Air Treatment Research Articles

‘A trip organised for children is not a serious matter’? Summer treatment camps for the Belgian-German borderlands (1919-1939)

Although the children whose rural homelands transitioned from German to Belgian state sovereignty following the First World War were not the typical demographic targeted for preventive air treatments against tuberculosis, they were overrepresented in treatment camps in both Belgium and Germany. Nation-state representatives provided public and private (although partly state subsidized) treatment camps to restore the physical vitality, ethical integrity, and national allegiances of the minors. The parallel competitive offer took the form of a cross-border mixed economy of child welfare. Borderland residents either opportunistically supported the Belgian or German initiatives, or provided their own alternatives to protect their children from indoctrination.

Allelopathic and phytotoxic activity of essential oil of Elaeagnus angustifolia flowers and its major constituents on Amaranthus retroflexus and Lolium perenne

This study investigated the allelopathic and phytotoxic effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia flower essential oil (EO) and its major constituents. Forty-one compounds were identified by GC–MS, accounting for 96.93% of the total oil, with the main compounds being ethyl cinnamate and methyl cinnamate. The allelopathic assay of the EO completely suppressed the seed germination of Lolium perenne and Amaranthus retroflexus at 22.22 mg/mL air treatment. Phytotoxic activities of ethyl cinnamate and methyl cinnamate were much stronger than those of the EO against L. perenne, with IC50 values of 0.386, 0.396, and 7.159 mg/mL, respectively. The strength of the phytotoxic activity of the major constituent ethyl cinnamate, and the mixture of ethyl cinnamate and methyl cinnamate was comparable to that of the commercial herbicide glyphosate in terms of suppressing root elongation in A. retroflexus, with IC50 values of 0.049, 0.076, and 0.017 mg/mL, respectively, indicating a possible synergistic effect of the major compounds.

Performance optimization of AlN ultrasonic thin-film sensors deposited by RF magnetron sputtering

The AlN thin-film ultrasonic transducers were deposited by reactive RF magnetron sputtering technique. The effects of deposition parameters: target-substrate distance, argon-nitrogen flow ratio, deposition time, substrate temperature and radial distance from the deposition center on the ultrasonic performance of AlN thin films were studied. A metal electrode layer was deposited on the AlN film transducer to fabricate an ultrasonic temperature sensor, and the effects of the size and thickness of the electrode layer on the performance of the sensor were studied. Piezoelectric response measurements were performed in air over a temperature range of −60 °C–900 °C, and the dependence of ultrasonic response (time-of-flight and pulse echo amplitude) on temperature was analyzed. Long-term heat treatment in air at 750 °C for 128 h showed that the high-entropy alloy oxide protective layer could effectively delay oxidation of the AlN layer and improve the service life of the sensor.

Dynamic impact analysis of solution droplets in frost-free air-source heat pumps: Transition from droplets to liquid film

This study investigates the dynamic propagation of solution droplets in frost-free air source heat pump systems, focusing on calcium chloride and ethylene glycol solutions. The research examines three key stages: droplet impact on a surface, collision with stationary droplets, and impact on a stabilized liquid film. Key findings include that increased surface contact angle and solution concentration inhibit droplet spreading, while higher impact velocity enhances it. Droplet retraction is influenced by surface tension and adhesion, with calcium chloride droplets showing variable retraction and ethylene glycol droplets consistently retracting less as concentration increases. Collisions with stationary droplets lead to behaviors such as merging, spreading, and rebound, with higher velocity accelerating these processes. In the final impact stage, a stable liquid film formation results in crown sputtering and oscillation, where sputtering height is inversely related to concentration but increases with impact velocity. These insights contribute to optimizing droplet management in air treatment systems.

Plasma Functionalization for Enhanced Natural Dye Affinity on Bioplastics: A Novel Approach

ABSTRACTBioplastics offer biodegradability and reduced environmental impact but often use nondegradable synthetic dyes. This study introduces a novel application of glow discharge plasma (GDP) technology to modify cassava starch‐based bioplastic sheets, specifically optimizing conditions to enhance their hydrophilicity and adhesion for natural dyes. This research systematically tailors plasma treatment parameters to maximize the interaction between bioplastics and eco‐friendly natural dyes. Optimal conditions, identified as 30 W for 3 min using oxygen, air, and nitrogen plasma treatments, demonstrate significant advancement in sustainable material development. Analyses (ATR‐FTIR, EDX, XPS) showed increased concentration of polar functional groups and oxygen content, with FE‐SEM and water contact angle measurements revealing improved surface roughness and wettability, respectively. Oxygen plasma treatment yielded the highest hydrophilicity and crystallinity of the polymer. Tensile tests indicated increased strength and decreased elongation. UV‐Vis spectroscopy confirmed enhanced dye retention and reduced leaching. This study demonstrates GDP's potential to incorporate eco‐friendly natural dyes into bioplastics, thereby contributing to the development of more sustainable materials.

Design method of multi-stage air treatment system with circulating air for high efficiency in year-round working conditions

Owing to the large temperature rise/drop during the fresh air treatment process, the multi-stage treatment systems for fresh air have good energy-saving effects. However, the energy-saving potential of multi-stage treatment systems for circulating air and the design of a multi-stage circulating air treatment (MCAT) system that operates efficiently under variable conditions throughout the year remain unclear. Therefore, this study proposed a multi-condition design method to ensure the annual energy-efficient operation of the circulating air system. Firstly, the appropriate number of air treatment stages (NUM) and heat transfer temperature difference between air and water (Δt) for each single condition are determined and an appropriate heat transfer area is obtained. Subsequently, an MCAT system suitable for multiple working conditions throughout the year is designed by searching for the common values of the appropriate heat transfer area per stage. Finally, three types of buildings and six cities located in different climate zones are selected to explore the adaptability of the appropriate Δt. The results show that (1) for each single working condition, the appropriate ranges of NUM and Δt are 1–2 and 2–6 °C respectively, which can keep the system energy consumption at a low level. (2) There is generally a common range for multiple heat transfer areas per stage designed under different working conditions, and an MCAT system designed based on this common range can achieve energy-efficient operation under multiple annual conditions. (3) In an office building in Beijing, compared to the traditional one-stage air treatment system, the maximum and the annual average energy-saving rates of the MACT system designed based on the multi-condition design method are 16.1 % and 6.3 %, respectively.

Synthesis, Photocatalytic and Bio Activity of ZnO-TiO2 Nanocomposites: A Review Study

Zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are materials with strong photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity. This activity is greater when the material is in nanocrystalline form. It has been seen that these properties are also present in the ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposite material, and the extent depends on multiple factors, such as crystallinity, structural composition, crystallite size, and morphology. These structural properties can be varied by acting on the synthesis of the material, obtaining a wide variety of composites: random nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanofibers, tetrapods, core–shell, hollow spheres, inverse opal structures (IOSs), hierarchical structures, and films. When an interface between nanocrystallites of the two oxides is created, the composite system manages to have photocatalytic activity greater than that of the two separate oxides, and in certain circumstances, even greater than P25. The antimicrobial activity results also improved for the composite system compared to the two separate oxides. These two aspects make these materials interesting in various fields, such as wastewater and air treatment, energy devices, solar filters, and pharmaceutical products and in the context of the restoration of monumental cultural assets, in which their use has a preventive purpose in the formation of biofilms. In this review we analyse the synthesis techniques of ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposites, correlating them to the shape obtained, as well as the photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity. It is also illustrated how ZnO-TiO2 nanocomposites can have a less negative impact on toxicity for humans and the environment compared to the more toxic ZnO nanoparticles or ZnO.

Bismuth-based nanocomposites as potential materials for indoor air treatment

Air pollution is a worldwide health hazard; thus, improving air quality is a demanding need. Photocatalysis is a robust strategy for air treatment. The boosted activity of the photocatalytic system depends on tuning their properties for the particular application. BiOX (X: Cl, I) compounds are emergent photocatalytic systems with numerous advantages for air treatment. However, their optical properties (Eg) and fast recombination of active species (e−/h+) limit their practical applications. In this study, we remark on the properties of BiOX-GO systems for indoor air purification. We use a microwave-activated solvothermal technique to synthesize the nanomaterials (NMs). BiOX NMs exhibit hierarchical 3D structures, crystallinity, and tunable optical absorption properties. BiOX-GO composites present an enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity due to the electron acceptor capacity of GO and modification of Eg. The indoor air disinfection capacity of the NMs ranked as follows: BiOCl-GO (96.7%) > BiOI-GO (96.2%) > BiOI (89.2%) > BiOCl (79%). The higher efficiency under visible light of BiOCl-GO can be related to the presence of oxygen vacancies, strong oxidation potential, and single crystalline phase of the materials. Due to the abundance and biocompatibility of bismuth-containing compounds, together with their enhanced visible light activity, BiOX become potent candidates for environmentally sustainable remediation technologies.

Effects of wheat germ treated with different stabilization methods on dough characteristics and steamed bread quality

In this study, different stabilization methods (hot air, microwave, high-pressure, water bath, atmospheric pressure, ultraviolet, and microwave coupled with high-pressure) were applied to wheat germ to explore their impacts on the dough characteristics and quality of the steamed bread end-product. The stabilized lipase activity for all treatment schemes ranged from 14.05-7.24 mg/g, with the ultraviolet treatment (14.05 mg/g) being the least effective and high-pressure treatment (7.24 mg/g) being the most effective. However, the addition of high-pressure treatment increased the β-sheets content of wheat germ in the dough to 27.74%, increased dough hardness, and decreased the specific volume of the steamed bread to 1.61 mL/g. Hot air treatment improved the structural stability of the wheat germ dough, and the α-helix content and disulfide bond content increased to 29.06% and 23.10 μmol/mg, respectively, with good fermentation characteristics. This study reveals the impact of stabilized wheat germ on the dough's processing characteristics and the bread's quality, providing solutions for wheat germ stabilization methods in industrial production.

Nano Photocatalysis: Pioneering Progress and Industrial Applications for Sustainable Environmental Solutions

Nano photocatalysis has become a cornerstone technology in environmental sustainability. This paper delves into the significance of nano photocatalysis, highlighting its mechanisms, industrial applications, and benefits for sustainable development. By reducing industrial pollution and enabling eco-friendly practices, nano photocatalysis offers an innovative approach to environmental challenges. Key sections address its role in water and air treatment, energy efficiency, and emerging research directions, making it a pivotal solution aligned with sustainable development goals

Application of hot water and cold air to reduce bacterial contamination on broiler carcasses.

Two physical treatments (heat via water bath and cold air) with various temperatures (20/70/75/80°C and - 80/-90°C) and exposure times (20, 30, 40 s) were carried out to identify a decontaminating effect on zoonotic pathogens on broiler carcasses. Subsequently, carcasses were analyzed for thermotolerant Campylobacter (C.), Salmonella, Escherichia (E.). coli and total colony count (TCC). Moreover, for the hot water treatment, qPCR with viable/dead differentiation (v-qPCR) was applied to detect viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC) of Campylobacter, referred to as intact but putatively infectious units (IPIU). Hot water immersion was tested on carcasses inoculated with C. jejuni and Salmonella, while cold air treatment was evaluated for naturally contaminated carcasses of broiler flocks colonized with Campylobacter. For hot water treatment, the statistically significant reducing effect was about 1 log10 CFU/ml for both Salmonella and Campylobacter for 70-80°C and 20/30 s treatments. The effect of heat treatment for Campylobacter was smaller when samples were analyzed with v-qPCR with reductions of 0.5-0.8 log10 IPIU/ml in mean. Cold air treatments at -90°C were effective in reducing the mean contamination level of Campylobacter by 0.4-0.5 log10 CFU/ml at all exposure times (p < 0.05). Hot water treatments showed a decreasing trend on TCC by 0.6-0.9 log10 CFU/ml (p < 0.05). TCC counts were not significantly affected by cold air treatment. For E. coli no statistically significant reductions were observed by hot water treatment. The cold air treatment at -90°C for 20 and 40 s led to a reduction of E. coli by 0.4 and 0.8 log10 CFU/ml (p < 0.05), respectively. Treatment of carcasses with higher bacterial levels tended to show higher reduction. The research demonstrated that the efficacy of physical treatments for decontamination of broiler carcasses was more pronounced for hot water immersion than for cold air exposure. In conclusion, the results shed light on the potential application of these physical treatments in practice to reduce the quantitative load of contaminating pathogens to enhance food safety in the broiler meat production.

Robust and Density Tunable Kevlar/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Microribbon Aerogels with Excellent Thermal, Mechanical, and Oil-Absorption Properties.

With rapid advancements in aerospace and supersonic aircraft technology, there is a growing demand for multifunctional thermal protective materials. Aerogels, known for their low density and high porosity, have garnered significant attention in this regard. However, developing a lightweight multifunctional aerogel that combines exceptional thermal and mechanical properties through a straightforward and time-efficient method remains a significant challenge. Herein, a facile and universal approach is developed for the preparation of Kevlar/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) aerogels, in which a spin-assisted method is applied to create robust microribbons and further accelerate solvent displacement. The resulting microribbon scaffold, with its entangled nanofiber-nanosheet morphologies, exhibits sufficient strength to prevent volume shrinkage during drying, thereby allowing precise control over aerogel density. The porous hybrid aerogels, featuring controllable geometric characteristics and tailored densities ranging from 6.9 to 100 mg cm-3, can be successfully fabricated. These aerogels exhibit excellent thermal insulation properties, and the thermal conductivities of the as-prepared KBX aerogels have a wide distribution in the range of 0.0269-0.0450 W m-1 k-1. The thermal stability of the hybrid aerogels is enhanced to 566 °C. Moreover, the resulting hybrid aerogels exhibit an ultrahigh bearing ratio, supporting more than 2000 times their own weight while maintaining stable structural integrity. These aerogels also demonstrate high compressive strength, hydrophobicity, and excellent sorption performance for various oils and solvents. Additionally, the oil-saturated aerogels can be easily recovered through heat treatment or combustion in air. The features endow hybrid Kevlar/h-BN aerogels with significant potential for applications in thermal management, environmental protection, and neutron protection.

Popcorn quality parameters and nutritional properties of oily maize (Zea mays var. ‘Everta’) hybrids subjected to different thermal treatments

This research assessed the popcorn quality parameters and nutritional properties of 5 oily maize (Zea mays var. ‘Everta’) hybrids under several thermal treatments (hot air, microwave, and wet cooking). Grains contained 2.16–4.51 % crude fat and 11.08–12.94 % protein, displayed a similar amount of individual p-coumaric and ferulic acid derivatives (p > 0.05) (free: 3.61–40.53 μg/g; bound: 1621.75–1970.94 μg/g), and total phytosterols ranging from 8.76 to 13.17 μg/g. Hot air- and wet cooking-treated grains showed the highest expansion volume (121.5–133.1 mL), and there were no differences in yield and residual percentage (p < 0.05). PCA analysis clustered samples 1 and 3 as the most influential on bound phenolics, expansion time, yield, and popped grains weight, mostly under hot air and wet cooking treatments. Spearman's correlations outlined the potential of the grains' total and bound phenolics on popping quality (weight and expansion time: 0.50–0.90). Results suggested the oily hybrids' nutritional potential and suitability to produce high-quality popcorn.

Superoxide radical derived metal-free spiro-OMeTAD for highly stable perovskite solar cells

Lithium salt-doped spiro-OMeTAD is widely used as a hole-transport layer (HTL) for high-efficiency n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but unfortunately facing awkward instability for commercialization arising from the intrinsic Li+ migration and hygroscopicity. We herein demonstrate a superoxide radicals (•O2−) derived HTL of metal-free spiro-OMeTAD with remarkable capability of avoiding the conventional tedious oxidation treatment in air for highly stable PSCs. Present work explores the employing of variant-valence Eu(TFSI)2 salts that could generate •O2− for facile and adequate pre-oxidation of spiro-OMeTAD, resulting in the HTL with dramatically increased conductivity and work function. Comparing to devices adopting HTL with LiTFSI doping, the •O2−-derived spiro-OMeTAD increases the PSCs efficiency up to 25.45% and 20.76% for 0.05 cm2 active area and 6 × 6 cm2 module, respectively. State-of-art PSCs employing such metal-free HTLs are also demonstrated to show much-improved environmental stability even under harsh conditions, e.g., maintaining over 90% of their initial efficiency after 1000 h of operation at the maximum power point and after 80 light-thermal cycles under simulated low earth orbit conditions, respectively, indicating the potentials of developing metal-free spiro-OMeTAD for low-cost and shortened processing of perovskite photovoltaics.

COVID-19 and Cancer Care: A Review and Practical Guide to Caring for Cancer Patients in the Era of COVID-19.

COVID-19, a novel infectious disease caused by the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in 2020, has had a profound impact on healthcare, both at the individual and population level. The impact at the population level was felt most acutely during the emergency phase of the pandemic, with hospital capacity issues leading to widespread disruptions and delays in the delivery of healthcare services such as screening programs and elective surgeries. While hospitals are no longer being acutely overwhelmed by COVID-19 patients, the impact of the virus on vulnerable patient populations such as cancer patients continues to be of ongoing consequence. Cancer patients remain at high risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death due to COVID-19, even in the era of vaccination. Infection prevention and risk mitigation strategies such air quality control, masking, testing, vaccination, and treatment should therefore be integrated into the usual care and counseling of cancer patients moving forward to avoid preventable morbidity and mortality from this infection and ensure the safety of this vulnerable cohort as they navigate their cancer diagnosis and treatment in the era of COVID-19.

Study on the Effectiveness of a Copper Electrostatic Filtration System "Aerok 1.0" for Air Disinfection.

Bioaerosols can represent a danger to health. During SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, portable devices were used in different environments and considered a valuable prevention tool. This study has evaluated the effectiveness of the air treatment device "AEROK 1.0®" in reducing microbial, particulate, and pollen airborne contamination indoors, during normal activity. In an administrative room, airborne microbial contamination was measured using active (DUOSAS 360 and MD8) and passive sampling; a particle counter was used to evaluate particle concentrations; a Hirst-type pollen trap was used to assess airborne pollen and Alternaria spores. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0; p values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The airborne bacterial contamination assessed by the two different samplers decreased by 56% and 69%, respectively. The airborne bacterial contamination assessed by passive sampling decreased by 44%. For fungi, the reduction was 39% by active sampling. Airborne particles (diameters ≥ 1.0, 2.0 μm) and the ratio of indoor/outdoor concentrations of total pollen and Alternaria spp. spores significantly decreased. The results highlight the effectiveness of AEROK 1.0® in reducing airborne contamination. The approach carried out represents a contribution to the definition of a standardized model for evaluating the effectiveness of devices to be used for air disinfection.

Experimental evaluation of a hydrogel composite desiccant wheel for dehumidification with high water uptake and low regeneration temperature

Rotary dehumidification, a key method for continuous solid adsorption dehumidification, is extensively utilised in various industrial and practical applications. The performance of the adsorbent within the desiccant wheel is a major determinant of its energy efficiency in practical applications. While studies on Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and polymer desiccant wheels exist, the majority of rotary dehumidification systems continue to employ traditional adsorbents like silica gel and zeolite, which are plagued by low dehumidification capacity and high energy consumption issues. Super hygroscopic hydrogel, enhanced with a hygroscopic agent, has gained prominence in air treatment because of its outstanding hygroscopicity and low regeneration temperature. With the goal of integrating advanced materials into practical engineering applications and mitigating the heat and mass transfer loss and adsorption/desorption performance degradation due to volume expansion and viscous agglomeration post-water uptake in large-scale super hygroscopic hydrogel applications, this study successfully developed a hydrogel wheel, measuring 350 mm in diameter and 200 mm in thickness, using a honeycomb-shaped glass fibre paper substrate. Experimental findings demonstrate that the hydrogel desiccant wheel outperforms both the MOF and commercial low-temperature silica gel wheels under all tested environmental conditions. This advantage is particularly noticeable at 15 °C and 30 % Relative Humidity (RH), where the moisture content differential (Δd) in the hydrogel system is 2.96 g/kg, 1.89 times greater than the MOF system’s 1.56 g/kg and 5.19 times higher than the silica gel’s 0.57 g/kg. Furthermore, the controlled variable method was used to assess the impact of each operational parameter on the hydrogel wheel’s performance in both low and high moisture conditions, offering design insights for engineering applications.

O13 ASSOCIATION OF SECONDHAND SMOKE EXPOSURE IN RELATION TO HYPERTENSION TREATMENT STATUS WITH STROKE OCCURRENCE IN GHANA AND NIGERIA

Background and objective: It is unclear whether secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) in hypertensive states with a disproportionate gap in hypertension treatment status is fuelling the epidemic of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa. This study, therefore, assessed the association of SHSE in relation to hypertension treatment status with stroke occurrence among West Africans. Methods: The Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network (SIREN) is a case-control study across 16 study sites in Ghana and Nigeria. Cases were acute stroke (n =3684) with age- and sex-matched stroke-free controls (n =3684). Hypertension definition was based on standard guidelines, and SHSE was based on self-reported exposure to smoke from a burning cigarette or exhaled from a smoker in any indoor area. We evaluated the associations of untreated hypertension, treated but uncontrolled hypertension, and controlled hypertension at BP of &lt;140/90 mmHg with odds of stroke occurrence. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the risk of stroke by hypertension treatment and SHSE status. Results: Overall, mean age was 59.0±14.9 years, and 54.2% were male. Among stroke cases, the prevalence of SHSE was 352 (20.7%), and the frequencies of no hypertension, untreated hypertension, treated but uncontrolled hypertension, and controlled hypertension were 4.0%, 47.7%, 37.1%, and 9.2%. The aOR and PAR (95% CI) for untreated hypertension were 6.58 (5.15-8.41) and 35.4% (33.4-37.4); treated but uncontrolled hypertension was 9.95 (7.60-13.02) and 35.9% (34.2-37.5); and controlled hypertension was 5.37 (3.90-7.41) and 8.5% (7.6-9.5) respectively. The aOR (95% CI) of stroke, given exposure to secondhand smoke, was 1.15 (0.94-1.41), while among untreated hypertensives and treated but uncontrolled hypertensives was 1.54 (0.99-2.37) and 1.15 (0.48-1.46) respectively. Conclusion: SHSE with hypertension significantly aggravated the odds of stroke occurrence, particularly when hypertension is untreated. Implementing targeted multi-sectoral interventions that advocate for clean air and aggressive hypertension treatment can potentially reduce the escalating burden of stroke in Africa.

Integration of Air Conditioning Systems in Intelligent Buildings to Increase Efficiency

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and cooling, collectively known as HVAC, account for more than 40% of the electricity consumed in buildings. Global climatic factors, referring to comfort and factors related to health, dictate that there is an increasing need for the application of HVAC/R systems. Therefore, it is increasingly compelling to investigate various approaches to enhance the effectiveness of air treatment systems. The automation of buildings has facilitated the integration of air treatment systems with “other existing” systems that can impact the indoor climatic conditions, such as automated windows and curtains, etc. In order to achieve this, it is essential to employ calculation techniques for air handling systems and for the heat transfer between buildings and the external environment. By integrating these systems, it becomes possible to maintain a comfortable environment while actively minimizing the electricity consumption of the heat pump. This article focuses on the integration of air conditioning systems in intelligent buildings to enhance efficiency.

Evaluation of antinutrients, nutritional, and functional properties in sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L) cake treated with hydrothermal processes

Applying heat treatments using an autoclave and hot air sterilization can alter the proximal composition, technofunctional properties, and antinutrient content of Sacha inchi (P. volubilis) oil press cake. The autoclave and hot air treatments significantly reduced antinutrients compared to the control. The samples treated with autoclave and hot air sterilization exhibited a significant decrease in alkaloids, nitrates, tannins, saponins, and trypsin inhibitors compared to the control sample. However, the 20-min autoclave treatment did not significantly reduce the saponin antinutrients. Phytic acid significantly decreased in the 30-min hot air sample and autoclave 20-min/hot air treatments, respectively. On the other hand, the levels of antinutrients oxalate and thiocyanates did not significant difference between the control and hot air treatments. However, the autoclave treatment resulted in a significant reduction in oxalates. The study found that hydrotreatments at temperatures of 121 °C with humid heat - autoclave showed significant differences in protein content compared to the control sample, with content of 37.75 + 0.2 g/100g. Samples treated with an autoclave for 10, 20, and 30 min showed values of protein 53.19 + 0.28, 66.08 + 2.6, and 70.12 + 0.48 g/100g, respectively. Meanwhile, samples treated with dry heat showed significant differences with the sample treated for 10 min having a protein content of 60.21 + 6.80 g/100g. The techno-functional properties analyzed in the study demonstrated a significant decrease in hydrating properties such as water holding capacity (WHC), water retention capacity (WRC), and swelling capacity (SC) due to changes in the solubility of proteins for the two treatments and the oil holding capacity (OHC) property showed a significant increase. Finally, water's presence during hydrothermal treatments significantly reduces antinutrients, providing guidance for analyzing other study variables.