Trees In Forest Areas Research Articles

Detection of Pine-Wilt-Disease-Affected Trees Based on Improved YOLO v7

Pine wilt disease (PWD) poses a significant threat to global pine resources because of its rapid spread and management challenges. This study uses high-resolution helicopter imagery and the deep learning model You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLO v7) to detect symptomatic trees in forests. Attention mechanism technology from artificial intelligence is integrated into the model to enhance accuracy. Comparative analysis indicates that the YOLO v7-SE model exhibited the best performance, with a precision rate of 0.9281, a recall rate of 0.8958, and an F1 score of 0.9117. This study demonstrates efficient and precise automatic detection of symptomatic trees in forest areas, providing reliable support for prevention and control efforts, and emphasizes the importance of attention mechanisms in improving detection performance.

Morphological diversity of Ganoderma along different land uses in Central and West Sulawesi

Ganoderma is a saprophytic and phytopathogenic fungus that are distributed worldwide. Ganoderma is a threat to farmers of hardwood crops such as industrial forests wood, palm oil plantations, and cocoa plantations. In addition, Ganoderma is also cultivated as herbal medicine. Ganoderma diversity is not well understood, especially in Indonesia’s tropical rain forests and monospecific plantations. This study aims to identify the diversity of Ganoderma with a phenotypic approach. Ganoderma basidiocarps were isolated from hardwood plants in the rainforest, cacao agroforestry, and palm oil plantations in Central and West Sulawesi. The results showed the morphological differences of the basidiocarps collected from different land uses. Most Ganoderma was found associated with woody plants in the rainforest with higher diversity than found in palm oil and cacao agroforestry. Morphological identification of Ganoderma reveals five different basidiocarps from the rainforest. There were two different basidiocarps identified from cacao agroforestry, and there was only one morphothype of Ganoderma was found in palm oil plantations. Ganoderma is more commonly found in fallen dead trees in forest areas based on the host preferences. Meanwhile, in cacao agroforestry and palm oil, Ganoderma was found on living trees. This preference indicates the nature of Ganoderma as saprophyte and plant pathogen.

The potential of forest resource management at farmer groups in the Rarung forest area

The conversion of land into agricultural land and the felling of trees in forest areas have an economic impact on the community. These activities if not managed properly will cause many problems. Poor management will cause many problems such as decreased soil fertility, erosion, extinction of flora and fauna, floods, droughts, and even global environmental changes. The purpose of this research is to analyze the economic valuation of agricultural commodities in the Rarung Forest Area. The population of this study are 3 groups of farmers in Pemepek Village, Pringgarata District, Central Lombok Regency with 54 farmers as respondents. Analysis of the data used to perform economic valuation is to calculate the Total Economic Valuation. The results showed that the Rarung Forest Area has a very large natural resource potential with a Total Economic Value of Rp.3.215.553.333,- which consists of an economic value of direct benefits amount Rp.2.925.868.333,- and the economic value of indirect benefits amount Rp.289.685.000,-. Seeing the potential of natural resources in the Rarung Forest Area, the stakeholders may be able to manage, secure, and monitor the area against all pressures and disturbances that occur.

Distribution of invasive alien plant species, Bellucia pentamera, in forest conservation of oil palm plantation, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Solfiyeni, Mukhtar E, Syamsuardi, Chairul. 2022. Distribution of invasive alien plant species, Bellucia pentamera, in forest conservation of oil palm plantation, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3667-3674. Bellucia pentamera has been found in disturbed forests across Indonesia, but little is known about how it spreads under its tree canopy. The spread of the invasive plant B. pentamera in the PT KSI conservation forest area was investigated. The goal of this research is to study B. pentamera's strategy for exploiting forest gaps horizontally and vertically on degraded forest vegetation invaded by B. pentamera at various degrees of invasion. An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and direct field mapping are used for the mapping approach. Aerial photographs revealed 40 B. pentamera trees and 32 non-B. pentamera trees in forest areas with varying degrees of B. pentamera invasion (based on the ratio of B. pentamera non-B. pentamera: dense and loose). Bellucia pentamera trees were distributed evenly in a large gap and randomly in a small gap/space between the canopy, whereas sapling and seedling B. pentamera trees were distributed in groups, uniformly and randomly, according to microhabitat conditions under the canopy of B. pentamera and non-tree trees. Bellucia pentamera seedlings and saplings were detected under the parent tree's canopy rather than in the canopy gaps. Different responses were seen in seedlings, saplings, and juvenile stages concerning the explanatory factors investigated and between the two stands. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that influence the distribution of the B. pentamera species in conservation forest areas with different compositions of existence, both vertically and horizontally, using drones and direct measurements in the field.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SANCTIONS AGAINST THE PERFORMERS OF THE GIAM BIOSPHERE DESTROYER IN SIAK DISTRICT

Based on Article 50 of Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, it is regulated that everyone is prohibited from encroaching on forest areas and cutting down trees in forest areas. The enactment of Law Number 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction has further strengthened the legal basis for forest protection in Indonesia. Based on Article 12 of Law Number 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction, it is regulated that everyone is prohibited from cutting trees in forest areas. However, in 2017, the Riau Regional Police succeeded in uncovering a case of illegal logging that occurred inside the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve in Siak Regency. The method used in this research is sociological law research. The application of sanctions against perpetrators of forest destruction of the Giam Biosphere in Siak Regency based on Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry and Law Number 18 of 2013 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Forest Destruction has not been optimal. The community cannot be blamed for forest encroachment and tree cutting inside the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve in Siak Regency because the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve before it became a state-protected biosphere reserve was where the community lived. The Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve in Siak Regency has been inhabited and managed by the community for generations to meet the needs of daily life. There are two efforts made to prevent the destruction of the Giam Siak Kecil-Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve forest, namely preventive efforts and repressive efforts. In addition, the concept of implementing administrative sanctions as primum remedium and the principle of strict liability offered in Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management is part of sustainable development efforts.

Spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of birch trees and airborne Betula pollen in Ireland

In an Irish context, and indeed in Northern Europe, one of the most important allergenic pollen types is birch (Betula spp.). Thus, forecasts of such atmospheric pollen are important tools for helping patients suffering from allergenic rhinitis and/or atopic asthma to avoid high ambient concentrations and manage their symptoms. This work aims to improve knowledge about the spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of birch trees and airborne Betula pollen in Ireland, which is an important step towards producing such forecasts. The footprint of airborne Betula pollen recorded in Ireland was determined by using HYSPLIT backward Lagrangian dispersion modelling methodology and mapped using Geographic Information System (GIS) software during the Main Pollen Season (MPS) and for days with airborne concentrations > 80 pollen grains/m3 in Dublin and Carlow (72 km apart) for 2018 and 2019. An inventory of birch trees within broadleaved forests was constructed using statistical data from different vegetation inventories for Ireland with a resolution of 100 m x 100 m. Historical datasets of airborne Betula pollen recorded in Dublin during 1978-1980 and 2010-2011 were also related to changes in land cover and climatic conditions over the same period. Dispersion modelling showed that air masses arriving in Ireland on days with Betula pollen concentrations >80 pollen grains/m3 resided for a longer time over Great Britain. The birch tree inventory for Ireland will enhance the performance of forecast models. Airborne Betula pollen concentrations in Ireland have increased over the last 40 years, which is related to concomitant increases in the fraction of birch trees in forest areas as well as the ornamental use of birch trees in urban areas and their reaching maturity. Climate change did not seem to influence birch pollination.

Peningkatan Kesadaran Hukum Tentang Konservasi Lingkungan Bagi Masyarakat Watutela

Watutela group of farmers and ranchers, who are very vulnerable to various problems of forest destruction. Lack of public understanding of the prohibition of illegal logging of forest trees in forest areas (Grand Forest Park). Seeing this situation, the increase in legal awareness, especially understanding of the legal obligations to conserve forests with the status of a grand forest park area. The method of implementing the activity begins with field observations, then makes contact with the head of the RW for administrative purposes, determining the time for activities and invitations to prospective participants in focus group discussions. The participatory discussion method was carried out in the afternoon. It can be said that the level of understanding of the community in the sense of complying with the provisions of forest conservation is still low, after the activity appears perceptions and attitudes that are in line with the provisions of conservation so that a commitment is built to maintain the sustainability of the forest while still benefiting (symbiosis mutualism).

Comparison of object-oriented remote sensing image classification based on different decision trees in forest area.

Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) was a product under the background of increasing high-resolution remote sensing data. How to improve the accuracy and efficiency of classification of high-resolution images is one of the important topics in image processing. After objects segmented multiscale by QuickBird image was classified, the efficiency of C5.0, C4.5, and CART decision trees in object-oriented classification of forest areas was analyzed. The accuracy of those three methods were compared with kNN method. The eCognition software was used to multiscale segmentation of remote sensing images, with the result showing that 90 and 40 were the optimal scales. After separating vegetation and non-vegetation at 90 scale, 21 features such as spectrum, texture and shape of different vegetation types were extracted at 40 scale, knowledge mining was carried out by using C5.0, C4.5 and CART decision tree algorithms respectively, and classification rules were automatically established. The vegetation area was classified based on the classification rules and the classification accuracy of different methods was compared. The results showed that the classification accuracy based on decision-tree was higher than that of the traditional kNN method. The accuracy of C5.0 method was the best, with the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient reaching 90.0% and 0.87, respectively. The decision tree algorithm could effectively improve the accuracy in classification of forest species. The Boosting algorithm of the C5.0 decision tree had the most significant improvement on the classification.

Ground-Based Extraction on Salvage Logging in Two High Forests: A Productivity and Cost Analysis

Working time studies, work productivity, and cost assessments of forest logging are of interest to forest managers and planners. These aspects are particularly important in salvage logging, because of difficulties due to irregularly positioned fallen trees in forest areas, and due to particular aspects related to the absence of work planning. In this research, system productivity and the cost of salvage logging are analyzed for two mountain forests managed with close-to nature-silviculture: the Hyrcanian forest, using extraction by a skidder, and the Camaldoli forest, using extraction by tractors. The system productivity of salvage logging by skidders and tractors was calculated as 1.54 and 0.81 m3·h−1, respectively. In contrast to common logging, system productivity was about 6- to 15-fold lower in salvage logging. The effective cost consumptions for the skidder and tractor were calculated as $72.57 and $118.62 USD·m−3, respectively. For both yards, winching time increased due to increasing winching distance and winching load volume. The same result was determined for skidding time in relation to load volume and distance. The possible cost decreases for the skidder and tractor were calculated as 2.6% and 4.3%, respectively. The results revealed that operational costs for extracting wind-fallen trees are higher than for traditional standing-trees extraction for both situations studied. In both cases, the harvesting costs were higher than the timber price by 10% to 30%. Therefore, extraction of wind-fallen trees has no economic justification in these forests.

Individual Tree Measurement in Tropical Environment using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Detailed forest inventory and mensuration of individual trees have drawn attention of research society mainly to support sustainable forest management. This study aims at estimating individual tree attributes from high density point cloud obtained by terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). The point clouds were obtained over single reference tree and group of trees in forest area. The reference tree is treated as benchmark since detailed measurements of branch diameter were made on selected branches with different sizes and locations. Diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured for trees in forest. Furthermore tree height, height to crown base, crown volume and tree branch volume were also estimated for each tree. Branch diameter is estimated directly from the point clouds based on semi-automatic approach of model fitting i.e. sphere, ellipse and cylinder. Tree branch volume is estimated based on the volume of the fitted models. Tree height and height to crown base are computed using histogram analysis of the point clouds elevation. Tree crown volume is estimated by fitting a convex-hull on the tree crown. The results show that the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of the estimated tree branch diameter does not have a specific trend with branch sizes and number of points used for fitting process. This explains complicated distribution of point clouds over the branches. Overall cylinder model produces good results with most branch sizes and number of point clouds for fitting. The cylinder fitting approach shows significantly better estimation results compared to sphere and ellipse fitting models.

Identification of death trees in forest areas through object and pixel oriented approaches applied to IKONOS images

Identification of death trees in forest areas through object and pixel oriented approaches applied to IKONOS images

QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT AND THE ANALYSIS OF RIPARIAN LANDCOVER CHANGES BY THE INFULUENCE OF HUMAN DISTURBANCE

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trend of the riparian land-cover changes over the past 100 years quantitatively. We have analyzed the land-cover and the height of plants within riparian area in the year of 1890, 1947, 1961, 1974 and 1990 by using maps and aerial photos in the downstream part of Kokai river.The ratio of land-cover and the height of plants did not change significantly until 1970's, suggesting that riparian environment was in equilibrium. However, the area of the forest increased by 18% and the height of trees increased up to 15-20m from 1970's to 1990's. This can be attributed to the decline of the human disturbance. We have characterized three typical processes which lead to the growth of forest in riparian area in Kokai river, as follows. 1) Reed area was transformed to forest area. 2) Trees in forest area have been no longer cut and used as fuel. 3) Cultivation activity has been lowered in riparian area. Above three processes seem to have been accelerated due to the change of the life style of people in the vicinity of the river.