Trends In Vaccination Coverage Research Articles

Vaccination Coverage by Age 24 Months Among Children Born During 2017-2021 - U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands.

Childhood vaccination is one of the most successful public health interventions to improve life expectancy, decrease health care costs, and reduce the spread of preventable diseases. Using data from jurisdictional immunization information systems, vaccination coverage by age 24 months among children born during 2017-2021 in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands was estimated for all vaccines included in jurisdictional programs. Progress toward the U.S. Healthy People 2030 and World Health Organization Immunization Agenda 2030 vaccination goals of ≥90% coverage by age 24 months with recommended vaccines was inconsistently met across jurisdictions. For example, coverage by age 24 months with ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine ranged from 68.2% to 91.6% by birth cohort in Federated States of Micronesia and from 87.4% to 96.6% in Palau; coverage with ≥4 doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) ranged from 39.6% to 60.6% in Federated States of Micronesia and from 73.4% to 85.4% in Palau. Coverage as of June 1, 2024, increased for all vaccines across all jurisdictions and birth cohorts, indicating catch-up vaccination after age 24 months. For example, coverage with ≥4 doses of DTaP by June 1, 2024, ranged from 74.0% to 84.4% in American Samoa by birth cohort and from 91.6% to 94.8% in Palau. This report is the first comprehensive analysis of trends in childhood vaccination coverage in the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands; data in this report can be used to determine where additional efforts are needed to assess reasons for delayed vaccination of children and strategies to mitigate vaccination delays, specific to each jurisdiction.

Trends in Vaccination Coverage among Children Aged 2-6 Years in Tennessee Counties, 2017-2023.

Background/Objectives: This study examines trends in county-level vaccination coverage before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic among children aged 2-3 and 4-6 years in Tennessee, with a focus on rurality; Methods: Data from the Tennessee Immunization Information System (January 2017 to September 2023) were analyzed for vaccination coverage in children in both age groups. The study categorized the COVID-19 pandemic into three periods: pre-pandemic (P1: January 2017 to December 2019), stay-at-home (P2: January 2020 to May 2021), and reopening (P3: June 2021 to September 2023). Vaccination trends were stratified by vaccine type, rurality, sex, race and ethnicity; Results: During P1, there were no significant changes in trends of vaccination coverage percentages in both rural and urban counties for both age groups. However, vaccination coverage declined significantly during P2 and P3 compared to P1 for most vaccines, except for influenza, which initially increased but later declined. Rural counties experienced a more pronounced decline compared to urban counties during P2 and P3 for both age groups. Within rural and urban counties, vaccination coverage was higher among white children compared to black children, and among non-Hispanic compared to Hispanic children. There were higher coverage percentages in age group 4-6 for all vaccines, except for influenza, compared to 2-3 year group; Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated disparities in childhood vaccination coverage, particularly in rural areas. These findings highlight the need for targeted public health interventions to address barriers to vaccination and ensure equitable access to vaccines for all children.

Vital Signs: Trends and Disparities in Childhood Vaccination Coverage by Vaccines for Children Program Eligibility - National Immunization Survey-Child, United States, 2012-2022.

The Vaccines for Children (VFC) program was established in 1994 to provide recommended vaccines at no cost to eligible children and help ensure that all U.S. children are protected from life-threatening vaccine-preventable diseases. CDC analyzed data from the 2012-2022 National Immunization Survey-Child (NIS-Child) to assess trends in vaccination coverage with ≥1 dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR), 2-3 doses of rotavirus vaccine, and a combined 7-vaccine series, by VFC program eligibility status, and to examine differences in coverage among VFC-eligible children by sociodemographic characteristics. VFC eligibility was defined as meeting at least one of the following criteria: 1) American Indian or Alaska Native; 2) insured by Medicaid, Indian Health Service (IHS), or uninsured; or 3) ever received at least one vaccination at an IHS-operated center, Tribal health center, or urban Indian health care facility. Overall, approximately 52.2% of U.S. children were VFC eligible. Among VFC-eligible children born during 2011-2020, coverage by age 24 months was stable for ≥1 MMR dose (88.0%-89.9%) and the combined 7-vaccine series (61.4%-65.3%). Rotavirus vaccination coverage by age 8 months was 64.8%-71.1%, increasing by an average of 0.7 percentage points annually. Among all children born in 2020, coverage was 3.8 (≥1 MMR dose), 11.5 (2-3 doses of rotavirus vaccine), and 13.8 (combined 7-vaccine series) percentage points lower among VFC-eligible than among non-VFC-eligible children. Although the VFC program has played a vital role in increasing and maintaining high levels of childhood vaccination coverage for 30 years, gaps remain. Enhanced efforts must ensure that parents and guardians of VFC-eligible children are aware of, have confidence in, and are able to obtain all recommended vaccines for their children.

Adult vaccination coverage in the United States: A database analysis and literature review of improvement strategies

ABSTRACT Despite vaccines being instrumental in reducing vaccine-preventable disease, adult vaccination rates in the United States (US) are below optimal levels. To better understand factors affecting vaccination rates, we analyzed trends in adult vaccination coverage using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and conducted a targeted literature review (TLR) on interventions to improve adult vaccination rates in the US. Both the BRFSS analysis and the TLR focused on influenza; pneumococcal disease; tetanus and diphtheria or tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis; herpes zoster; and human papillomavirus vaccination for US adults aged 18–64 years. The TLR additionally included hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccination coverage rates (VCRs) and changes in VCRs were calculated using the 2011–2019 BRFSS survey data. For the TLR, the MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process databases were searched for articles on vaccination interventions published between January 2015 and June 2021. The BRFSS analysis showed that changes in VCRs were generally modest and positive for most states over the study period. The TLR included 32 articles that met the eligibility criteria; intervention strategies that improved adult vaccination outcomes incorporated an educational component, vaccination reminders or reinforcement at the point of care, or authorized non-clinician members of the healthcare team to vaccinate. Furthermore, interventions combining more than one approach appeared to enhance effectiveness. The strategies identified in this TLR will be valuable for policymakers and stakeholders to inform the development and implementation of evidence-based policies and practices to improve adult vaccination coverage.

Global resurgence of measles in the vaccination era and influencing factors

ObjectivesRecent years have seen increased cases of measles despite widespread vaccination. We examined the potential drivers behind the resurgence of measles. MethodsWe analyzed the trends in measles incidence and vaccine coverage from 2010 to 2019 across World Health Organization member countries using country-level linear regression models. We computed the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ) between measles incidence and socioeconomic and vaccination-related variables using published data from the World Health Organization member countries to identify the key factors influencing measles incidence. ResultsBetween 2010 and 2019, global measles cases fluctuated, with a notable rise in 2019 (measles cases per million in 2019 was about 140% higher than in 2010), alongside a declining vaccination coverage in many countries (59 of 194 countries). Among 10 socioeconomic factors examined, per-capita national gross income, population literacy, urban residences, and political stability were significantly associated with measles incidence (ρ <0, and P <0.05 for all these variables). These factors likely reflect the quality of public health infrastructure (e.g. access to vaccines), particularly, in low- and middle-income countries. In addition, a stratified analysis suggests vaccine hesitancy likely contributed to measles case increases in high- and upper middle–income countries. ConclusionsThe socioeconomic determinants of measles transmission are interconnected and region-specific. The availability of public health resources and political stability significantly influence measles burdens in low- and middle-income countries, whereas vaccine hesitancy presents a unique challenge to measles elimination in high- and upper middle–income countries.

Low vaccine coverage and varicella outbreaks in Brazil − 2019-2022

The persistence of varicella outbreaks in Brazil has underscored the high concern with the low vaccine coverage in the last 4 years.Using publicly available data from the Brazilian Health System (SUS), this study analyzed varicella vaccine coverage and incidence trends from 2019 to 2022 in Brazilian States. Vaccine coverage decreased nationally in 2020, possibly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial phase.In Bahia State, we have the persistence of varicella with an incidence rate of 3.0 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (higher incidence compared to other States) in 2023. Under 15 months children and young children (4–6 Years old) faced the highest risk, urging the importance of vaccination. Despite a monovalent varicella vaccine being available through Brazil’s National Immunization Program (NIP), Bahia fell short of achieving the ≥95 % disease control target for coverage.The study highlight the importance of vaccines to prevent some infectious diseases, as varicella, in poor tropical regions. Addressing vaccine hesitancy and misinformation, and augmenting awareness campaigns, are important to achieve and sustain high vaccine coverage over 80% as WHO guidelines to obtain a safe rate of protection for Brazilian population (Brazil's national immunization program has a target of 95% coverage).

Exploring trends and determinants of basic childhood vaccination coverage: Empirical evidence over 41 years.

Vaccination is widely considered to be one of the most important prevention measures as a health strategy. This paper examines trends in basic childhood vaccination coverage and which country and time-dependent determinants may have influenced childhood immunization rates (1-dose BCG, 1- and 3-dose DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), 1-dose measles, and 3-dose polio) between 1980 and 2020 across 94 countries. We identify economic, inequality, demographic, health, education, labor market, environmental, and political stability factors of immunization. To do this, we use data from the annual WHO and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) coverage estimates. The empirical analysis consists of generalized estimating equation models to assess relationships between immunization rates and socioeconomic factors. Additionally, we follow the Barro and Sala-i-Martín approach to identify conditional convergence. Our findings show the strongest positive statistically significant association between immunization rates and GDP per capita, as well as births attended by skilled health staff. Moreover, our research demonstrates conditional convergence, indicating that countries converge towards different steady states. The present study brings new insights to investigating the determinants of childhood vaccination coverage and provides significant implications for health policies.

Global Perspectives on the Hepatitis B Vaccination: Challenges, Achievements, and the Road to Elimination by 2030.

Annually, more than 1.5 million preventable new hepatitis B (HBV) infections continue to occur, with an estimated global burden of 296 million individuals living with chronic hepatitis B infection. This substantial health challenge results in over 820,000 annual deaths being attributed to complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HBV vaccination remains the cornerstone of public health policy to prevent chronic hepatitis B and its related complications. It serves as a crucial element in the global effort to eliminate HBV, as established by the World Health Organization (WHO), with an ambitious 90% vaccination target by 2030. However, reports on global birth dose coverage reveal substantial variability, with an overall coverage rate of only 46%. This comprehensive review thoroughly examines global trends in HBV vaccination coverage, investigating the profound impact of vaccination on HBV prevalence and its consequences across diverse populations, including both high-risk and general demographics. Additionally, the review addresses the essential formidable challenges and facilitating factors for achieving WHO's HBV vaccination coverage objectives and elimination strategies in the coming decade and beyond.

Mandatory childhood vaccination coverage and notifications of vaccine-preventable diseases in a municipality in the Eastern Amazon

The mandatory vaccination coverage rate for children has been declining over time in Brazil, leading to the reappearance of diseases considered eradicated or under control. This study aims to analyze the trend of the historical series (2016 to 2022) of vaccination coverage (VC) in children under nine years of age and the records of vaccine-preventable diseases in this age group in the municipality of Belém, Pará. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study based on collecting secondary data from the National Immunization Program Information System. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the arithmetic mean, median, standard deviation, and simple linear regression. The data obtained on VC for seven vaccines contained in the Brazilian calendar, associated with cases of reported diseases, were placed in combinatorial graphs to better interpret and demonstrate the data. Analysis of this data indicated a downward trend in VC, with only the BCG vaccine reaching its targets in the period analyzed in two alternate years: 2016 and 2018. The targets (95%) for coverage recommended by the National Immunization Program were not reached for the other six. As for records of illnesses, the occurrences of meningitis (29.14 ± 12.37) and measles (27.85 ± 55.05) were the highest among cases of reported diseases. Tuberculosis was also high in the municipality of Belém between 2016 (1,315) and 2017 (1,435), in other words, an increase of 120 cases. However, the number of cases notified to the Ministry of Health in this period was 7 (5.8%). Therefore, it should be noted that more attention should be paid to the cases notified and those occurring and registered in the municipality to better plan and achieve the vaccination targets and, in this way, diminish or keep these diseases under control.

Co-Administration of Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: Policy Review and Vaccination Coverage Trends in the European Union, UK, US, and Canada between 2019 and 2023.

Recommending co-administration of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines has emerged as a strategy to enhance vaccination coverage. This study describes the policy on co-administration and uptake of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination in Europe, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada between 2019 and 2023. We collected co-administration policy data from governmental websites, national health organizations, and newspapers. Influenza vaccination coverage among persons ≥65 years and COVID-19 vaccination coverage rates among persons ≥60 years or the general population were collected using national databases, the ECDC database, or ourworldindata.org between 2019 and 2023. Descriptive analyses were used. We collected data from 30/32 (94%) countries on vaccination policy in seasons 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, with most countries (25/30 to 30/30) having policies recommending co-administration. For influenza vaccination coverage, we collected data from 29/32 (91%, 2019-2020), 28/32 (88%, 2020-2021), 27/32 (84%, 2021-2022), and 6/32 (19%, 2022-2023) countries. COVID-19 vaccination was collected from 32/32 (2020-2021), 31/32 (97%, 2021-2022), and 24/32 (75%, 2022-2023) countries. Influenza vaccination coverage increased from 2019-2020 to 2021-2022. COVID-19 vaccination coverage was higher among countries with higher influenza vaccination coverage. By 2022-2023, all countries included implemented a policy supporting co-administration. A positive correlation existed between higher influenza vaccination coverage and higher COVID-19 vaccination rates.

Tendência temporal das coberturas vacinais no primeiro ano de vida no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the temporal trends in vaccination coverage (VC) during the first year of life of children in Brazil. Methods: Data on VC for the first year of life from 2011 to 2020 for Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), hepatitis B, polio, pentavalent, and triple viral vaccines at the national, regional, and state levels were obtained from the Information System of the National Immunization Program. Trends were analyzed using Prais-Winsten generalized linear regression models and average annual percent change (APC) estimates. Results: Decreasing trends were observed for the BCG (APC −3.58%; p&lt;0.05), pentavalent (APC −4.10%; p&lt;0.05), polio (APC −2.76%; p&lt;0.05), and triple viral (APC −2.56%; p&lt;0.05) vaccines in the country. Hepatitis B vaccine was the only vaccine that displayed stationary behavior (APC −4.22%; p&gt;0.05). During the study period, no increasing trends were observed in any territory or vaccine. Conclusions: This study shows a recent significant reduction and decreasing trends in VC during the first year of life of children in Brazil, indicating the need for interventions to curb this ongoing phenomenon and to recover acceptable VC rates in the country.

Acceptance and socioeconomic inequalities in meningococcal B vaccination in the community of Madrid prior to its inclusion in the immunization schedule

IntroductionThe main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. Materials and methodsWe conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. ResultsWe observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.39−0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. ConclusionsThe rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule.

Trend in mandatory vaccination coverage in Italy from 2000 to 2021. A joinpoint Regression Analysis

Abstract Introduction Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions, preventing more than 4 million deaths each year. However, the complex and multifactorial phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy has increased over the years, causing a reduction in vaccination coverage (VC) and the resurgence of epidemics from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD). Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic had a major impact on the capacity of health systems to continue the delivery of essential health services, including vaccination. In this context, the objective of this study is to analyse the trend of 10 vaccinations in Italy (measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, chickenpox, hemophilus, hepatitis B, and polio), from 2000 to 2021, evaluating the impact of the introduction of the mandatory law in 2017 and the pandemic. Methods Data were obtained from the Italian Ministry of Health. The joinpoint regression model was used to estimate changes in vaccination coverage trends for each indicator. It allows estimation of an annual percentage change (APC) in vaccination coverage, reflecting an increase or decrease over time. For each indicator, the presence of a joinpoint expressed significant changes in APC trends. APC was considered significant when p &amp;lt; 0.05. Results Until 2017, a gradual decline in VC is observed, with values below 95% for all indicators considered. For all indicators analysed, an increase (p &amp;lt; 0.005 for measles and chickenpox) in VC is observed following the mandatory law of 2017. Similarly, a reduction in all values is observed from 2020 (p &amp;lt; 0.005 for Tetanus). Conclusions The mandatory law represented an effective intervention, leading to an increase in all VC, which for 6 vaccinations reached a value &amp;gt;95%. On the other hand, the pandemic had a significant impact on the reduction of VC in Italy. It is necessary to plan recovery interventions for children in pandemic-affected cohorts to ensure adequate VC values and avoid epidemics from VPD. Key messages • The mandatory law represented an effective intervention increasing vaccination coverage. • It is necessary to plan recovery interventions for children in pandemic-affected cohorts to ensure adequate vaccination coverage.

Aceptación y desigualdades socioeconómicas en la vacunación frente a meningococo B en la Comunidad de Madrid en el periodo anterior a su inclusión en el calendario

IntroductionThe main preventive measure against invasive meningococcal disease is vaccination. The aim of our study was to evaluate the acceptability of the meningococcal B (MenB) vaccine and socioeconomic inequalities in the access to the vaccine in the Community of Madrid in the period prior to its introduction in the immunization schedule. Materials and methodsWe conducted an observational and ecological descriptive study in the cohort of children born between 2016 and 2019 using population-based electronic records. We calculated the vaccination coverage and analysed factors associated with vaccination status, determined the spatial distribution of vaccination coverage and the deprivation index (DI) and assessed the association between them by means of spatial regression. ResultsWe observed an increasing trend in primary vaccination coverage, from 44% in the cohort born in 2016 to 68% in the 2019 cohort. We found a statistically significant association between vaccination status and the DI (OR of primary vaccination in areas with DI5 compared to areas with DP1, 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.50; P<.001). The spatial analysis showed an inverse correlation between the DI and vaccination coverage. ConclusionsThe rise in the coverages of the MenB vaccine shows acceptance by the population. The association between socioeconomic level and vaccination coverage confirms the existence of health inequality and underlines the importance including this vaccine in the immunization schedule.

92 Trends in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage among Children &amp;lt;5 Years of Age in Canada

Abstract Introduction/Background COVID-19 vaccinations for those aged 6 months to 5 years were announced in the summer of 2022. Specifically, Moderna Spikevax and Pfizer-BioNTech Comirnaty were authorized on July 14, 2022, and September 9, 2022, respectively. Given that this was the last age group to become eligible for vaccination against COVID-19, promoting and measuring vaccination coverage in this vulnerable population is of public health significance. Objectives This analysis describes and compares the trend in vaccination coverage (VC) over the initial weeks of eligibility in those 0-17 years old. Design/Methods Data were obtained from the Canadian COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Surveillance System and were analyzed to describe and compare VC of those &amp;lt;5, 5-11, and 12-17-year-olds over the first 16 weeks of eligibility. VC is defined as the percent of the population that have received at least 1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. Results Sixteen weeks after those &amp;lt;5 years became eligible for vaccination, coverage was 10.9% in those aged 2-4 and 6.3% in those aged &amp;lt;2. Compared to other paediatric age groups, VC in those &amp;lt;5 is markedly lower, where, after 16 weeks of eligibility, coverage in those aged 5–11 was 54.4% and 81.5% in those 12-17. There was an immediate spike in coverage for both 5–11-year-olds and 12–17-year-olds over the first 4 weeks following eligibility, where VC was 40.1% and 63.3%, respectively. A similar increase was not observed 4 weeks following eligibility in those aged &amp;lt;5, where VC was 7.4% in those aged 2-4 and 4.0% in those &amp;lt;2. The weekly increase in VC decreased more rapidly as age groups decreased; weekly increase in VC slowed to less than 1% in 28 weeks, 20 weeks, and 16 weeks after eligibility in those aged 12-17, 5-11, and &amp;lt;5, respectively. Conclusion These data suggest that VC over time in the &amp;lt;5 population has been slow and has not followed the trajectory of other paediatric populations, when compared to the 5-11 and 12-17 age groups. Reasons for this may include but are not limited to parents and guardians’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs toward getting their infant children vaccinated, as well as pandemic fatigue, as eligibility for the infant population occurred after the other paediatric age groups.

Vaccination coverage in rural Burkina Faso under the effects of COVID-19: evidence from a panel study in eight districts

BackgroundImproving infant immunization completion and promoting equitable vaccination coverage are crucial to reducing global under-5 childhood mortality. Although there have been hypotheses that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic would decrease the delivery of health services and immunization campaigns in low- and middle-income countries, the available evidence is still inconclusive. We conducted a study in rural Burkina Faso to assess changes in vaccination coverage during the pandemic. A secondary objective was to examine long-term trends in vaccination coverage throughout 2010–2021.MethodsUsing a quasi-experimental approach, we conducted three rounds of surveys (2019, 2020, 2021) in rural Burkina Faso that we pooled with two previous rounds of demographic and household surveys (2010, 2015) to assess trends in vaccination coverage. The study population comprised infants aged 0–13 months from a sample of 325 households randomly selected in eight districts (n = 736). We assessed vaccination coverage by directly observing the infants’ vaccination booklet. Effects of the pandemic on infant vaccination completion were analyzed using multi-level logistic regression models with random intercepts at the household and district levels.ResultsA total of 736 child-year observations were included in the analysis. The proportion of children with age-appropriate complete vaccination was 69.76% in 2010, 55.38% in 2015, 50.47% in 2019–2020, and 64.75% in 2021. Analyses assessing changes in age-appropriate full-vaccination coverage before and during the pandemic show a significant increase (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.14–2.85). Our models also confirmed the presence of heterogeneity in full vaccination between health administrative districts. The pandemic could have increased inequities in infant vaccination completion between these districts. The analyses suggest no disruption in age-appropriate full vaccination due to COVID-19. Our findings from our sensitivity analyses to examine trends since 2010 did not show any steady trends.ConclusionOur findings in Burkina Faso do not support the predicted detrimental effects of COVID-19 on the immunization schedule for infants in low- and middle-income countries. Analyses comparing 2019 and 2021 show an improvement in age-appropriate full vaccination. Regardless of achieving and sustaining vaccination coverage levels in Burkina Faso, this should remain a priority for health systems and political agendas.

Vaccination coverage survey of children aged 1–3 years in Beijing, China, 2005–2021

BackgroundThe routine immunization program for children is a primary strategy and a core part of vaccination. Achieving and maintaining high level of vaccination coverage are important to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by vaccine-preventable diseases. In Beijing, annual coverage surveys have been conducted since 2005. It is necessary and possible to assess the level and trend of routine vaccination coverage of children in Beijing as well as the disruption of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and provide the reference for the further improve the vaccination coverage. MethodsThe data of 61,521 children aged 1–3 years in the vaccination coverage surveys during 2005–2021 were analyzed by Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data and the difference of vaccination coverage within the time period. ResultsMore than 99 % of participants had immunization cards and electronic immunization records. The concordance rate of both records were also over 99 %. During 2011–2019, the rates of on-time and in-time vaccination of each routine vaccine reached 96 % or more and increased significantly (all P values <0.05), compared with that of 2005–2010. All rates of the investigated vaccine, except for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG) and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), decreased in 2020–2021 significantly (all P values <0.05). For the causes of failing to vaccinate on time, delayed vaccination accounted for 47.82 %. The top two vaccines to be missed were the first dose of hepatitis A vaccine and the 4th dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine, accounting for 21.41 % and 20.79 %, respectively. The main reason for zero-dose/drop-out vaccination was “Guardians regarded the immunization service time as inappropriate”, accounting for 72.27 %. ConclusionThe coverage level and service quality of routine immunization in Beijing were relatively high. However, as influenced by COVID-19 epidemics, both on-time and in-time vaccination rates decreased significantly, except for BCG and HepB. Under the background of COVID-19 pandemic, the keys to maintain high level of vaccination coverage include flexible immunization service time to ensure the guardians bringing their children for vaccination timely, and more attention from providers to the doses after children’s first birthday.

Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13-17 Years - National Immunization Survey-Teen, United States, 2022.

Three vaccines are routinely recommended for adolescents to prevent pertussis, meningococcal disease, and cancers caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). CDC analyzed data from the 2022 National Immunization Survey-Teen for 16,043 adolescents aged 13-17 years to assess vaccination coverage. Birth cohort analyses were conducted to assess trends in vaccination coverage by age 13 years (i.e., before the 13th birthday) and by age 14 years (i.e., before the 14th birthday) among adolescents who were due for routine vaccination before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional analysis was used to assess coverage estimates among adolescents aged 13-17 years. In 2022, vaccination coverage by age 14 years among adolescents born in 2008 continued to lag that of earlier birth cohorts and varied by sociodemographic factors and access to health care compared with coverage among earlier birth cohorts. Vaccination coverage by age 13 years among adolescents born in 2009 was similar to coverage estimates obtained before the COVID-19 pandemic. Among all adolescents aged 13-17 years, 2022 vaccination coverage levels did not differ from 2021 levels; however, initiation of the HPV vaccination series decreased among those who were insured by Medicaid. Coverage with ≥1 dose of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine and ≥1 dose meningococcal conjugate vaccine was high and stable (around 90%). Providers should review adolescent vaccination records, especially among those born in 2008 and those in populations eligible for the Vaccines for Children program, to ensure adolescents are up to date with all recommended vaccines.

Factors associated with a measles outbreak in three health districts of Cameroon in 2019: a cross-sectional study.

measles is an infectious viral disease that affects susceptible individuals of all ages. It is a leading cause of death among young children globally due to suboptimal vaccination coverage. In 2019, measles outbreaks affected several parts of the world, including three health districts (HDs) of Cameroon's South West Region (SWR) experiencing armed conflict. Herein, we assessed the factors associated with the outbreak in the SWR. we conducted a comparative study from March to August 2020. Data on study participants were compared between the three HDs that experienced a measles outbreak and three other HDs of the region that reported a case of measles but did not get into an outbreak. Records on vaccination between 2015 and 2019 were reviewed. information was obtained from 56 participants with known measles status, 32 from outbreak districts, and 24 from non-outbreak districts. The population in the outbreak group was more likely to have traveled from an area in a measles outbreak (OR 2, 95%CI 1.1-11.20). There was a suboptimal availability of measles vaccines in both categories of districts compared to the needs, and there was a downward trend in vaccination coverage in both groups. In addition, vaccines were more exposed to extreme temperatures in HDs with the outbreak (P<0.01) from 2015 to 2019. We found no statistically significant difference between both groups concerning the preexisting comorbidities of participants. there is an urgent need to improve the cold chain and intensify vaccination activities in these districts.

Temporal trend of the dropout rate and vaccination coverage of the triple viral vaccine in Brazil, 2014-2021.

Annual vaccination coverage was below 95% in Brazil. The second dose of the vaccine showed stationary and decreasing trends in the country's Federative Units. The dropout rate varied greatly throughout the study period. The results found regarding the trends serve to inform and point to the urgency of planning actions aimed at improving coverage of the triple viral vaccine nationally in Brazil. Investments in enhanced training of epidemiological surveillance professionals and enhanced computerized systems are necessary, with a view to continuous monitoring, to support actions to promote better and timely vaccine coverage. to analyze the temporal trend of coverage and dropout rate for triple viral vaccine in Brazil, according to the country's Federative Units and Macro-Regions, between 2014 and 2021. this was an ecological time series study, using data from the National Immunization Program Information System and the Live Birth Information System; joinpoint regression models were used. in Brazil as a whole annual vaccination coverage was below 95% and ranged from 92.3% (2015) to 54.4% (2021); the second dose of the vaccine showed a decreasing temporal trend in the period (average change over the period = -5.8; 95%CI -10.5;-0.8); the temporal trends were stationary and decreasing in the country's Federative Units; the dropout rate ranged from 22.2% (2014) to 37.4% (2021). there was a downward trend in vaccination coverage and an increase in the dropout rate in Brazil as a whole and in the country's Federative Units.