Selection Of Treatment Process Research Articles

Understanding the impact of pre-digestion thermal hydrolysis process on PFAS in anaerobically digested biosolids

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) present in biosolids are influenced by their source, treatment processes, and the dynamics of water resource recovery facilities (WRRF). Understanding these effects is vital for informed decisions in treatment process selection, however, comprehensive studies are sparse. This study examined the impact of anaerobic digestion (AD) and the addition of a thermal hydrolysis process (THP) before AD on PFAS in the solids stream at a WRRF. Targeted analysis of 58 PFAS (linear and branched) and suspect screening of the solid stream before and after AD as well as THP, with the total PFAS (ΣPFAS) concentrations ranging between 244 and 566 μg/kgdw. Precursor and intermediate PFAS, mainly di-substituted polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (diPAPs) followed by fluorotelomer carboxylic acids (FTCAs), were the dominant contributors (62–96 mol % ΣPFAS) in all 5 sample types. AD impacts were observed both before and after deploying THP altering the relative contribution of different PFAS classes through biotransformation, with an increase in PFCAs and a decrease in diPAPs. However, we observed that THP reduced the % of precursor conversion as well as conversion of the FTCA intermediates in the AD process as evidenced by a substantial increase in FTCAs post-THP + AD and lower PFCA generation compared to AD only. Total PFAS organofluorine (∑FPFAS) decreased by 28% pre- and post-AD, which on total fluorine (TF) showed a larger reduction to 43%. Fluoride was <3% of the TF in all cases, thus, the greater reduction in TF vs ∑FPFAS could be volatile losses of PFAS and other non-PFAS F-containing molecules. After THP installation, a 32% decrease in (∑FPFAS) was observed in the combined THP-AD system whereas adjusted total organofluorine increased by ∼43%. Overall, achieving higher solids handling capacity and energy neutrality with the THP addition did not lead to a significant difference in quantifiable PFAS concentrations compared to AD-only.

ADVANCEMENTS IN DEFLUORIDATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Higher fluoride concentrations in groundwater have been reported in more than 20 developed and developing countries.In the quest for ensuring safe drinking water, the removal of fluoride has emerged as a critical concern globally. This comprehensive review paper delves into the realm of defluoridation technologies, exploring a myriad of methods employed to mitigate excess fluoride levels in water sources. By meticulously examining traditional techniques alongside cutting-edge advancements, this paper provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of defluoridation technologies. From adsorption processes to membrane technologies and electrocoagulation methods, diverse array of approaches are scrutinized for their efficacy in addressing the pressing issue of fluorosis. Through a systematic evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each technology, this review aims to offer valuable insights into the current landscape of defluoridation methodologies. By synthesizing existing knowledge with recent innovations, this paper highlights the progress made in combating fluoride contamination and also underscores the ongoing need for continuous research and development in this crucial field. It has been concluded that the selection of treatment process should be site-specific as per local needs and prevailing conditions as each technology has some limitations and no one process can serve the purpose in diverse conditions.

Establishment and application of rural domestic sewage treatment evaluation system based on analytic hierarchy process

AbstractAlthough numerous rural domestic sewage treatment facilities are constructed with the aim of improving the rural environment, the actual treatment effect is still difficult to evaluate. In this study, an evaluation system of rural domestic sewage treatment was established based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model and a county in Zhejiang Province was selected as an example for empirical analysis. According to the results, planning issues have the greatest impact on rural sewage treatment, accounting for 56.8%, while equipment issues, personnel issues and management issues account for 27.3%, 9.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Also, the results demonstrated that terminal planning, location selection, treatment process selection and construction design should be paid attention to among the 11 secondary indicators. The establishment of the evaluation system clarifies the different influencing factors and weights during the operation of the completed facilities, which is conducive to the scientific and effective management of sewage treatment.

Navigating PFAS Treatment With GAC and Ion Exchange

Key TakeawaysThe concentration and composition of per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in source water and treated water goals are the main drivers affecting PFAS management.Separately or together, granular activated carbon and ion exchange media are effective treatment options when trying to minimize PFAS in finished water.Requirements for ultimate disposal or destruction of PFAS and process residuals significantly affect operating costs, which in turn play a critical role in treatment process selection.

Decontamination of toxic Malathion pesticide in aqueous solutions by Fenton-based processes: Degradation pathway, toxicity assessment and health risk assessment

This study evaluates the degradation efficiency of Malathion using Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2: F), photo-Fenton (UV/Fe2+/H2O2: PF), and sono-photo Fenton (US/UV/Fe2+/H2O2: SPF) processes as well as determines the toxicity of the byproducts of degradation. The effect of various operational parameters on the Malathion degradation rate, including pH, Fe2+ concentration, Malathion concentration, and H2O2 were studied. The removal efficiency was determined to be 98.79% for the SPF, > 70.92% for the PF, and > 55.94% for the F processes under the following optimal conditions: pH = 3, [H2O2]0 = 700 mg/L, [Fe2+]0 = 20 mg/L, and [Malathion]0 = 20 mg/L. The operating costs (USD/kgMalathion-removed) were acquired as SPF > PF > F. Moreover, Malaoxon, diethyl maleate, diethyl malate, ethyl 2-hydroxysuccinate, and D-malate were among the detected byproducts from the Malathion degradation in the SPF process. Both the non-carcinogenic risk and the carcinogenic risk were assessed to establish the quality of the effluent from all three processes. The toxicity of the treated effluents, determined by Vibrio fischeri luminescence, indicated that the toxicity depends on the selected treatment process. The high degradation efficiency of the Fenton-based processes is not equivalent to achieving detoxification of the effluents. As such, the SPF process was determined to be the most effective for the Malathion degradation, total organic carbon (TOC) removal, and health risk assessment.

Performance and reliability comparison of French vertical flow treatment wetlands with other decentralized wastewater treatment technologies in tropical climates

When implementing a sanitation system, the selection of treatment process can be difficult. Beyond removal efficiency and effluent concentrations, reliability should be taken into account. This study compares reliability of French vertical flow treatment wetlands (F-VFTW) with the four main decentralized wastewater treatment technologies in small communities in the French Overseas Territories (FOT). Analysis of 963 regulatory self-monitoring sampling campaigns performed on 213 wastewater treatment plants show that operational disruptions due to sludge loss and loss of nitrification are often reported for activated sludge technology; rotating biological contactors often suffer from weak settlement; facultative pond removal is limited by algae; and F-VFTW fulfills all the French regulatory objectives at a frequency of 90 to 95%. In addition, the data from this study are compared to a similar database from Brazil using a statistical approach (coefficient of reliability). Amongst the eight decentralized wastewater treatment technologies evaluated, F-VFTW appears to be the most appropriate for achieving the discharge standard with a reliability close to 95%. Its reliability to face both environmental (rainfall) and social (maintenance capacities) constraints is a key parameter.

Degradation of 3,5-dichlorophenol by UV-C photolysis and UV-C-activated persulfate oxidation process in pure water and simulated tertiary treated urban wastewater

ABSTRACT UV-C and UV-C/peroxydisulfate (PS) treatments of 3,5-dichlorophenol (3,5-DCP), a model industrial pollutant, were comparatively investigated in two different water matrices namely distilled water (DW) and simulated treated urban wastewater (SWW). The treatment performance of the selected treatment processes was comprehensively examined by following changes in 3,5-DCP, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), PS consumption, Cl− release, aromatic/aliphatic degradation products and acute toxicities towards the marine photobacterium Vibrio fischeri and freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The treatability of 2 mg/L (12.3 µM) 3,5-DCP in DW was investigated under different operating conditions such as initial PS concentrations (0.00–1.00 mM) and pH values (3–11) at a fixed light intensity (0.5 W/L). Increasing the pH and PS concentration exhibited positive effects on 3,5-DCP degradation. Even 10 mg/L 3,5-DCP was completely degraded with UV-C/PS treatment in 40 min in the presence of 0.03 mM PS at pH 6.3 accompanied with 95% DOC removal that was achieved after 120 min treatment. The second-order rate constant of 3,5-DCP (10 mg/L) with was determined as 1.77×109 M−1s−1 using competition kinetics. Cl− release and formation of hydroquinone were evidences of 3,5-DCP degradation involving . 3,5-DCP (2 mg/L) was also subjected to UV-C and UV-C/PS treatments in SWW. 3,5-DCP (100% after 60 min) and in particular DOC (26% after 120 min treatment) removal efficiencies observed in DW decreased dramatically in SWW. The original and UV-C/PS-treated samples were non-toxic towards Vibrio fischeri; however, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata toxicity increased from 20% to 47% through 80 min UV-C/PS treatment of 3,5-DCP.

Quantitative analysis of microplastics in wastewater during selected treatment processes

Quantitative analysis of microplastics in wastewater during selected treatment processes

Transformation pathway and toxicity assessment of malathion in aqueous solution during UV photolysis and photocatalysis

In drinking water treatment, complete mineralization of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) by UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV AOPs) is rarely achieved. The formation of intermediate oxidation byproducts would likely have some profound effects on toxicity of the reaction solutions. This study investigated the intermediate oxidation byproducts, transformation pathway and toxicity of malathion solutions during the treatment processes of UV alone, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/Fenton. The main intermediate oxidation byproducts were derived using ultra-performance liquid chromatography - electrospray - time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Thereby the transformation pathway for each of these treatment processes was proposed. The results indicate that in UV photolysis, the transformation pathway of malathion proceeded initially via cleavage of the phosphorus-sulfur bonds while in photocatalysis, the desulfurization from a PS bond to a PO bond was the primary degradation pathway. Interestingly, only in the UV/TiO2 process a small fraction of malathion was found decomposed via a demethylation reaction. At the same time, a toxicity assessment of the treated solutions was conducted by both luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). It was found that after UV AOP treatment, the toxicity of the malathion aqueous solution increased sharply. In contrast, no increase in toxicity was observed for the malathion aqueous solution after UV alone treatment. This study demonstrates that the high removal efficiency achieved by OPPs does not imply that detoxification of the water solution has been achieved. On the contrary, the toxicity of the treated solutions by OPPs may be increased significantly depending on the selected treatment processes.

Role of emerging contaminants on solar photocatalytic treatment of organic matter in reverse osmosis concentrate

Emerging contaminants (ECs) are increasingly found in water sources and wastewaters that should be controlled by water and wastewater treatment technologies. Due to their presence in treated wastewater discharges, ECs may end up in reverse osmosis concentrate of municipal wastewaters (ROCm). Being as a worldwide concern, ECs in ROCm (ROCECm), their interactions with other organic components, e.g. natural dissolved organic matter (DOM), and their removal via selected treatment processes deserve to be investigated.The main objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of solar photocatalysis on the removal of organics of synthetically prepared municipal wastewater derived reverse osmosis concentrate (ROCm). For this purpose, ROCm and ROCECm samples were synthetically prepared with respect to physicochemical characteristics reported in the literature. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and carbamazepine (CMZ) were selected as target ECs owing to their common presence in wastewater sources. TiO2 P-25, N-doped TiO2, ZnO and TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite were selected as the photocatalysts. Assessment of solar photocatalysis for its effectiveness on the removal of complex organic matter was presented in comparison to the sole photolytic degradation conditions. Organic fraction of ROCm and ROCECm were monitored mainly by organic carbon content, UV–vis and advanced fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Expected potential risk was investigated through toxicity assessment in each treatment process as well as under untreated conditions. Based on the kinetic data, performance of TiO2 was found to be superior in comparison to N-doped TiO2, ZnO and TiO2/ZnO nanocomposite specimens under solar simulated reaction conditions.

Effects of different secondary biological treatment processes followed by flocculation and sand-filtration on subsequent DBPs control from sewage treatment plants

The nature and chlorine reactivity of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in reclaimed water from sewage treatment plants (STPs) are quite important for assessing the risk of wastewater reuse. Elucidating relation between DOM and its fractions characterization with different treatment processes is quite important for selection of treatment processes focusing on disinfection by-products (DBPs) control. In this study, four classical STPs in Beijing (A ∼ D) with different secondary biological treatment processes but all with flocculation and sand-filtration as advanced treatment process were selected to investigate DBPs formation potentials and DOM characterization variation during these processes and their relation. Chloroform, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) dominated among four trihalomethanes (THMs) and nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) formation potentials respectively during chlorination of both secondary and sand-filtration effluents with the order of TCAA > chloroform > DCAA. Both THMs and HAAs formation potentials were positively related with DOC percentage for the hydrophobic fractions in the DOM. The bromine incorporation in THMs was obviously higher than that in HAAs. The especially higher bromine incorporation in D STP was probably due to the higher SUVA value in this STP with SBR as secondary biological treatment process comparing to those in the other three STPs. DOC and bromide removal, SUVA decrease were important elements for selecting secondary treatment process considering DBPs control. Flocculation and sand-filtration performed not well in removing DBPs precursors especially for chloroform and DCAA except for C STP, which had higher hydrophobic fraction percentage removal and molecular weight decreasing during the advanced treatment process. FTIR analysis revealed that flocculation and sand-filtration probably removed more aliphatic structures than aromatic or COO structures. The absorption ratio of aromatic CC, COO/aliphatic CH3 peaks in D STP was the highest among the four STPs, which was consistent with the highest bromine incorporation in this STP.

Sustainable practice for the food industry: assessment of selected treatment options for reclamation of washwater from vegetable processing

Water reclamation has become a feasible option due to water scarcity in many regions of the USA. Industrial fresh produce processing wastewater streams usually do not actively employ water recycling despite the large quantities of water being consumed. Further, there is a paucity of information on water reuse options for this sector. Therefore, this study assessed selected treatment processes for washwater from vegetable processing. The work focused on turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved organic carbon at ambient and low-temperature vegetable processing environments (4 °C). Microfiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and novel biocatalyst composites were evaluated using both synthetic washwater and composite washwater samples collected from a commercial produce processing plant. Results showed that ultrafiltration and microfiltration were able to substantially reduce turbidity, but achieved only minimal chemical oxygen demand and dissolved organic carbon reduction. A majority of the constituents contributing to these two parameters were dissolved compounds, causing challenges for physical separation treatment techniques. The biocatalyst system demonstrated good efficiency at both 22 and 4 °C, with respect to the removal of chemical oxygen demand (72 and 66%, respectively), and dissolved organic carbon (74 and 70%, respectively). Reverse osmosis generated high-quality water that could be employed in vegetable production line; however, extensive pretreatment processes were required. This study demonstrated the potential to recover washwater in produce processing industry. Moreover, the results showed that the biocatalyst treatment could be applied at low temperature and potentially applied to water recycling schemes for wastewater streams from food industries that operate under low operating temperatures.

Water reuse in closed hydroponic systems: Comparison of GAC adsorption, ion exchange and ozonation processes to treat recycled nutrient solution

In this study, the removal of root exudates from recycled nutrient solution (RNS) in hydroponic systems was investigated by using alternative advanced treatment processes. In particular, the performance of adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC adsorption), ion exchange (using Amberlite IRA96) and ozonation was evaluated. The characterization of a RNS from a lettuce hydroponic company showed the occurrence of several organic acids including benzoic, maleic, palmitic, stearic, phthalic, succinic, acrylic, adipic, myristic, mannonic, oleic, arachidic and acetic acid. Furthermore, benzoic, acrylic, myristic and palmitic acid were detected even after the RNS treatment by GAC adsorption, ion exchange or ozonation. Further experiments were performed to evaluate the removal efficiency of root exudates from RNS by the selected treatment processes. For this purpose benzoic acid (BA), which is a potent growth inhibitor, was selected as target compound. Benzoic acid occurring at 23μg/L in the RNS was completely removed by GAC adsorption, ion exchange or ozonation process. In addition, GAC adsorption was the most efficient technique for organic matter removal. Indeed, the COD removal efficiency was 74%, 67% and 22% for GAC adsorption, ozonation and ion exchange treatments, respectively. The results from UV–vis absorbance measurements corroborated the best performance of activated carbon in organic compounds removal from RNS. For instance, the absorbance removal at 280nm reached 82%, 51% and 27% after GAC adsorption, ozonation and ion exchange treatments, respectively.

Evaluation of ultrafiltration and conventional water treatment systems for sustainable development: an industrial scale case study

Sustainable developments in water treatment systems are challenges in the 21st century. More industrial-scale drinking water treatment plants are using ultrafiltration (UF) membrane systems. Conventional media filtration is the mainstream treatment process for these plants especially in developing countries. Evaluations of both industrial-scale UF and conventional drinking water treatment systems have been carried out in this study. These treatment systems are evaluated based on 5 aspects which are capital expenditure, operational expenditure, maintenance cost, treated water quality and water losses. A case study water treatment plant in Malaysia which encompassed both the UF and conventional media filtration systems are used to elucidate this comparison study. River water source is fed as surface raw water to both systems. The UF system has exhibited consistent filtrate quality regardless of the fluctuation of raw water quality. Sludge discharged from the UF backwash remains the same characteristics as the feed water except with higher concentration of solids content. However, sludge from the conventional system contains high concentration of Aluminium residual originating from the coagulant. The UF system caused higher water losses compared to the conventional system. As for operation and maintenance expenditures, the conventional systems are more economical. Sensitivity analyses have been carried out on the capital expenditure and operational expenditure. Precaution measures have been taken to ensure all data collected are relevant and accurate. More than 12 months of treatment systems operational data are collected, compiled and analysed to substantiate the results. This study intends to highlight the commercial and environmental sustainability of both systems. The major contribution and novelty of this work is that it provides useful reference to the decision makers and stakeholders on the selection of treatment process for industrial-scale drinking water facilities to accommodate their current and future requirements.

Integrating external costs with life cycle costs of emissions from tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater for reuse in cooling systems

Tertiary treatment is needed to render secondary-treated municipal wastewater usable in power plant cooling systems. Various tertiary treatment options exist to provide different levels of water quality. This paper integrates life cycle inventory emissions from a life cycle assessment approach with direct costs to determine the optimal treatment alternative based on cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. The costs of damage due to air emissions released during construction and operation of tertiary treatment alternatives were estimated using a hybrid based approach and were converted to external damage costs. Greenhouse gas emission (CO2 eq.), acidifying gas emission (SO2 and NOx), and particulate matter (PM2.5) emission unit costs were obtained from a Social Carbon Costs study, and cost factors from the Air Pollution Emission Experiments and Policy model were used to determine the total costs of emissions. The sum of average air emissions impact costs for the selected treatment processes were found to be between 5 and 8% of the total costs for tertiary treatment. Accounting for the external air emission costs provides a measure to assess the relative environmental costs of tertiary treatment options for reuse of treated municipal wastewater in cooling systems. Environmental costs of other emissions to air, water and land, as well as benefits stemming from offsetting freshwater withdrawal by reusing treated effluent in power plant cooling systems were not included in the analysis.

Selection of Treatment Process for Textile Dye Wastewater Based on Their Bio-chemical Characteristics

In Bangladesh most of the industries follow chemical treatment process for wastewater treatment without any effluent quality assessment. The aim of this study was to select an effective treatment process for effluent based on its bio-chemical characteristics. Wastewater samples from Textile Industries were collected in 9 batches over a period of 2 months (from17th November, 2011 to 28th April, 2012). Approximately 40liters composite samples were collected of several dying batches from inlet of the equalization tank. Sludge was collected from outlet point of settling tank. The physical, chemical and bio-chemical quality of untreated wastewater were assessed by analyses of some particular parameters in the laboratory and compared with ECR standard. Average concentration of EC (mS/cm), pH, COD (mg/L), BOD (mg/L) and BOD loading (kg/m3.d) were respectively 3.71, 9.24, 1472, 1024, and 0.205 respectively. For lower BOD loading, the treatment performance was found better..COD decreased rapidly during the first 8 hours of aeration and after 16 hours of aeration it became uniform. During the first 8 hr COD removal was more than 50% of the initial COD loading. The standard value of COD (200mg/l) was obtained within 12 to 16 hours of aeration for the initial BOD loading less than or equal 0.15 kg/m3.day and 24 hours of aeration for initial BOD loading 0.16 to 0.26 kg/m3.day and more than 24 hour for initial BOD loading greater than 0.26 kg/m3.day. The study revealed that volumetric loading is an important parameter for wastewater which to a great extent sets applicability limit of treatment process. From this laboratory model study, treatment process options have been recommended for industrial effluent having different bio-chemical characteristics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22060 J. Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 6(1): 163-166 2013

A mathematical programming framework for early stage design of wastewater treatment plants

The increasing number of alternative wastewater treatment technologies and stricter effluent requirements make the optimal treatment process selection for wastewater treatment plant design a complicated problem. This task, defined as wastewater treatment process synthesis, is currently based on expert decisions and previous experiences. This paper proposes a new approach based on mathematical programming to manage the complexity of the problem. The approach generates/identifies novel and optimal wastewater treatment process selection, and the interconnection between unit operations to create a process flow diagram. Towards this end, a superstructure approach is used to represent the treatment alternatives for reaction and separation. A generic process interval model is used to describe each alternative in terms of input–output mass balances including conversion and separation factors. Next the design problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer (Non)linear Programming problem – MI(N)LP – and solved. A case study is formulated and solved to highlight the application of the framework.

Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution: status and techniques

Presence of various hazardous contaminants like fluoride, arsenic, nitrate, sulfate, pesticides, heavy metals, and other elements in ground water or surface water make the water unsafe and dangerous for the drinking purpose. The presence of any of these elements in drinking water in excess to the permissible limit is harmful for the human life. Fluoride is one of the elements which is very important for health especially for the children during teeth formation as well as harmful for human health if present in water more than permissible limit. Absence or insufficient amount of fluoride in drinking water causes dental caries during teeth formation of children whereas the presence of excess fluoride in drinking water causes dental and skeletal fluorosis. Therefore, maintaining of fluoride concentration within the safe limits is very important. The presence of excess fluoride in drinking water is a global problem. Excessive fluoride concentrations have been reported in ground waters of more than 27 developed and developing countries including India. In India, about 19 states are facing acute fluorosis problem due to excess fluoride concentration. Fluoride is the major inorganic pollutant of natural origin found in ground water. The excessive fluoride from the drinking water should be reduced to the permissible limit. Various technologies such as coagulation–precipitation, ion exchange, electrocoagulation/electrochemical treatment, membrane processes, nanotechnology, and adsorption are being used to remove fluoride from water. Every method of fluoride removal has its advantages and limitations of operations. The selection of treatment process should be site specific as per local needs and prevailing conditions as each technology has some limitations. The present paper deals with the short review on sources of fluoride, its effects on human health, and the techniques available for removal of fluoride from drinking water.

Various Options for Removal of Fluoride from Drinking Water

Excessive fluoride concentrations have been reported in groundwaters of more than 20 developed and developing countries including India where 19 states are facing acute fluorosis problems. Various technologies are being used to remove fluoride from water but still the problem has not been rooted out. In this paper, a broad overview of the available technologies for fluoride removal and advantages and limitations of each one have been presented based on literature survey and the experiments conducted in the laboratory with several processes. It has been concluded that the selection of treatment process should be site specific as per local needs and prevailing conditions as each technology has some limitations and no one process can serve the purpose in diverse conditions. Keywords: Fluoride; Fluorosis; Ground water; Soil water; Drinking water; Treatment

Agricultural Solids Waste in South of Jordan: Facts and Figures

Agricultural solid wastes in the southern part of Jordan were estimated and classified. Data collection method was used to determine the types and quantities of different agricultural solid wastes. Human excreta and cattle manure were found to be serious environmental problems in the region. Chemical analysis of different solid wastes showed variable organic and nitrogen content which affect the selection of treatment process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was tested and found to be a suitable unit operation to treat a wide variety of agricultural solid wastes. Biogas production rate from AD ranged from 0.3 m3/kg COD to0.61 m3/kg COD which is considered 80% to 90% of yield. The optimum C/N ratio and TVS for AD was found to be 22 ± 2 and 70% ± 5%, respectively. The amount of energy that can be produced from energy crops and animal manures was estimated to be 12.8 Mtoe and 0.34 Mtoe, respectively. Methane biogas production rate was estimated to be37 m3/ton for substrate consist of mixture of different agricultural solid waste of 50% wastewater, 40% Cattle manure, 5% straw and 5% sawdust.