Trends In Medication Use Research Articles

Trends in type 2 diabetes medication use and guideline adherence in Belgian primary care (2019–2023)

AimsTo assess the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure (HF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Belgium. To analyze trends in medication use and adherence to guidelines from 2019 to 2023. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using data from the Intego primary care database, encompassing records from 431 general practitioners. We identified adults with T2D through diagnostic codes and glycated hemoglobin levels and analyzed subgroups with ASCVD, HF, and CKD for trends in medication use, particularly SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i) and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1). ResultsThe T2D population increased from 20,766 in 2019 to 21,764 in 2023. The prevalence of ASCVD, HF, and CKD among T2D patients slightly increased to 27 %, 6.7 %, and 23.7 % by 2023 (from 25.2 %, 4.9 % and 21.5 % respectively). Medication prescription trends showed a tripling of SGLT2-i and GLP-1 prescribing in the study period to 6.2 % and 11.5 % respectively. Despite these increases, only 7.5 % of eligible patients received these medications as of 2023. ConclusionThe study highlights a growing burden of ASCVD, HF, and CKD among T2D patients in Belgium and an increase in the use of guideline-recommended medications. However, there remains a substantial gap in the optimal use of these therapies, indicating a need for improved implementation of clinical guidelines in primary care.

Adolescent Use, Diversion Sources, and Perceived Procurement Difficulty of Prescription Medications

This study examines trends in medical use, nonmedical use, diversion sources, and perceived procurement difficulty of prescription medications for nonmedical use among US adolescents.

Considering the Possible Role of Pharmacists According to the Presence or Absence of Lifestyle-Related Diseases at the Time of Coronary CT Examination and Trends of Medication Use for These Diseases by Medical Doctors.

Because patients often already have coronary artery disease (CAD) at the time of a coronary artery computed tomography angiography (CCTA) examination, we examined the medications prescribed by medical doctors for lifestyle-related diseases and investigated what possible role pharmacists can play in prescribing. Patients (n = 1357) who underwent CCTA examination were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of lifestyle-related diseases [hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia (DL) and diabetes mellitus (DM)], and the relationship between the presence or absence of CAD was examined. The rate of CAD was significantly higher in patients with HTN, DL or DM than in patients without these diseases. The blood pressure in the HTN group was 140 ± 20/79 ± 13 mmHg, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol value in the DL group was 119 ± 35 mg/dL, and the hemoglobin A1c value in the DM group was 7.0 ± 1.1%, all of which were poorly controlled. Anti-hypertensive drugs were used at low rates in the HTN group, statins were used in 47% and ezetimibe was used in 4% of the DL group, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors were used in 41% of the DM group. Since the rate of CAD (+) was high and control of the three major lifestyle-related diseases was poor, pharmacists should advise medical doctors to use combinations of drugs.

Trends in medication use after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland: an interrupted time series study

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on a range of health services, particularly in primary care. Research from Ireland suggests while community pharmacies remained open, restrictions for in-person healthcare appointments impacted patients.[1] Although there is evidence that the onset of the pandemic affected medicines utilisation internationally,[2] it is unclear how prescribing in Ireland changed following March 2020. Aim To evaluate how dispensing of medications in primary care in Ireland changed following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to expected trends. Methods This was an interrupted time series study, and the protocol was pre-registered (doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WNQHR). It used publicly available data from the Health Service Executive Primary Care Reimbursement Services for each month between January 2016 and July 2022. Data covered dispensing on the General Medical Services (i.e. medical card) scheme for all medication therapeutic subgroups and commonly dispensed medications (based on the top 100 individual medications per month). Pre-pandemic data (January 2016-November 2019) was used to forecast expected trends from December 2019 onwards for each subgroup and medication with 99% prediction intervals. The Holt-Winters method was used, which decomposes time series data into seasonal, trend, and irregular components. Three months of observed data unaffected by the pandemic (December 2019-February 2020, validation period) were compared to the forecast to validate accuracy of predictions. Observed data were compared to forecasts in March 2020 (as the first month of pandemic restrictions in Ireland) and over the remainder of the study period from April 2020-July 2022. Statistical significance was defined as observed data outside the 99% prediction interval (p<0.01). Results The overall number of dispensings was 7.6% (99%CI 2.5% to 13.2%) higher than forecast in March 2020. Many (31/77) therapeutic subgroups had dispensing significantly different from forecast in March 2020. Drugs for obstructive airway disease had the largest difference, with dispensing 26.2% (99%CI 19.5%-33.6%) higher than forecasted. Other subgroups with dispensing significantly higher than forecasted included minerals, analgesics, thyroid therapy, serum lipid-reducing agents and diuretics. Dispensing was significantly lower than forecasted for other gynaecologicals (17.7% lower, 99%CI 6.3%-26.6%) and dressings (11.6%, 99%CI 9.4%-41.6%). Similarly, many individual medications had significantly higher dispensing in March 2020. Notably, dispensing of amoxicillin (with/without clavulanic acid) and oral prednisolone were lower than forecasted in the months following the onset of the pandemic, particularly during winter 2020/2021. Conclusion There was a peak in dispensing for many long-term medications in March 2020 suggesting patients obtained additional supplies of their regular medicines as pandemic restrictions were introduced. Exceptions were dispensing of two therapeutic subgroups (dressings/intrauterine devices) linked to in-person healthcare consultations, illustrating the disruption to service delivery. Lower than expected dispensing of antimicrobials and reduced seasonal peaks may be partly due to reduced infection transmission generally. Although we were limited by lacking data on the number of people dispensed each medication, this is the first study to examine changes in medication use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland, considering all therapeutic areas. This study provides evidence to inform planning for medication demand and supply for future major health events.

Psychotropic Medication Use and Polypharmacy Among Children and Adolescents Initiating Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Challenging Behavior

To evaluate the prevalence, trends, and factors associated with psychotropic medication use and polypharmacy among children and adolescents initiating intensive behavioral therapy for severe challenging behavior over a 10-year period. In this retrospective observational study, we examined data from caregiver interviews and patient medical records on the number and types of psychotropic medications prescribed to patients initiating intensive behavioral therapy between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2022. Trends in medication use and polypharmacy across the 10-year period were analyzed using regression analysis, while differences in demographics and clinical factors for patients with use and polypharmacy were analyzed using nonparametric statistical analysis with odds ratios presented for significant factors. Data from all 302 pediatric patients initiating intensive behavioral therapy across the 10-year period were analyzed. Among all patients and all years, 83.8% were taking at least 1 psychotropic medication and 68.2% experienced polypharmacy. There were no changes in the prevalence of use, mean number of medications taken, or polypharmacy across the 10-year period. Patients diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or anxiety disorder, as well as those exhibiting self-injurious behavior had higher use of psychotropic medication and polypharmacy and were taking more medications overall. Psychotropic medication use and polypharmacy were extremely high for children and adolescents with severe challenging behavior, but use and polypharmacy did not change over the 10-year period of data collection. Further research is needed to establish the generality of these findings to other regions of the US.

Prescription medication use during pregnancy in the United States from 2011 to 2020: trends and safety evidence

Medication use during pregnancy has increased in the United States despite the lack of safety data for many medications. This study aimed to inform research priorities by examining trends in medication use during pregnancy and identifying gaps in safety information on the most commonly prescribed medications. We identified population-based cohorts of commercially (MarketScan 2011-2020) and publicly (Medicaid Analytic eXtract/Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System Analytic Files 2011-2018) insured pregnancies ending in live birth from 2 health care utilization databases. Medication use was based on filled prescriptions between the date of last menstrual period through delivery, as well as the period before the last menstrual period and during specific trimesters. We also included a cross-sectional representative sample of pregnancies ascertained by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2020), with information on prescription medication use during the preceding month obtained through maternal interviews. Teratogen Information System was used to classify the available evidence on teratogenic risk. Among over 3 million pregnancies, the medications most commonly dispensed at any time during pregnancy were analgesics, antibiotics, and antiemetics. The top medications were ondansetron (16.8%), amoxicillin (13.5%), and azithromycin (12.4%) in MarketScan, nitrofurantoin (22.2%), acetaminophen (21.3%; mostly as part of acetaminophen-hydrocodone products), and ondansetron (19.5%) in Medicaid Analytic eXtract/Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System Analytic Files, and levothyroxine (5.0%), sertraline (2.9%), and insulin (2.9%) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey group. The most commonly dispensed suspected teratogens during the first trimester were antithyroid medications. The use of antidiabetic and psychotropic medications has continued to increase in the United States during the last decade, opioid dispensation has decreased by half, and antibiotics and antiemetics continue to be common. For one-quarter of medications, there is insufficient evidence available to characterize their safety profile in pregnancy. There is a need for more drug research in pregnant patients. Future research should focus on anti-infectives with high utilization and limited level of evidence on safety for use during pregnancy. Although lack of evidence is not evidence of safety concerns, it does not indicate risk either. In many instances, the benefits outweigh the risks when these medications are used clinically, and some of the medications with no proven safety may be necessary to treat patients.

Trends in medication use at the onset of and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland: An interrupted time series study.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on healthcare delivery, particularly in general practice. This study aimed to evaluate how dispensing of medications in primary care in Ireland changed following the COVID-19 pandemic's onset compared to expected trends. This interrupted time series study used data on medications prescribed in general practice 2016-2022 to patient eligible for state health cover, approximately one third of the population. Dispensing volumes for all therapeutic subgroups (ATC2 codes) and commonly dispensed medications were summarized. Pre-pandemic data were used to forecast expected trends (with 99% prediction intervals) using the Holt-Winters method, and these were compared to observed dispensing from March 2020 onwards. Many (31/77) therapeutic subgroups had dispensing significantly different from forecast in March 2020. Drugs for obstructive airway disease had the largest difference, with dispensing 26.2% (99%CI 19.5%-33.6%) higher than forecasted. Only two subgroups were significantly lower than forecasted, other gynaecologicals (17.7% lower, 99%CI 6.3%-26.6%) and dressings (11.6%, 99%CI 9.4%-41.6%). Dispensing of amoxicillin products and oral prednisolone were lower than forecasted in the months following the pandemic's onset, particularly during winter 2020/2021. There was a spike in dispensing for many long-term medications in March 2020, while pandemic restrictions likely contributed to reductions for other medications.

Economic Trends in Commonly Used Drugs for Spinal Fusion and Brain Tumor Resection: An Analysis of the Medicare Part D Database.

With the incidence of central and peripheral nervous system disorders on the rise, neurosurgical procedures paired with the careful administration of select medications have become necessary to optimize patient outcomes. Despite efforts to decrease the over-prescription of common addictive drugs, such as opioids, prescription costs continue to rise. This study analyzed temporal trends in medication use and cost for spinal fusion and brain tumor resection procedures. The Medicare Part B Database was queried from 2016 to 2020 for data regarding spinal fusion and brain tumor resection procedures, while the Part D Database was used to extract data for two commonly prescribed medications for each procedure. Pearson's correlation coefficient and linear regression were completed for the analyzed variables. The results showed a significant negative correlation between the number of spinal procedure beneficiaries and the cost of methocarbamol, as well as between the annual percent change in spinal beneficiaries and the annual percent change in oxycodone cost. Linear regression revealed that oxycodone cost was the only parameter with a statistically significant model. Moving forward, it is imperative to combat rising drug costs, regardless of trends seen in their usage. Further studies should focus on the utilization of primary data in a multi-center study.

Sex-specific medication trajectories in older adults newly diagnosed with diabetes

BackgroundPeople with diabetes tend to use many medications to treat diabetes and comorbidities. Nevertheless, the evolution of polypharmacy in newly diagnosed males and females has been little studied. ObjectiveThe objective of this paper was to identify and describe medication trajectories in incident diabetes cases according to sex. MethodsData were obtained from the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System. We built a population-based cohort of community-dwelling individuals aged >65 years diagnosed with diabetes in 2014 who were alive and covered with the public drug plan until March 31, 2019. Latent class models were used to identify medication trajectory groups in males and females separately. ResultsOf the 10,363 included individuals, 51.4% were males. Females were older and more likely to have more medication claims than males. Four trajectory groups were identified for males and five for females. Most trajectories showed sustained and stable number of medications over time. For each sex, only one of the trajectory groups included a mean annual number of medications lesser than five. Slight increasing trends of medication use were detected in the trajectories composed of very high users, which included older, more comorbid individuals frequently exposed to potentially inappropriate medications. ConclusionsMost males and females with incident diabetes had a high burden of medication following the year of diagnosis and were classified in a group of sustained medication use over time. The largest increase in medication was among those who had higher level of polypharmacy of questionable quality at baseline, raising concerns about the innocuity of such medication trajectories.

Assessment of psychotropic medications prescribing pattern in Gebretsadik Shawo General Hospital, South West Ethiopia.

due to the widespread prescription of antipsychotic medications, their usage is cumulative. Evidence on the trends of medication use in Ethiopia and other parts of the world is lacking. The scant information on prescription trends and medication usage suggests that drug use is generally not sensible in both industrialized and emerging nations. So, the aim of this study was to assess the psychotropic medications prescribing pattern in Gebretsadik Shawo General Hospital, South West Ethiopia. from June 1st to July 31st, 2019, a cross-sectional study on prescriptions for psychiatric drugs was conducted at Gebretsadik Shawo General Hospital. Using systematic random sampling, prescription records were obtained from the pharmacy dispensing book. Version 21 of the statistical program for social science was used to code and analyze the data. the study included 355 prescription records containing psychotropic drugs in total. The bulk of those taking the psychotropic medication were aged 20 to 49. The most often administered classes of drugs remained antipsychotic, followed by tricyclic antidepressants, antiepileptics, anxiolytics/sedatives, anticholinergic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The most often ordered antipsychotic medication, which included 102 (23.18%) medications, was chlorpromazine. Tricyclic antidepressants, which included 56 medicines (12.73%) and 24 medications (5.45%), included amitriptyline and imipramine. the results of this investigation showed that psychiatrists preferred traditional psychotropic medications, such as Antipsychotic tricyclic, antidepressants (TCAs) and phenothiazines, in high amounts possibly because these medications were readily available in this hospital and their prices suited patients' needs. Health care workers' interdisciplinary relationships and coherence would improve for the benefit of patients and services of higher quality.

Using electronic admission data to monitor temporal trends in local medication use: Experience from an Australian tertiary teaching hospital.

Background and aims: Medication usage varies according to prescribing behavior, professional recommendations, and the introduction of new drugs. Local surveillance of medication usage may be useful for understanding and comparing prescribing practices by healthcare providers, particularly in countries such as Australia that are in the process of enhancing nationwide data linkage programs. We sought to investigate the utility of electronic hospital admission data to investigate local trends in medication use, to determine similarities and differences with other Australian studies, and to identify areas for targeted interventions. Methods: We performed a retrospective longitudinal analysis using combined data from a hospital admissions administrative dataset from a large tertiary teaching hospital in Adelaide, South Australia and a hospital administrative database documenting medication usage matched for the same set of patients. All adult admissions over a 12-year period, between 1 January 2007 and 31st December 2018, were included in the study population. Medications were categorized into 21 pre-defined drug classes of interest according to the ATC code list 2021. Results: Of the 692,522 total admissions, 300,498 (43.4%) had at least one recorded medication. The overall mean number of medications for patients that were medicated increased steadily from a mean (SD) of 5.93 (4.04) in 2007 to 7.21 (4.98) in 2018. Results varied considerably between age groups, with the older groups increasing more rapidly. Increased medication usage was partly due to increased case-complexity with the mean (SD) Charlson comorbidity index increasing from 0.97 (1.66) in 2007-to-2012 to 1.17 (1.72) in 2013-to-2018 for medicated patients. Of the 21 medication classes, 15 increased (p < 0.005), including antithrombotic agents; OR = 1.18 [1.16–1.21], proton pump inhibitors; OR = 1.14 [1.12–1.17], statins; OR = 1.12; [1.09–1.14], and renin-angiotensin system agents; OR = 1.06 [1.04–1.08], whilst 3 decreased (p < 0.005) including anti-inflammatory drugs (OR = 0.55; 99.5% CI = 0.53–0.58), cardiac glycosides (OR = 0.81; 99.5% CI = 0.78–0.86) and opioids (OR = 0.82; 99.5% CI = 0.79–0.83). The mean number of medications for all admissions increased between 2007 and 2011 and then declined until 2018 for each age group, except for the 18-to-35-year-olds. Conclusion: Increased medication use occurred in most age groups between 2007 and 2011 before declining slightly even after accounting for increased comorbidity burden. The use of electronic hospital admission data can assist with monitoring local medication trends and the effects of initiatives to enhance the quality use of medicines in Australia.

Trends in medication use and treatment patterns in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUNDMedications for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have changed dramatically over time. However, no study on long-term medication profiles has been conducted in the Chinese population. AIMTo evaluate temporal changes in medication use and treatment patterns for Chinese patients with IBD.METHODSA multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted among Chinese patients newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) between January 1999 and December 2019. Baseline characteristics and drug prescriptions were collected. Trends in medication use and therapeutic patterns were analyzed. RESULTSIn total, 3610 patients were analyzed. During follow-up, 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) and corticosteroids (CS) prescriptions gradually decreased, accompanied by a notable increase in immunosuppressants (IMS) and infliximab (IFX) prescriptions in patients with CD. Prescription rates of 5-ASA and CS were stable, whereas IMS and IFX slightly increased since 2007 in patients with UC. Subgroup (n = 957) analyses showed a switch from conventional medications to IFX in patients with CD, while 5-ASA and CS were still steadily prescribed in patients with UC. Logistic regression analyses revealed that surgical history, disease behavior, and disease location were associated with initial therapeutic strategies in patients with CD. However, medications before diagnosis, disease location, and diagnostic year might affect initial strategies in patients with UC.CONCLUSIONLong-term treatment strategies analyses has provided unique insight into the switch from conventional drugs to IFX in Chinese patients with CD.

P479 Trends in medication use and treatment patterns in Chinese patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A multicenter cohort study from 1999 to 2020

Abstract Background The temporal changes in medication use and therapeutic paradigm in patients with Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have not been well elucidated in China over the past two decades. Therefore, we aimed to identify the temporal changes in medication use and treatment patterns for Chinese patients with IBD and to evaluate the factors associated with initial drug strategies. Methods A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted among Chinese patients newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) from January 1999 to December 2019. Medication utilization, treatment patterns, and associated factors with initial drug strategies were investigated. Results Prescriptions of 5-aminosalicylates (ASA) and corticosteroids (CS) gradually decreased, whereas prescriptions of immunosuppressants (IMS) and infliximab (IFX) increased in patients with CD. Except for stable prescriptions of ASA and CS, IMS and IFX increased since 2007 in patients with UC. Subgroup (N=957) analyses revealed that treatment patterns went through notable changes from ASA to IMS or IFX in patients with CD, while ASA and CS were still steadily prescribed in patients with UC. Logistic regression analyses revealed that perianal and gastrointestinal surgeries before diagnosis, disease behavior, and disease location were associated with different initial therapeutic strategies in patients with CD. However, medications before diagnosis, disease location, and diagnostic year might affect initial strategies in patients with UC. Conclusion Parallel to increasing uses of IMS and IFX in IBD over past two decades, a significant decrease in uses of ASA and CS were observed in CD, but not in UC. Treatment strategies analyses provided a unique insight in understanding long-term therapeutic patterns in the Chinese population.

The relationship between 19-year trends in medication use and changes in physical function among women in the mid-life: A Study of Women's Health Across the Nation pharmacoepidemiology study.

Medication side effects are a major concern in aging adults who report using an increasing number of medications. The relationship between accumulating medication use and physical function has not been examined in a longitudinal cohort. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study using prospectively collected data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Community-dwelling women from five US cities were followed for up to 20 years. The exposure of interest was the number of prescription medications. They were examined as a count variable and then for specific categories of medication. The outcome of interest was physical function measured repeatedly using the short form (SF)-36 physical function (PF) scale. Linear mixed models, using repeated measures of sociodemographics and comorbidities were assessed. 1452 participants qualified for the analyses with a median follow-up of 19.2 years. At baseline, the mean age was 46.5 years and 53.5% reported White race. Fully adjusted models demonstrated a reduction in the SF-36 PF of 0.99 for each additional prescription medication used or a 6.14-point reduction for women reporting more than five medications and an 8.92-point reduction among those reporting more than 10 medications. These results were similar across race and ethnicity. Specific medication categories with a significant and largely negative impact (at least a two-point reduction) on physical component score included beta-blockers, analgesics, glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, anticoagulants, and anti-depressants. There is a moderate association between increasing medication use and decreasing physical function among women transitioning through the mid-life.

Medication Use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Changes from 2010 to 2018

To provide up-to-date medication prescribing patterns in US neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and to examine trends in prescribing patterns over time. We performed a cohort study of 799 016 infants treated in NICUs managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group from 2010 to 2018. We used 3 different methods to report counts of medication: exposure, courses, and days of use. We defined the change in frequency of medication administration by absolute change and relative change. We examined the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) package insert for each medication to determine whether a medication was labeled for use in infants and used PubMed to search for pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. The most frequently prescribed medications included ampicillin, gentamicin, caffeine citrate, poractant alfa, morphine, vancomycin, furosemide, fentanyl, midazolam, and acetaminophen. Of the top 50 medications used in infants with extremely low birth weight, only 20 (40%) are FDA-labeled for use in infants; of the 30 that are not labeled for use in infants, 13 (43%) had at least 2 published PK studies. The medications with the greatest relative increase in use from 2010 to 2018 included dexmedetomidine, clonidine, rocuronium, levetiracetam, atropine, and diazoxide. The medications with the greatest relative decrease in use included tromethamine acetate, pancuronium, chloral hydrate, imipenem+cilastatin, and amikacin. Trends of medication use in the NICU change substantially over time. It is imperative to identify changes in medication use in the NICU to better inform further prospective studies.

Medication Use Patterns in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in California During the Pandemic

This cohort study examines trends in medication use among patients hospitalized for COVID-19–related treatment in a large US university health care system from the start of stay-at-home orders in March 2020 throughout the rest of the year.

Medication Use Among Patients With COVID‐19 in a Large, National Dataset: Cerner Real‐World Data™

PurposeThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) required clinicians to use knowledge of therapeutic mechanisms of established drugs to piece together treatment regimens. The purpose of this study is to examine the trends in medication use among patients with COVID-19 across the United States using a national dataset. MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study of the COVID-19 cohort in the Cerner Real-World Data warehouse, which includes deidentified patient information for encounters associated with COVID-19 from December 1, 2019, through June 30, 2020. The primary variables of interest were medications given to patients during their inpatient COVID-19 treatment. We also identified demographic characteristics, calculated the proportion of patients with each medication, and stratified data by demographic variables. FindingsOur sample included 51,169 inpatients from every region of the United States. Males and females were equally represented, and most patients were white and non-Hispanic. The largest proportion of patients were older than 45 years. Corticosteroids were used the most among all patients (56.5%), followed by hydroxychloroquine (17.4%), tocilizumab (3.1%), and lopinavir/ritonavir (1.1%). We found substantial variation in medication use by region, race, ethnicity, sex, age, and insurance status. ImplicationsVariations in medication use are likely attributable to multiple factors, including the timing of the pandemic by region in the United States and processes by which medications are introduced and disseminated. This study is the first of its kind to assess trends in medication use in a national dataset and is the first large, descriptive study of pharmacotherapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. It provides an important glimpse into prescribing patterns during a pandemic.

Patterns of Athlete Medication Use at the 2018 PyeongChang Paralympic Games: A Descriptive Cohort Study.

Medication use among elite athletes has received growing attention over the past decades. However, only limited studies have focused on para athletes, and trends in medication use among this cohort remain unclear. The aims of this study were (1) to describe the pattern of medication use in elite Paralympic athletes, with a particular focus on analgesics, (2) to analyze whether medications declared by athletes were included in the 2018 World Anti-Doping Agency's prohibited list and monitoring program, (3) to report on a variety of novel supplements, and (4) to review whether athlete analgesic needs will be met by the new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary. This is a retrospective, descriptive cohort study. Of all athletes who underwent doping control, 21% declared the use of an analgesic medication. Athletes with limb deficiency and para snowboarders declared the most analgesic medications in their respective categories. It was determined that 84% of the athletes' analgesic medication needs were provided from the new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary. Analgesic use among athletes who participated at the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Paralympics was high. Para snowboarders and athletes with limb deficiency declared the most analgesics. The new Olympic & Paralympic Model Formulary adequately addressed the medication needs of the athletes attending the 2018 games.

Trends in Medication Use and Treatment Patterns in Chinese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multicenter Cohort Study from 1999 to 2020

Trends in Medication Use and Treatment Patterns in Chinese Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Multicenter Cohort Study from 1999 to 2020

Trends in medication use and physical activity levels in individuals with and without hip and knee osteoarthritis

Purpose: Hip and knee osteoarthritis are painful, mobility-disabling conditions affecting millions of individuals across Canada. In Nova Scotia, approximately one in four individuals are diagnosed with osteoarthritis, representing the largest provincial prevalence nationally. Despite consistent recommendations for physical activity interventions by clinical practice guidelines, concurrent decreases in physical activity prescription and increases in the use of pharmaceutical interventions questions whether osteoarthritis management practices are well-aligned with evidence-informed guidelines.