Tree Management System Research Articles

Intelligent Survey Technologies and Applications for Urban Forests in Taiwan

Background: Roadside trees play an important role in urban landscaping. They are not only related to urban scenes, traffic safety, quality of life, and health, but also closely related to ecology and cultural development. Thus, effective, intelligent management of an area of urban roadside trees will become an important topic. Methods: This paper evaluates survey technologies and management techniques utilized in many cities of Taiwan, including surveys of roadside trees, risk assessment, and precious protected trees. A roadside tree management database was built using a geographic information system (GIS). Results: The number of urban forest trees exceeded 100,000 in our surveys, and many types of intelligent survey instruments were used to survey the trees, including real-time kinematic (RTK) and non-destructive detection instruments, radio frequency identification (RFID), in-vehicle light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and panoramic streetscape systems. A tree management system can be constructed by introducing the digitized information, which is based on a basic survey of trees. The survey stage primarily relies on manual surveys, in-vehicle LiDAR, and RFID, and then a visualized database retrieval system will be proposed using GIS. This system can be utilized for the health and foundation management of trees and the whole spatial planning of urban forests, among others. Conclusion: This research attempts to summarize the trends in intelligent management of urban forests using our practical experiences with the goal that it will be a reference for the future intelligent construction of urban forests.

Development of Trees Management System Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network for Rain Forecast

Agriculture and farming are mainly dependent on weather especially in Malaysia as it received heavy rainfall throughout the years. An efficient crop or tree management system with a weather forecast needed for suitable planning of farming operation. Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) algorithm was used in this study to predict rainfall and the main focus of this study is to analyze the factor that affects the performance of neural model. This study found that the model works better the more hidden nodes and the optimum learning rate is 0.01 with the RMSE 49% and the percentage accuracy is 57%. Besides that, it is found that the meteorology data also affect the model performance. Future research can be conducted to improve the rainfall forecast of this study and improve the tree management system.

A Location-Based Device Tree System for Rail Transit

As the Vehicle Branch of Shanghai Metro Maintenance Guarantee Co., Ltd. is making continued progress in refined management, it requires increasing fine data granularity, together with increasing needs for data analysis. Therefore, the existing serial-number-based device trees can no longer meet continuous increasing management requirements, which necessitates a new device tree system. This paper has proposed a new device tree system for rail transit. Based on the physical locations of rail transit devices, the system proposed can associate the location information with property information, equipment serial number, and fault trees. Hence a subway vehicle and fault management system based on device trees was established. Based on the actual situation and management requirements of the Vehicle Branch, this paper has developed a location-based device tree management system and coding scheme, and introduced its advantages in management.

Profiling and Geo-Tagging of Rubber Tree Plantation through Geographic Information System

The application of geographic information system technology is now widely accepted in the agriculture industry. This study demonstrated the applicability of the technology tool in managing a rubber tree demonstration farm of the Southern Leyte State University-San Juan. Using a global positioning system (GPS) instrument, each tree was measured using waypoint in identifying the unique character of the tree. The data collected and stored in the GPS were converted into attributes that were stored in a table and linked to the feature by a unique identifier. In developing a database structure, relationships were established correctly between spatial feature classes and non-spatial feature classes of the rubber tree demonstration farm. The actual results paved for the establishment and assignment of unique rubber tree identification number determined the exact quantity of trees ready for tapping and identified available land area considered potential for the expansion of the demonstration farm. Implementing the rubber tree management system using the geographic information system (GIS) can be a potent tool for managing and monitoring risk factors for all rubber trees. The data generated in this study bring some immediate benefits to the rubber tree plantation project and also demonstrate the value of integrating the GIS technology in managing other physical resources and assets owned by the university.

A GIS-Based Target Tree Management Supporting System Based on Plug-In Technology

Traditional forest management models based on stand or landscape level should be transformed to concluding an individual tree level at the same time. Target tree management individual operation method based on close-to-nature sivlculture need to develop to implement such transformation. Aiming to complicated analysis, large computing and the status of lack of effective analysis tool for the operation method, we tried to develop GIS-based plug-in Target Tree Management system Supporting System (TTMSS) to meet this requirement combing plug-in technology of .Net framework, C# and ArcGIS Engine 9.3 components kit. A target tree management individual operation method was established by designing target trees and interference trees decision processes and methods based on Geographic Information System (GIS). The results showed that the operation method improved the feasibility and reduced the difficulty of the target tree management with GIS technology to help improve the operations on the individual tree level. It was proved that TTMSS was an effective tool for target tree management. Under this plug-in mode, the users merely need to do is add or replace plug-ins if one wants to expand or upgrade the system, extremely improve TTMSS’s portability and expandability.

UHF RFID 태그와 GPS를 사용한 위치기반 수목관리용 RFID 시스템 구현

본 논문에서는 수목관리의 효율성과 정확성을 높이기 위해 UHF RFID 수목관리시스템 TMS(Tree Management System)를 GPS와 나무에 삽입용 태그를 사용하여 구현하였다. 나무의 정보를 인식하기 위하여 고유전율인 나무에 삽입 가능한 플라스틱 볼트 형태의 UHF RFID 태그 안테나를 설계하였다. RFID 태그 안테나는 부착된 물체의 전기적인 특성으로 인한 영향을 받으므로, 고유전율인 나무에 근접 시 태그 안테나의 임피던스 값이 변하게 되어 태그의 특성에 영향을 주게 된다. 따라서 이러한 영향을 고려하여 플라스틱 볼트 형태로 RFID 태그 안테나를 제작하였으며, 또한 본 태그를 사용하여 GPS를 이용한 TMS를 구현하여 수목관리의 위치 정보를 구글지도에(Google map) 표시함으로써 수목을 관리하는데 필요한 인건비 및 관리비 절감 등의 관리 효율성을 극대화 하였다. The paper introduces the RFID location based Tree Management System (TMS) using UHF RFID tag and GPS. The bolt shape tag has been developed since the wood material has high dielectric constant. Since the characteristics and impedance of tag antenna can be changed by the material next to the tag, the plastic bolt shape tag antenna has to be carefully designed with consideration of the high dielectric constant of the wood material. The RFID TMS system has been utilized with the bolt shape tag antenna and GPS. The TMS system uses and links Google map to locate the location of the trees. Therefore, this system allow us to manage the trees economically and efficiently.

수목 생장 관리 효율을 위한 GIS 및 스마트폰 기반의 유비쿼터스 수목 관리 시스템에 관한 연구

본 논문에서는 수목관리의 효율성을 극대화하고자 객체지향 설계 모델링을 이용한 GIS 및 스마트폰 기반의 유비쿼터스 수목관리 시스템을 제안한다. 이를 위해 제안하는 시스템은 클라이언트/서버(C/S) 형태로 구현한다. 클라이언트에 해당하는 현장용 수목관리 시스템은 모바일(PDA, 스마트폰)기반으로 구성하고 서버에 해당하는 PC기반 수목관리 시스템은 GIS를 활용한다. 또한 C/S 간의 수목 데이터 통신을 위해 기존 연구에서 활용된 CDMA방식이 아닌 Web Service방식을 활용한다. 그리고 기존 연구의 문제점인 과도한 시스템 유지보수 비용과 다양한 사용자의 접근성 부족, 지리정보 시스템과의 연계 부족 현상을 본 논문에서 제안하는 시스템 개발 방식과 GIS 시스템, 스마트기기의 접목을 통해 해결한다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 시스템 단위테스트와 정성적인 평가를 통하여 기존 수목관리 시스템의 해결방안을 평가함으로써 제안하는 시스템의 효율성 및 확장성에서 우수함을 보인다. In this paper, we propose ubiquitous tree management system based on GIS and smart-phone using the object-oriented design modeling to maximize the efficiency of tree management. For this, proposed system is implemented in the form of client/server (C/S). The spot tree management system as the client is based on the mobile(PDA, Smart-Phone), whereas the tree management system based on PC as the server makes use of GIS. Also, Web service method instead of CDMA used in exist studies is used for tree data communication among C/S. And problems of existing studies, that is excessive maintenance costs, accessibility shortage of variety users, connectivity shortage of geographic information system will be settled through the convergence of the proposed system development methods, GIS system, smart devices. Therefore, we verify proposed system by using the systemic unit test and qualitative assessment respectively and prove to be more excellent than the existing system based on the mobile, in terms of systemic effectiveness and extendability.

Prove di diradamento in acero-frassineti di neoformazione nella Comunità Montana Agno-Chiampo (VI). Risultati dopo il secondo intervento

Thinning trials in secondary growth ash-maple stands carried out in the Agno-Chiampo district (VI): results after second thinning. The second thinning results undertaken in four ash-maple stands of different age are described. In three stands a target tree management system (free thinning around few target trees) was applied. In the oldest stand one mixed thinning has been implemented. In the youngest stand 400 target trees have been preselected and numerically half reduced after a second free thinning (aged 18 yr). The basal area of this stand decreased globally with 34%. In the middle aged stand (aged 28 and 31 yr), all the target trees, previously selected, were favoured. Among them, only those seriously damaged (by logging and frost) were cut down. The overall uptake in this stand has been the 30% of basal area. In the oldest stand the second traditional thinning (aged 37 yr) was more intensive, than the previous: the 34% of basal area has been felled. The analysis of target trees diameter growth has revealed that free thinning has been efficient for the youngest stand (a constant diameter increment of 8,6 mm yr-1). Conversely, a progressive reduction of diameter increment (5,5 mm yr-1) has been found in the control plot. The reaction to thinning in the middle aged stand was inferior in terms of homogeneity and diameter increment through years (6 mm yr-1 average), this underline a less reaction of crowns. In the oldest stand, late thinnings had little incremental effect, however the general stability and specific diversity improved . The experimental results confirm the necessity to carry out the first thinning in young stands (aged 15-20 yr) with a frequency of 4-6 yr in a restricted number of target trees (100-200 per hectare). In the oldest stands the chance to improve the production of good quality timber is reduced, but timber with fairly good technological characteristics can be however obtained.

Efficient interval partitioning—Local search collaboration for constraint satisfaction

In this article, a cooperative solution methodology that integrates interval partitioning ( IP) algorithms with a local search, feasible sequential quadratic programming ( FSQP), is presented as a technique to enhance the solving of continuous constraint satisfaction problems (continuous CSP). FSQP is invoked using a special search tree management system developed to increase search efficiency in finding feasible solutions. In this framework, we introduce a new symbolic method for selecting the subdivision directions that targets immediate reduction of the uncertainty related to constraint infeasibility in child boxes. This subdivision method is compared against two previously established partitioning rules (also parallelized in a similar manner) used in the interval literature and shown to improve the efficiency of IP. Further, the proposed tree management system is compared with tree management approaches that are classically used in IP. The whole method is compared with published results of established symbolic-numeric methods for solving CSP on a number of state-of-the-art benchmarks.

Temporal changes in woody-plant use and the ekwar indigenous tree management system along the Turkwel River, Kenya

Indigenous systems of management for regulating extraction of non-timber forest products (NTFP) have not been well documented in arid zone grazing lands. Conservation projects have therefore lacked information on customary rights to trees, while they have enforced systems of tree resource management that often conflicted with the indigenous system. This study focused on the indigenous tree tenure system of the Turkana pastoralists called ekwar (plural ngikwarin). The indigenous tree management system in 15.4 km2 of the Turkwel River floodplain woodlands near Lodwar, Kenya was investigated. The study began in 1990 after impoundment of the Turkwel Gorge Dam. In 1990 and 1998, Turkana pastoralists were interviewed about the ekwar. In individual ngikwarin woody cover, wood volume and woody-plant density were measured, and wood extraction assessed in terms of stems and twigs removed by the pastoralists and the urban population of Lodwar. Intensity of charcoal burning was assessed in terms of the density of earthen kilns, and livestock impact in terms of browsing frequency on woody plants. Potential Acacia tortilis litter production was estimated and an ekwar quality index developed to describe woodland productivity conditions. Tree produce was shared with and leased to friends and relatives. Woody cover showed no significant changes, while woody-plant density and volume declined, over the 8-year period. The Turkana usually do not cut live trees, but use dead trees and dry tree-parts for making charcoal. Increased kiln density and increased extraction of tree-parts were considered to be indicative of increased pressure on the riverine woodlands. Livestock browsing did not seem to contribute to woodland degradation. However, decline in woody-plant density and volume might have contributed to the reduction of litter production of A. tortilis. Trends in woodlands in the floodplain might be associated with damming of the Turkwel River and local anthropogenic pressures. Also, the ekwar system of tree tenure seemed to be threatened by the official forestry policy that it be ignored. Incorporating the ekwar system into the forestry conservation policy may achieve sustainable use and improve conservation of the Turkwel River floodplain woodlands.

A Microcomputer-Based Tree Management System

A problem with many tree inventories is locating trees for future reference. This paper outlines the creation of a microcomputer-based tree management system which links two popular software packages, dBASE III and AutoCAD, to create an affordable and easy-to-use system for managing tree information. The major benefit of this approach is the ability to link tabular data collected about trees through an inventory (name, condition, dbh) with graphic data detailing the locations of trees possessing specific characteristics or maintenance needs. The paper describes the various components of the system, the methods used in setting up a graphic and tabular database, and the application of the system to downtown Amherst, Massachusetts.

The Problem with Insects is People

In recent years the general public, public attitudes, special interest groups, and a flurry of pesticide legislation have had a major impact on shade tree entomology and arboriculture. People outside of those professions are increasingly involved in more rapid spread of insects, the decisionmaking process in insect control programs and regulations of pest control activities. Area-wide insect control programs must be thoroughly planned and adequately publicized to be successful. Arborists have the opportunity to develop improved tree protection services, rather than spraying services, and develop Integrated Pest Management techniques toward an overall shade tree management system. Now and in the future arborists need to be concerned and involved with "people" problems as well as insect problems.