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs. Pre-pandemic trends were estimated using linear regression. The prevalence during the pandemic was compared to the 95% prediction interval of this model. We obtained 181 527 body mass index measurements on 78 024 children (51.0% boys). There was a decrease in the prevalence of overweight including obesity from 2010 to 2019 in boys and this was statistically significant at 4 and 13 years of age. We found no significant trends in girls during this period. During the pandemic, the prevalence of overweight including obesity exceeded the prediction intervals for boys aged 4, 6, and 8 years, and for 6-year-old girls. From 2010-2019, overweight including obesity plateaued in girls and decreased in boys but increased during the pandemic among prepubertal boys. Routine healthcare data is useful for estimating the prevalence of different weight status.

Overweight and obesity trends and associated factors among reproductive women in Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Background In low- and middle-income countries, the double burden of malnutrition is prevalent. Many countries in Africa are currently confronted with overweight and obesity, particularly among women, coupled with an increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Objective This study examines trends in overweight and obesity among Ethiopian women of reproductive age from 2005 to 2016, and identifies associated factors. Methods We used three consecutive datasets from 2005 (n = 14070), 2011 (n = 16515), and 2016 (n = 15683) demographic health survey years. Multilevel logistic regression was used to identify the determinant factors among individual- and cluster-level variables. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity among reproductive women in Ethiopia increased steadily from 6.09% in 2005 to 8.54% in 2011, and 10.16% in 2016. However, mixed patterns were observed among the regions of the country. We found that age, education, living in urban areas, and living in a rich community are associated with becoming overweight and obese. For instance, the odds of becoming overweight and obese among women aged 35–49 were higher than those among women aged 15–24 (odds ratio [OR] = 3.62, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:2.64–4.97). Women who completed secondary school have higher odds than those without formal education (OR = 1.64, 95% CI:1.19–2.26). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate trends in the nationwide prevalence of overweight and obesity and the associated factors among Ethiopian women. This study warrants further follow-up research to identify the pathways between overweight and obesity and their probable factors.

Secular trend and projection of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 1985 to 2019: Rural areas are becoming the focus of investment.

The urban-rural disparities in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents are narrowing, and there is a need for long-term and updated data to explain this inequality, understand the underlying mechanisms, and identify priority groups for interventions. We analyzed data from seven rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) conducted from 1985 to 2019, focusing on school-age children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. Joinpoint regression was used to identify inflection points (indicating a change in the trend) in the prevalence of overweight and obesity during the study period, stratified by urban/rural areas and sex. Annual percent change (APC), average annual percent change (AAPC), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to describe changes in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Polynomial regression models were used to predict the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in 2025 and 2030, considering urban/rural areas, sex, and age groups. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban boys and girls showed an inflection point of 2000, with AAPC values of 10.09% (95% CI: 7.33-12.92%, t =7.414, P <0.001) and 8.67% (95% CI: 6.10-11.30%, t =6.809, P <0.001), respectively. The APC for urban boys decreased from 18.31% (95% CI: 4.72-33.67%, t =5.926, P =0.027) to 4.01% (95% CI: 1.33-6.75%, t =6.486, P =0.023), while the APC for urban girls decreased from 13.88% (95% CI: 1.82-27.38%, t =4.994, P =0.038) to 4.72% (95% CI: 1.43-8.12%, t =6.215, P =0.025). However, no inflection points were observed in the best-fit models for rural boys and girls during the period 1985-2019. The prevalence of overweight and obesity for both urban and rural boys is expected to converge at 35.76% by approximately 2027. A similar pattern is observed for urban and rural girls, with a prevalence of overweight and obesity reaching 20.86% in 2025. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents has been steadily increasing from 1985 to 2019. A complete reversal in urban-rural prevalence is expected by 2027, with a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in rural areas. Urgent action is needed to address health inequities and increase investments, particularly policies targeting rural children and adolescents.

Fourteen-year trends in overweight, general obesity, and abdominal obesity in Amazonian indigenous peoples.

Available data show that the epidemiological profile of most indigenous Brazilian populations is characterized by the coexistence of long-standing health problems (high prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases, malnutrition, and deficiency diseases, such as anemia in children and women of reproductive age), associated with new health problems, especially those related to obesity (hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia). Based on this scenario, this study analyzed the nutritional profile of the adult population of seven indigenous peoples from the Brazilian Amazon in the years 2007 and 2021. A total of 598 adults individuals were analyzed in 2007 (319 women and 279 men) and 924 in 2021 (483 women and 441 men), from seven indigenous peoples located in the state of Pará, who were assisted during health actions carried out in 2007 and in 2021. Body mass index classification used the World Health Organization criteria for adults: low weight, < 18.5kg/m2; normal weight, ≥ 18.5 and < 25kg/m2); overweight, ≥ 25 and < 30kg/m2, and obesity, ≥ 30kg/m2. A waist circumference (WC) < 90cm in men and < 80cm in women was considered normal. The data revealed heterogeneous anthropometric profiles, with a low prevalence of nutritional changes in the Araweté, Arara and Parakanã peoples, and high proportions of excess weight and abdominal obesity in the Kararaô, Xikrin do Bacajá, Asurini do Xingu and Gavião peoples, similar to or even higher than the national averages. Different stages of nutritional transition were identified in the indigenous peoples analyzed, despite apparently having been subjected to the same environmental pressures that shaped their nutritional profile in recent decades, which may indicate different genetic susceptibilities to nutritional changes. The evidence shown in this study strongly suggests the need to investigate in greater depth the genetic and environmental factors associated with the nutritional profile of Brazilian indigenous peoples, with assessment of diet, physical activity and sociodemographic and socioeconomic variables that enable the development of appropriate prevention and monitoring measures.

Changes in Body Weight and Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity in 5-6-Year-Old Children Attending School in Geneva.

Background: The prevalence of obesity and overweight in children is increasing in industrialized countries. Monitoring the evolution of these phenomena is essential for understanding prevention and health promotion programs. This study aims to present the analysis of anthropometric data collected by school nurses from the School Health Service of Geneva (Service de santé de l'enfance et de la jeunesse) for children aged 5 to 6 years during the 2021-2022 school year, as well as describe the trends in overweight and obesity from 2003-2004 to 2021-2022. Risk factors were also assessed in the 2021-2022 sample. Methods: This study included a random sample of 958 (479 girls and 479 boys) primary school pupils aged 5 to 6 years in Geneva. Data on weight, height and socioeconomic status were collected. BMI was analyzed using the Cole standard. A multivariate analysis was conducted to assess the influence of socioeconomic factors on overweight and obesity. We compared these results with BMI trends in students of the same age since 2003. Results: In 2021-2022, overall prevalence of overweight was 12.73%, and obesity was 5.64%. Girls had higher rates of overweight (14.20%) and obesity (6.68%) compared to boys (11.27% and 4.59%, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Overweight in boys significantly increased since the 2013-2014 and 2019-2020 measurements (p = 0.003). The trend for girls was similar but not statistically significant. Obesity rates have not significantly increased since 2019-2020 in both genders, but there is a significantly increasing trend for girls since 2013-2014 p = 0.045). Socioeconomic factors, particularly the socioeconomic class of parents, played a predictive role in overweight and obesity. Conclusions: The School Health Service of Geneva and the Directorate General of Health have a crucial role in monitoring and preventing childhood obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has remained high since 2010, justifying continuous efforts for prevention. A significant increase in prevalence has been observed since 2020, particularly among overweight boys, and could be related to COVID-19 confinement measures.

Differences in the temporal trends of childhood overweight and obesity in Spain in the 2011–2019 period by sex, age and socioeconomic level: results of the ALADINO study

IntroductionChildhood excess weight is a growing public health problem. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity in schoolchildren aged 6–9 years in Spain between 2011 and 2019 based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. MethodologyThe analysis included data from the 2011, 2015 and 2019 rounds of the cross-sectional observational and descriptive ALADINO study in schoolchildren of both sexes aged 6–9 years. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the trends in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (defined according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the International Obesity Task Force) and of central obesity, in addition to associated demographic and socioeconomic variables. ResultsBetween 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight (WHO criteria) decreased in boys aged 6, 7 and 8 years (by −5.4%, −5.7% and −5.3%, respectively) and boys whose parents had a higher educational attainment (by −5.3%). In relation to the socioeconomic level, overweight in boys declined at all income levels. However, between 2011 and 2019, both the prevalence of overweight in girls and the prevalence of obesity (applying the WHO and IOTF criteria) and the prevalence of central obesity in both sexes remained stable. ConclusionsThe prevalence of overweight and the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren aged 6–9 years in Spain remain high. Between 2011 and 2019, the prevalence of overweight in children aged 6–8 years and in children whose parents had university degrees decreased, whereas obesity in boys, overweight and obesity in girls and central obesity in both sexes remained stable.

Temporal trends and educational inequalities in obesity, overweight and underweight in pre-pregnant women and their male partners: a decade (2010-2019) with no progress in Sweden.

Trends in overweight and obesity among expectant parents can provide useful information about the family environment in which children will grow up and about possible social inequalities that may be passed on to them. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity changed over time in pre-pregnant women and their male partners in northern Sweden, and if there were any educational inequalities. This study is based on cross-sectional data from a repeated survey of the population in Västerbotten, Sweden. The study population included 18,568 pregnant women and 18,110 male partners during the period 2010-2019. Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted separately for pregnant women and male partners to assess whether the prevalence of age-adjusted underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity had evolved between 2010 and 2019, and whether trends differed by educational level. Among women, obesity prevalence increased from 9.4% in 2010 to 11.7% in 2019. Among men, it went from 8.9 to 12.8%. Educational inequalities were sustained across the study period. In 2019, the prevalence of obesity was 7.8 percentage points (pp) (CI = 4.4-11.3) higher among women with low compared to high education. The corresponding figure for men was 6.4 pp (CI = 3.3-9.6). It is not obvious that the prevalence of obesity among parents-to-be will decrease under current dispositions. Public health policies and practice should therefore be strengthened.

Assessment of Overweight, Obesity and Lifestyle-Related Factors Among Women Aged 18-49 Years in Kizinda, Bushenyi District

The trend of overweight and obesity was growing with shifts in individual and behavioral factors. Globally, overweight and obesity becoming a major problem, yet extensive data especially in Africa is still lacking. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence, socio-economic, and lifestyle-related factors associated with overweight and obesity among women aged 18-49 years in Kizinda in Bushenyi district. A cross-sectional analytical study design was used. Data on prevalence was collected through anthropometric measurements using the BMI (Body Mass Index) while those of socio-economic and individual factors were collected with a structured questionnaire. 271 women aged 18-49 years in Kizinda Trading Center, Bushenyi district were sampled. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bushenyi town was 47.24% and 19.92% respectively. Housewives were twice as likely to be overweighed and obese [AOR: 2.10, 95% CI (0.87- 3.15)]. Unemployed women have 74% [AOR: 1.26, 95% CI (0.50-2.36)] higher odds of being overweight or obese and those who earn &gt;700000 shillings have 37% [AOR: 1.63, 95% CI (0.56-2.25)] higher odds to be overweight and obese. Compared with women who live in rented houses, those who live in their own houses were 48% [AOR: 1.52, 95% CI (0.78-2.94)] higher odds of being overweight or obese. Women who engaged in physical activity had 65% [AOR: 0.35, 95% CI (0.17-1.27)] less odds of being overweight or obese compared to those who did not. Participants whose food intake is mostly rice and ghee had 55% [AOR: 1.45, 95% CI (0.40-1.27)] and 44% [AOR: 1.56, 95% CI (0.53-2.11)] more odds of being overweight or obese respectively compared to those who take Posho. Women whose food intake was mostly milk were two times [AOR: 2.01, 95% CI (0.55-2.75)] more likely to be overweighed or obese compared to those who take Posho. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age in Bushenyi calls for serious attention. Public health interventions through awareness programs about the consequences of overall and abdominal obesity should be implemented. Keywords: Overweight, Obesity, Posho, Women, Housewives.

Trends estimation of obesity prevalence among South Asian young population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The premise for effective prevention and treatment of obesity is the availability of accurate prevalence figures. However, the prevalence of pediatric obesity and overweight in South Asian countries has seldom been analyzed. This article provides a comprehensive review and meta-analysis of studies on overweight and obesity to provide a more precise prevalence estimate. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022320625). PubMed and Embase databases were comprehensively searched from inception till September 2023. The random-effects model was utilized to derive the pooled prevalence of obesity and overweight. Subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess variations in prevalence estimates across subgroups. A meta-regression analysis was also performed to assess the trend of overweight and obesity over the years. 152 studies were included with 489,525 participants. The pooled prevalence was 12.4 (95% CI 11.1–13.6) for overweight, 6.6% (95% CI 5.6–7.8) for obesity, and 19.3% (95% CI 17.1–21.7) for obesity and overweight. In subgroup analysis, Bangladesh reported a higher prevalence for both obesity (8.9%; 95% CI 4.9–13.9) and overweight (13.6%; 95% CI 9.2–18.8). Meta-regression analysis found a significant association between obesity prevalence and the publication year (β = 0.004; p = 0.03; R2 = 2.74%). The results of this study indicate a relatively higher prevalence of childhood obesity in South Asia, emphasizing the necessity for large-scale awareness efforts and context-specific preventative methods.

Growth and development and trends in overweight and obesity among 7-12 years old Hmong children in China: an analysis of eight successive national surveys from 1985 to 2019.

To explore the dynamic changes and trends in the body shape of Hmong children aged 7-12 years from 1985 to 2019, and to predict them, to provide a reference for the physical health level of Hmong children. The body shape data of Hmong children aged 7-12 years old from the Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) in 1985, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2014, and 2019 were used for longitudinal comparative analysis, and the grey GM(1,1) model was established based on this as a time series. Forecast the future development trend in 2025 and 2030. 1) From 1985 to 2019, all indicators of body shape of Hmong primary school students showed an upward trend, the increase in height (F Boys = 3.91, p > 0.05; F Girls = 3.91, p > 0.05), weight (F Boys = 8.04, p < 0.01; F Girls = 6.36, p < 0.05) and BMI (F Boys = 19.15, p < 0.01; F Girls = 10.24, p < 0.01) increased with age, rate of growth: Weight > BMI > Height, girls grow faster than boys; 2) The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased year by year, from 5.2 and 1.2% in 1991 to 12.4% (χ2 linear trend = 3.89, p < 0.05) and 8.7% (χ2 linear trend = 3.98, p < 0.05) in 2014, respectively, showing a significant growth trend, especially after 2000, overweight and obesity have entered a stage of rapid growth; 3) The forecast results show that the height, weight and BMI will continue to increase in 2025 and 2030, but the growth rate will decrease, the increase of weight and BMI is greater than the height, overweight and obesity are still expected to increase rapidly. The growth and development level of Hmong elementary children continues to increase, and the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing year by year, requiring early prevention and intervention to promote the healthy development of physical fitness of Hmong, as well as other ethnic minority students.

Maternal Body Mass Index Trends and Weight Gain in Singleton Pregnancies at the Time of Fetal Anatomic Survey: Changes in the Last Decade and New Trends in the Modern Era.

(1) Background: the worldwide impact of overweight and obesity is rising, increasingly resembling an epidemic (a price we have to pay for our new way of living). (2) Methods: our study aims to evaluate the temporal trends and patterns of singleton pregnant women's BMI (body mass index) in our region during a 12-year time frame between 2010 and 2021. (3) Results: We noticed a statistically significant difference between the BMIs of nulliparous and multiparous women and a significantly increased pregestational BMI in women with previous ART (assisted reproductive technology) procedures. Smoking pregnant women had a higher second trimester weight gain, regardless of parity. Women with folic acid supplementation alone had a higher BMI than those with folic acid and multivitamin intake. The weight of both nulliparous and multiparous women with chronic hypertension was statistically significantly higher in all three timeframes. Global weight gain did not reveal any statistically significant changes concerning women with pregestational diabetes, regardless of parity and the pregnancy trimester. (4) Conclusions: our article describes the trends in obesity and overweight in our middle-income country, in which this pathology is continuously growing, negatively influencing our reproductive-aged women and future generations.

Two-decade trends and factors associated with overweight and obesity among young adults in Nepal.

Overweight and obesity are global epidemics in the adult population, and also affect young people. This study estimated the long-term trend (1996-2019) of overweight and obesity among young adults aged 18 to 29 years in Nepal by sex based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and Asian cut-offs for body mass index (BMI). We also investigated the demographic factors associated with overweight and obesity in the latest survey. This study utilized data from nationwide studies, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) and WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) surveys. The trends in overweight and obesity were studied using trend analysis and joinpoint regression. Average annual percent changes (AAPCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the trends. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the factors associated with overweight and obesity. The study findings showed significant upward trends in both overweight and obesity for women with AAPCs of 10.5 (95% CI 6.4-14.7) and 15.8 (95% CI 10.9-20.8) respectively. In the 25-29 age-group, the prevalence of overweight/obesity increased among women from 2.2% to 24.7% between 1996 and 2019, and among men from 8.8% to 25.4% between 2007 and 2019. Increased odds of overweight (AOR 9.15, 95% CI 6.64-12.60), and obesity (AOR 42.09, 95% CI 10.12-175.04) were found in 2019 compared to 1996. Older age and female sex, being married and urban residence were significantly associated with overweight and obesity. In conclusion, this study showed rapid upward trends in overweight and obesity among young adults in Nepal with an accelerated trend among women; the predictors for overweight were older age, female sex and married status, and those for obesity were older age, female sex, and urban residence.

School and child participation rates in COSI-Ireland, pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract Background The Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI) is a World Health Organisation (WHO) project established in 2008 to routinely measure trends in overweight and obesity among primary school children in over 40 European countries. This study compares school and child participation rates for COSI-Ireland Round 6 (R6), conducted October 2022 - March 2023, to Round 5 (R5), conducted in 2018, pre-COVID-19. Methods Sentinel schools (n = 187) invited to partake in all previous Irish COSI rounds were again invited by letter and follow-up telephone calls to participate in R6. These schools remain a representative sample of all primary schools in Ireland, including DEIS (Delivering Equality of Opportunity in Schools) schools. Consent was obtained at three levels: school, parent, and child. Parents of children in one randomly selected class of 1st, 2nd, 5th, and 6th classes of each consenting school were invited to participate by letter. Verbal assent was obtained from each child with parental consent before being measured. Results School participation in R6 decreased slightly compared to R5; 65% (n = 121/187) and 73% (n = 135/185), respectively. In total, 79% (n = 33/42) of DEIS schools consented to partake in R6, substantially higher than non-DEIS school participation of 61% (n = 88/145). The R6 DEIS school response rate was also similar to R5 (81%; n = 21/26), despite an increase in the number of DEIS schools following reclassification in 2022. The examination rate of the total cohort in R6 was 55.5% (n = 5,180/9,337), in line with R5 (57.6%). The number of children examined was similar across classes, with slightly more girls (54%) than boys (46%). Conclusions Despite the challenges posed by COVID-19 in conducting this research, COSI-Ireland R6 school participation was well preserved, notably in DEIS schools, demonstrating their commitment to equity in obesity trends. Child examination rates were also remarkably well-maintained relative to the preceding pre-pandemic round. Key messages • COSI-Ireland R6 findings will allow for continued monitoring of obesity in primary school children and inter-European country comparison. • COSI-Ireland R6 findings will inform programme planning and evaluation to address childhood overweight and obesity.

Prevalence of overweight among Tunisian adolescents: Trend analysis 1996-2016

Abstract Background Overweight among adolescents is a growing public health concern worldwide, and Tunisia is no exception. However, prevalence trends of overweight among Tunisian adolescents have not been well documented. This study aimed to determine prevalence trends of overweight among adolescents in Tunisia between 1996 and 2016. Methods Data were collected from three national surveys conducted in Tunisia between 1996 and 2016. The first was conducted in 1996 (n = 729). The second was the Epidemiological Transition and Health Impact in North Africa Survey (TAHINA-2005, n = 1019), and the third was the Tunisia National Health Examination Survey (THES-2016, n = 482). All surveys used a similar methodology and included a representative sample of the Tunisian population. Overweight was defined as Body Mass Index≥ 85th percentile. STATA software was used for statistical analysis and chi-squared test for trend was performed. Results A total of 2230 participants was enrolled (sex ratio=0.99). The prevalence of overweight among adolescents increased from 10.8% (4.3% for boys and 17.7% for girls) in 1996 to 18.9% (17.2% for boys and 20.7% for girls) in 2005, then to 30.5% (22% for boys and 39.2% for girls) in 2016. Linear trend test concluded to significant increase in overweight prevalence estimated at 179.6% in two decades. The results showed a significant effect of time on overweight prevalence (p &amp;lt; 10-3), as well as a significant effect of sex group (p &amp;lt; 10-3). The model estimated that the prevalence of overweight increased by 1.29% per year from 1996 to 2016. The odds of overweight increased significantly over time, with an Odds Ratio (OR = 1.79, (95% CI: 1.39-2.30)) for TAHINA survey and (OR = 2.80 (95% CI: 2.21-3.55)) for THES survey. Conclusions Our study showed a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight among Tunisian adolescents over the past two decades. It is crucial to refine the analysis of associated risks to develop targeted interventions and adapt current policies. Key messages • The prevalence of overweight increased significantly among Tunisian adolescents in the past two decades. • Targeted interventions and policies to address this issue are therefore urgent.