Humidity Trends Research Articles

Forecasting Trends in Relative Humidity in Iraq (Study in Climate Geography)

The research aims to predict and determine the trend in relative humidity rates (%) in Iraq, for four months (October, January, April, July), as the percentage of water in the atmosphere does not exceed (0.01%) of the hydrosphere at any moment. Despite this, it is an important element in the weather and plays a major role in the formation of clouds, fog, and dew. He is responsible for all major weather events, such as hurricanes and other weather disturbances. To understand the nature of the behavior of relative humidity, its trend, fluctuations, and future changes in time and space, statistical models were designedm(SARIMA) based on the Box–Jenkins method in the time series forecasting method for the period (2023-2037), for the following stations (Kirkuk - Baghdad - Al-Hayy - Samawah - Nasiriyah - Basra) and relying on the base years from (1970 - 2022), and the research adopted the use of The algorithm drawn up by two researchers (BJ 1976), used the autoregressive model and the seasonal integration moving average, which is symbolized by the symbol (p, d, q) (P, D, Q) SARIMA, which is called the seasonal multiplier model.

Construction of a Model for Assessing the Comfort of Residential Indoor Environment Based on Multisensory Design

Economic development and technological progress have made people’s demand for indoor environments higher and higher, and designing safe, comfortable, and healthy indoor environments through multisensory design is worthy of serious consideration. In order to realize the assessment of indoor environment comfort under multi-sensory design, this paper carries out data assessment from three dimensions of thermal environment, light environment and air environment. Relying on the PMV model of thermal environment comfort, we analyze the trends of indoor temperature and humidity, average radiant temperature, and PMV values. Combine Weber-Fechler and lighting coefficient to study the visual comfort change of indoor light environment, and analyze the lighting illuminance of indoor light environment under different working conditions by illuminance uniformity. From the basic principle of indoor wind environment, the changes of effective temperature difference and blowing sense caused by air temperature and wind speed are investigated. The temperature difference of the south-facing room decreased between 12.14% and 15.65% before and after the heating was stopped, which is a small change. The average indoor ambient radiant temperature values at different measurement points were up to 27.59 °C, and the fluctuations of the average indoor thermal ambient PMV values were within the range of [-1.2,1.6]. When the indoor light ambient illuminance value increased from 200 lux to 600 lux, the visual comfort improvement was more significant than from 600 lux to 1000 lux. The indoor air distribution characteristic ADPI value was 100% when the air velocity was 0.15m/s and 0.25m/s. Based on the results of indoor environment comfort assessment, multisensory optimization of indoor environment comfort from heat, light and air environments is proposed to provide guidance for improving people’s satisfaction with indoor environment.

Temporal variability of precipitation and humidity in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India using GIS modelling: a multi decadal study

ABSTRACT This study investigates precipitation and specific humidity trends from 1981 to 2023, uncovering significant fluctuations across the Mandi region. Analysis of the data shows a broad range in mean annual rainfall, from 631.26 to 1,174.16 mm, highlighting the region's climatic diversity. A stark contrast in rainfall levels is noted between two periods: 1986 to 1990 saw exceptionally low rainfall (9.53–12.55 mm), while 1981 to 1985 experienced high precipitation (13,220.97–13,951.36 mm). The study identifies a peak in precipitation coverage (66%) from 2016 to 2020, with rainfall volumes reaching 5,993.81–6,357.93 mm, contrasting with the lowest coverage (1%) from 2006 to 2010. Additionally, the research reveals significant variation in specific humidity, with the lowest levels recorded between 2021 and 2023 (6,623.94–7,600.59 g/kg) and the highest between 2016 and 2020 (16,353.74–17,313.94 g/kg). The highest and lowest area-wise percentages of specific humidity were observed between 1991 and 1995 (38%) and 1996 and 2000 (5%), respectively. These findings shed light on the dynamic nature of precipitation and humidity in the region, offering critical insights for understanding local climate patterns and informing sectors dependent on precise climatic data.

Alterations in nasal airflow and air conditioning after endoscopic nasopharyngectomy for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pilot computational fluid dynamics study

Endoscopic nasopharyngectomy represents a significant intervention for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Various surgical techniques, including transnasal and transoral approaches, are employed. However, the impact of these procedures on nasal airflow dynamics is not well understood. This computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study aimed to investigate alterations in nasal airflow and air conditioning following endoscopic nasopharyngectomy. A 55-year-old male patient with recurrent NPC was selected, whose CT data were utilized for image reconstruction. A preoperative model and two postoperative models, including the transnasal and transoral approach models, were established. The airflow patterns and various CFD parameters were analyzed. In the postoperative models, the high-speed airflow went along the soft palate and into the nasopharyngeal outlet, and there was the low-speed turbulence in the expanded nasopharyngeal cavity. Compared to the preoperative model, the postoperative models exhibited reductions in surface-to-volume ratio, nasal resistance, airflow velocity and proportion of high wall shear stress regions in nasopharynx. The changing trends of nasopharyngeal air temperature and humidity in the preoperative and transoral models were consistent. The heating and humidification efficiency decreased in the transnasal model compared to the transoral model. The endoscopic nasopharyngectomy for recurrent NPC affects the nasal airflow and warming and humidification function. The transoral approach has less influence on aerodynamics of the upper airway compared to the transnasal approach. From a CFD perspective, the endoscopic nasopharyngectomy does not increase the risk of postoperative complications, including the empty nose syndrome and the carotid blowout syndrome.

The impact of changes in temperature trends on relative humidity trends in the city of Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period from 1985 to 2022 AD

The impact of changes in temperature trends on relative humidity trends in the city of Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period from 1985 to 2022 AD

Role of atmospheric rivers in shaping long term Arctic moisture variability

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) reaching high-latitudes in summer contribute to the majority of climatological poleward water vapor transport into the Arctic. This transport has exhibited long term changes over the past decades, which cannot be entirely explained by anthropogenic forcing according to ensemble model responses. Here, through observational analyses and model experiments in which winds are adjusted to match observations, we demonstrate that low-frequency, large-scale circulation changes in the Arctic play a decisive role in regulating AR activity and thus inducing the recent upsurge of this activity in the region. It is estimated that the trend in summertime AR activity may contribute to 36% of the increasing trend of atmospheric summer moisture over the entire Arctic since 1979 and account for over half of the humidity trends in certain areas experiencing significant recent warming, such as western Greenland, northern Europe, and eastern Siberia. This indicates that AR activity, mostly driven by strong synoptic weather systems often regarded as stochastic, may serve as a vital mechanism in regulating long term moisture variability in the Arctic.

Water temperature and energy balance of floating photovoltaic construction water area—field study and modelling

Floating photovoltaics (FPV) are an emerging renewable energy technology. Although they have received extensive attention in recent years, understanding of their environmental impacts is limited. To address this knowledge gap, we measured water temperature and meteorological parameters for six months under FPV arrays and in the control open water site and constructed a numerical model reflecting the water energy balance. Our results showed that FPV arrays caused diurnal variation in water temperature and microclimate. Specifically, we found that FPV had a cooling effect on their host waterbody during the daytime and a heat preservation effect at night, reducing diurnal variation. The diel oscillation of water temperature below FPV panels lagged behind that of open waters by approximately two hours. The microclimate conditions below FPV panels also changed, with wind speed decreasing by 70%, air temperature increasing during the daytime (averaging +2.01°C) and decreasing at night (averaging −1.27°C). Notably, the trend in relative humidity was the opposite (−3.72%, +14.43%). Correlation analysis showed that the degree of water temperature affected by FPV was related to local climate conditions. The numerical model could capture the energy balance characteristics with a correlation coefficient of 0.80 between the simulated and actual data. The shortwave radiation and latent heat flux below FPV panels was significantly reduced, and the longwave radiation emitted by FPV panels became one of the heat sources during the daytime. The combined variations of these factors dominated the water energy balance below FPV panels. The measured data and simulation results serve as a foundation for evaluating the impact of FPV systems on water temperature, energy budget, and aquatic environment, which would also provide a more comprehensive understanding of FPV systems.

Real Time Monitoring of Temperature And Humidity Using LabVIEW and ML

Abstract: This project presents a Real-Time Temperature and Humidity Monitoring System built on LabVIEW, featuring ML predictive analytics. It facilitates real-time data collection from diverse sensors, ensuring precise environmental monitoring. The ML algorithms within the system forecast future temperature and humidity trends, aiding proactive decision-making. Users enjoy an intuitive graphical interface for visualizing data, analysing historical trends, and receiving alerts for threshold variations. Additionally, the system provides remote monitoring, data logging, and reporting, enhancing its usability and accessibility. This integrated solution caters to the crucial requirement for accurate environmental monitoring, with applications spanning industries like manufacturing, agriculture, and climate control, ultimately enhancing efficiency and decision-making in these sectors.

Assessing Trends in Monthly Precipitation and Relative Humidity: An Analysis for Climate Change Reference in Konya

Assessing Trends in Monthly Precipitation and Relative Humidity: An Analysis for Climate Change Reference in Konya

Analyzing temperature, humidity, and precipitation trends in six regions of Thailand using innovative trend analysis

The change of temperature and weather parameters is a major concern affecting sustainable development and impacting various sectors, such as agriculture, tourism, and industry. Changing weather patterns and their impact on water resources are important climatic factors that society is facing. In Thailand, climatological features such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation play a substantial role in affecting extreme weather events, which cause damage to the economy, agriculture, tourism, and livelihood of people. To investigate recent serious changes in annual trends of temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation in Thailand, this study used the Mann–Kendall (MK) test and innovative trend analysis (ITA) methods. The MK test showed that all six regions had an upward trend in temperature and humidity index (humidex, how hot the weather feels to the average person), while relative humidity and precipitation showed both upward and downward trends across different regions. The ITA method further confirmed the upward trend in temperature and humidex and showed that most data points fell above the 1:1 line. However, the upward trend in most variables was not significant at the 5% level. The southern and eastern regions showed a significant upward trend in relative humidity and humidex at a 5% level of significance according to the MK test. The output of this study can help in the understanding of weather variations and predict future situations and can be used for adaptation strategies.

Assessment of climate change in different regions of Karnataka state

At the regional level, climate change has significant influences on crop productivity and food security. A climate change study was carried out using different parametric indices like rainfall attributes, temperature, and humidity from 58 years of climatic data (1964-2017) in Karnataka. The climatic period was divided into the Pre-climate change period- P1 (1964-1990) and the climate change period- P2 (1991-2017) with 27 years. The result shows annual rainfall and rainy days were increased in South Interior Karnataka (SIK) and Malnad regions and reduced in North Interior Karnataka (NIK) and Coastal regions. Dakshina Kannada, Yadgir, Kalabarugi, Udupi and Kodagu districts showed a significant reduction in receiving rainfall and an increase in Shivamogga, Hassan, Kolar and Chitradurga districts from the P1 to P2 period. NIK and SIK regions are highly prone to drought vulnerability compared to Malnad and Coastal regions. The occurrence of droughts wasincreasing,the temperature trend is increased and the relative humidity trend is decreasing in the P2 period. Assessment of climate variability in P1 and P2 helps to adopt preciseuse of water, nutrient and different crop-specific management in different zones of Karnataka.

Evaluating the Climate Change Trends and Spatiotemporal Variations of Evapotranspiration: A Case Study in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt

Aims: Evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for determining crop water requirements, while climate change and global warming are major concerns. Therefore, in this study, we aimed at evaluating the climate change trends and the spatiotemporal variations in ET in a selected area located in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, while accounting for potential land use/land cover (LULC) changes. Methodology: We analyzed three Landsat images acquired in 1984, 2001, and 2020 to assess LULC changes in the study area. Climate change was studied from 1984 to 2021 using data from NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) project. We also used the Terra MODIS MOD16A3GF Version 6.1 ET product from 2000 to 2021 to evaluate the spatiotemporal variations of ET. Results: LULC change detection showed that the unchanged agricultural area from 1984 to 2020 accounted for 29.3% of the study area and was used to evaluate the changes of ET. Evaluating climate change revealed that there was an increased trend in temperature, relative humidity (RH), and precipitation, while no change was observed in wind speed. Similarly, the anomalies changes of temperature, RH, and precipitation had an increasing trend while wind speed was constant. On the other hand, the yearly ET values calculated from 2000 to 2021 had an increasing trend. There was a moderate correlation between RH and precipitation, as well as between ET and precipitation. Conclusion: The increased trends in climatic parameters such as temperature will eventually require changes in crop patterns to adjust to these changes and maintain a profitable yield. Furthermore, the increase in ET will result in an increase in crop water requirements, which is problematic, especially considering the limited water resources in Egypt.

Understanding climate change dynamics in the Godavari middle sub-basin using parametric and non-parametric models

Climate change is considered a long-term change in precipitation, temperature and other meteorological variables. The pattern of meteorological variables is changing due to anthropogenic activities globally. Climate change has posed threat to natural and human systems. Thus, assessing and forecasting climate variability have become imperative for making resources sustainable and society resilient. This study examined trend and forecasted climate change using parametric and non-parametric methods in the Godavari Middle Sub-basin, India. Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope methods were utilized to analyze trend and magnitude of meteorological variables such as rainfall, maximum and minimum temperature, mean wind speed, mean evaporation and relative humidity. Forecasting of meteorological variables was carried out using the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models. Increasing trend in maximum and minimum temperature was observed at various level of significance. Decreasing trend was observed in mean evaporation at 0.05 level of significance. Decreasing trend in wind speed was also recorded in the sub-basin. February, March, April, June, October and December have shown increasing trend in relative humidity. Total monthly rainfall has shown decreasing trend in the south-eastern part of the sub-basin. Forecast of meteorological variables have also shown decrease in rainfall, increase in maximum and minimum temperature during 2017–2027 creating the sub-basin more prone to dry climate condition. Thus, a policy intervention-oriented climate action plan for lessening the impact of climate change is required in the sub-basin.

Climatic Trends in Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Wind Speed Over Indian Landmass and Isle in Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep During 1981–2021

Climatic Trends in Temperature, Relative Humidity, and Wind Speed Over Indian Landmass and Isle in Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep During 1981–2021

On the Precursor Environments to Mountain Lee Wave Clouds in Central Iberia under CMIP6 Projections

Mountain lee waves present significant hazards to aviation, often inducing turbulence and aircraft icing. The current study focuses on understanding the potential impact of global climate change on the precursor environments to mountain lee wave cloud episodes over central Iberia. We examine the suitability of several Global Climate Models (GCMs) from CMIP6 in predicting these environments using the ERA5 reanalysis as a benchmark for performance. The dataset is divided into two periods: historical data (2001–2014) and projections for the SSP5–8.5 future climate scenario (2015–2100). The variations and trends in precursor environments between historical data and future climate scenarios are exposed, with a particular focus on the expansion of the Azores High towards the Iberian Peninsula, resulting in increased zonal winds throughout the Iberian Peninsula in the future. However, the increase in zonal wind is insufficient to modify the wind pattern, so future mountain lee wave cloud events will not vary significantly. The relative humidity trends reveal no significant changes. Moreover, the risk of icing precursor environments connected with mountain lee wave clouds is expected to decrease in the future, due to rising temperatures. Our results highlight that the EC-EARTH3 GCM reveals the closest alignment with ERA5 data, and statistically significant differences between the historical and future climate scenario periods are presented, making EC-EARTH3 a robust candidate for conducting future studies on the precursor environments to mountain lee wave cloud events.

Observed humidity trends in dry regions contradict climate models.

Arid and semi-arid regions of the world are particularly vulnerable to greenhouse gas-driven hydroclimate change. Climate models are our primary tool for projecting the future hydroclimate that society in these regions must adapt to, but here, we present a concerning discrepancy between observed and model-based historical hydroclimate trends. Over the arid/semi-arid regions of the world, the predominant signal in all model simulations is an increase in atmospheric water vapor, on average, over the last four decades, in association with the increased water vapor-holding capacity of a warmer atmosphere. In observations, this increase in atmospheric water vapor has not happened, suggesting that the availability of moisture to satisfy the increased atmospheric demand is lower in reality than in models in arid/semi-arid regions. This discrepancy is most clear in locations that are arid/semi-arid year round, but it is also apparent in more humid regions during the most arid months of the year. It indicates a major gap in our understanding and modeling capabilities which could have severe implications for hydroclimate projections, including fire hazard, moving forward.

Climate Warming Favoring Sublimation on a Westerlies‐Controlled Glacier of Tibetan Plateau

AbstractDuring the past few decades, the climate over the entire TP changed obviously with general warming and the decreasing trends in wind speed and air humidity. As an important hydrological process of mass losses on the TP glaciers, especially during the cold period, sublimation may be influenced deeply by the climate changes. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the crucial factors controlling and limiting glacier sublimation and analyze its possible changes in the future. The sublimation on a flat‐topped glacier of TP was found to be more intense in spring (0.41 mm d−1) and autumn (0.34 mm d−1) and weak in winter (0.27 mm d−1) and summer (0.16 mm d−1). At yearly scale, sublimation was most sensitive to the surface temperature, followed by air temperature and humidity, and was relatively insensitive to wind speed. However, the main influencing factor was air humidity during summer, showing a strong inhibition on sublimation. The very low surface temperature was the most crucial variable limiting winter sublimation with the highest sensitivity coefficient than other variables. Current sublimation was also found to be more sensitive to the increasing temperature than the decreased air humidity and wind speed. If the climate trends continue, and the glacier climate has the relatively consistent change trend with that of entire TP, glacier sublimation will be more likely to increase, especially during winter.

Water Stress Dominates 21st‐Century Tropical Land Carbon Uptake

AbstractWater stress regulates land‐atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges in the tropics; however, its role remains poorly characterized due to the confounding roles of radiation, temperature and canopy dynamics. In particular, uncertainty stems from the relative roles of plant‐available water (supply) and atmospheric water vapor deficit (demand) as mechanistic drivers of photosynthetic carbon (C) uptake variability. Using satellite measurements of gravity, CO2 and fluorescence to constrain a mechanistic carbon‐water cycle model from 2001 to 2018, we found that the interannual variability (IAV) of water stress on photosynthetic C uptake was 52% greater than the combined effects of other factors. Surprisingly, the dominance of water stress on C uptake IAV was greater in the wet tropics (94%) than in the dry tropics (26%). Plant‐available water supply and atmospheric demand both contributed to the IAV of water stress on photosynthetic C uptake across the tropics, but the IAV of demand effects was 21% greater than the IAV of supply effects (33% greater in the wet tropics and 6% greater in the dry tropics). We found that the IAV of water stress on C uptake was 24% greater than the IAV of the combination of other factors in the net land‐atmosphere C sink in the whole tropics, 26% greater in the wet tropics, and 7% greater in the dry tropics. Given the recent trends in tropical precipitation and atmospheric humidity, our findings indicate that water stress——from both supply and demand——will likely dominate the climate response of land C sink across tropical ecosystems in the coming decades.

Spatiotemporal characterization of relative humidity trends and influence of climatic factors in Bangladesh

The frequency and intensity of climate change and resulting impacts are more prevalent in South Asian countries, particularly in Bangladesh. Relative humidity (RH) is a crucial aspect of climate, and higher RH variability has far-reaching impacts on human health, agriculture, environment, and infrastructure. While temperature and rainfall have gained much research attention, RH studies have received scant attention in the research literature. This study investigated the trends and variability of RH levels in Bangladesh and the influence of other meteorological factors over the past 40 years. Variabilities in the meteorological factors were identified by calculating descriptive statistics. Innovative trend analysis (ITA) and Mann-Kendall test (MK-test) methods were utilized to assess monthly, seasonal, and annual trends. The magnitude of temperature, rainfall, and windspeed influences on RH variability were identified using Pearson's correlation, Spearman rank correlation, and Kendall correlation model. Variability analysis showed higher spatial variations in RH levels across the country, and RH skewed negatively in all stations. Results reveal that daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual trends of RH exhibited positive trends in all stations, with an increasing rate of 0.083–0.53% per year in summer, 0.43–0.68% per year in winter, and 0.58–0.31% per year in the rainy season. Both ITA and MK-test provided consistent results, indicating no discrepancies in trend results. All three models indicate that temperature, rainfall, and windspeed have weak to moderate positive influences on changing RH levels in Bangladesh. The study will contribute to decision-making to improve crop yields, health outcomes, and infrastructure efficiency.

Trends in Warm Season Mesoscale Convective Systems Over Asia in 2001–2020

AbstractMesoscale convective systems (MCSs) frequently occur over Asia during the warm season, often producing intense precipitation with associated socioeconomic impacts. Here we reveal significant trends in MCS occurrence frequency and related precipitation in Asia during the warm season (March–September) in 2001–2020, using a tracking method that combines cloud and precipitation criteria with high‐resolution satellite data from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission. To examine whether there are differences between MCSs of different scales, both meso‐α scales (MαCSs) and meso‐β scales (MβCSs), with horizontal scales of 200–2,000 km and 20–200 km, are tracked. The distribution pattern of frequency and related precipitation of both MαCSs and MβCSs are quite similar and manifest positive trends over East Asia (EA) and Northeast Asia, and negative trend over Southeast Asia (SEA). The MCS precipitation trend contributes significantly to total precipitation trend, with MαCSs contributing the most. Our analysis indicates the trend in lower‐tropospheric water vapor flux convergence has a similar spatial pattern to the MCS frequency and related precipitation trend. Based on an atmospheric moisture flux decomposition analysis, the water vapor flux convergence trend can largely be explained by the change in horizontal wind convergence, while the specific humidity trend driven largely by temperature change plays a minor role. The trend in wind convergence in EA and SEA is possibly related to the evident trend in the lower‐tropospheric anticyclone over the western North Pacific and SEA, which might be due to the relatively stronger warming in the Indian Ocean during the past two decades.