Treatment Of Wheat Plants Research Articles

РОСТСТИМУЛИРУЮЩАЯ АКТИВНОСТЬ БАКТЕРИЙ ENTEROBACTER LUDWIGII BLK ПРИ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ СРЕДЫ КУЛЬТИВИРОВАНИЯ

A method for optimizing the cultivation of Enterobacter ludwigii BLK and the treatment of wheat plants using a preparation based on this bacterium is proposed. By reducing the concentration of peptone and partially replacing it with an alternative nitrogen source – yeast extract – in the culture medium, the cost of producing the drug was reduced without reducing its effectiveness. It was found that the preparation, produced in a modified environment, activated root growth and promoted the accumulation of chlorophyll in bread wheat leaves. The stimulating effect was more pronounced with a combination of pre-sowing and post-emergence treatment.

The use of thioxopyrimidine derivatives for the regulation of vegetative growth of wheat

The work is devoted to the screening of new effective wheat plant growth regulators based on synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Oksamit Mironivskyi was used as the object of the study. Morphometric parameters (average length of shoots and roots (mm), and average biomass of 10 plants (g)) of 4-week-old wheat plants were measured. Treatment of wheat plants with thioxopyrimidine derivatives at a concentration of 10-6 M contributed to the growth and development of shoots and roots compared to control wheat plants treated with distilled water. The regulatory effect of thioxopyrimidine derivatives on the vegetative growth of wheat plants was similar to the regulatory effect of auxin IAA (1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid) or synthetic compounds, derivatives of sodium and potassium salts of 6-methyl-2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine (Methyur, Kamethur) and N-oxide-2,6-dimethylpyridine (Ivin) used in the same concentration of 10-6 M. The correlation between the growth regulatory effect and the chemical structure of synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives was established. The selected most active synthetic compounds, thioxopyrimidine derivatives, are proposed to be used to improve the vegetative growth of wheat (T. aestivum L.) variety Oksamit Mironivskyi.

Effects on Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 2,4-D and Humic Substances on the Growth, Pigment Indices and Concentration of Hormones in Wheat Seedlings Grown under Water Deficit

The search for ways to increase plant productivity in drought conditions is of fundamental importance, since soil moisture deficiency is widespread and leads to critical crop losses. The aim of this study was to identify the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria and humic substances on the growth, chlorophyll, flavonoids, nitrogen balance index, and concentration of cytokinins and abscisic acids in wheat plants grown in the laboratory under conditions of water deficit. An increase in the accumulation of plant mass was shown during the treatment of wheat plants with Pseudomonas plecoglossicida 2,4-D and humic substances in these conditions. It has been shown that stimulating plant growth is associated with increased root growth, which leads to an increase in the nitrogen balance index, chlorophyll, and flavonoid concentrations in treated plants. The detected increase in the concentration of chlorophyll in plants treated with P. plecoglossicida 2,4-D correlated with a decrease in the concentration of abscisic acid in plant shoots and, in plants treated with humates, with an increase in the concentration of cytokinins in shoots. The higher efficiency of treating plants with a combination of bacteria and humic substances than with any of them individually may be associated with the additive effect of these treatments on the hormonal balance.

The Impact of Minerals on Wheat Plants Grown under Salinity Stress

The present work has been conducted to study the impact of Zn (20 and 200 μM) or Ni (1 and 100 μM) on growth, metabolic activities, osmotic pressure and heavy metal of wheat cultivar (cv. Gimiza 11) under salt stress conditions. Harvest index was significantly decreased by 75% at -0.3 MPa and -1.2 MPa decreased by 53%. Length of root, stem and spike, and leaf area were slightly reduced up to -0.9 MPa NaCl level, after that a significant reduction was recorded. Total sugar was increased in the shoot and spike, while decreased in the root with increasing salinity levels. On the other side, total protein was increased in the shoot while decreased in both the root and spike. Osmotic pressure was increased as increasing salinity levels. Treatment of wheat plants with Zn or Ni alleviated generally salt injury in the harvest index, length of root, shoot and spike and leaf area. This effect was more obvious with Zn treatments. Mineralization treatments increased total sugar in the three tested organs while did not change the total protein. Zn content was increased at -1.2 MPa level while Ni was decreased. Treatments with Zn or Ni mostly increased Zn while causing a reduction in the Ni content. These treatments also increased the values of osmotic pressure compared with the equivalent levels of control plants.

Efficiency of nanoparticles (titanium dioxide and zinc oxide) in stimulating the growth of different cultivars of wheat plants Triticum aestivum L

The wheat plant, Triticum aestivum L., is one of top cereal crops in the world, followed by the rice and corn crops; and it is one of the most important food crops for more than a third of the world's population. in recent times, several studies focused on finding ways to increase and encourage growth and production of wheat, and among these methods is the use of nanomaterials. The present study has been conducted to evaluate the nanomaterials titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) efficacy in the growth promoting of three cultivars of wheat plant (Ibaa 99, Abu Ghraib and Bhooth 22). Laboratory experiments proved the non-toxicity of TiO2 and ZnO on the germination of wheat seeds. All treatments were 100% germinated, whereas the results showed the superiority of TiO2 in stimulating all examined parameters. The examined parameters, whether in Petri plates or pots, including the length of the radicle and hypocotyl, compared to a control treatment. The results of the pots experiment showed that the concentration of 100 ppm significantly exceeded the rest of the tested concentrations (0, 25 and 50 ppm), and the Abu Ghraib cultivar was the most responsive to nanomaterials. It is worth noting that the nanomaterials TiO2 and ZnO at a concentration of 100 ppm led to an increase in some biochemical indicators, including photosynthesis pigments, carbohydrate content and proline, compared to the control treatment in the cultivar Abu Ghraib .The current study recommends that TiO2 and ZnO should be used in the treatment of wheat plants, with more studies being conducted on other economic plants.

Efficiency of macro- and micronutrients in spring wheat protection system

The work presents studies of preparative laboratory forms of preparations containing nanoparticles of macro- and micronutrients by inclusion of stabilizers and solution modifiers on growth and development of spring triticale plants in the first phases of ontogenesis and spring wheat under field conditions. The preparations and their rates positively affecting germination energy, germination rate with the effect of 4-6% and plant growth under the influence of preparations on daily seedlings were isolated in laboratory studies. The preparations Mn, 10 ml/t, Ca, 10 ml/t, Mo, 50 ml/t, Titan M, 50 ml/t, biogenic Fe, 5 ml/t had a positive effect on energy and germination, while the preparations Mn, 10 ml/t, Ca, 10 ml/t, Mo, 50 ml/t, Titan M, 50 ml/t, biogenic Fe, 5 ml/t, Bor 5 mg/g + GC (10%) had a positive effect on sprout length, 1ml/t, Potassium, 1000 ml/t of which the variants with Boron 5 mg/g + GC (10%), 1ml/t, Potassium, 1000 ml/t had the greatest and significant effect, where the increase in sprout length was 1.0-3.2 cm or 7.8-25%, mass 0.5-1.4 g or 6-8%. In field studies, we evaluated the use of biogenic iron in the plant protection system as a stimulant in the treatment of seeds together with a seed dressing and plants during the growing season. The effect of the preparation on the development of plants contributing to increased yield was determined, especially the treatment of wheat plants in the earing phase, which provided an increase of 0.5 t/ha.

EFFECT OF RETARDANTS ON WHEAT GROWTH PROCESSES AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

The article presents the results of research of growth processes and anatomical indicators of wheat culture of the variety Kraevid, depending on the treatment with the growth-regulating preparation – tebuconazole (0,5% and 1%). The tebuconazole was treated by spraying the aerial part and introduction through the root system. It has been established that the use of tebuconazole of different physiological-active concentrations (1% and 0.5%) in different methods of introducing into the plant (through the root and through spraying) led to a slowing of linear growth and inhibition of the root growth of wheat plants. The most distinct effect was observed with the use of 1% tebuconazole when the retardant was treated through the root. Treatment of wheat plants with tebuconazole through root and spraying caused significant changes in water metabolism and photosynthesis of plants: the linear size of stomata decreased, that led to reduction of the stomata area. It was found that when the tebuconazole was fed through the root, the transpiration intensity was higher than in the variant with the spraying of plants.

Wheat leaf resistance to Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis induced by silicon activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism

Tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis is a disease present in all wheat‐producing countries and silicon (Si) treatment of wheat plants has been shown to increase plant resistance to tan spot. In this study, the effect of phenylpropanoid metabolism on resistance to tan spot was evaluated and some phenolic compounds that accumulated in response to P. tritici‐repentis attack were identified. Furthermore, the effect of Si on phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) activity and phenolic compound accumulation were determined in situ. Antifungal activity of differentially accumulated phenolic compounds was also evaluated in in vitro tests. Results showed that the increase in concentration of phenolic compounds was greatest at the onset of infection, and that some compounds showed fungitoxic effects including fungal tip swelling, granulation of germ tube and hyphae, and hyphal hyperbranching. Silicon‐induced reduction in both lesion size and tan spot disease progression were associated with activation of phenylpropanoid metabolism. PAL activity and accumulation of antifungal phenolic compounds were greater in pathogen‐inoculated plants supplied with Si. In these plants, fluorescence indicative of accumulation of phenolic compounds occurred early in epidermal cells and its intensity increased during the evaluation period, showing higher numbers of fluorescent cells around infected cells. Thus, the combined responses of cell fluorescence at sites of infection, increased PAL activity and accumulation of phenols indicate that Si strengthened wheat defence responses to infection by P. tritici‐repentis, reducing the severity of tan spot.

Effect of foliar application of nano chitosan NPK fertilizer on the chemical composition of wheat grains

IN THIS paper we investigated the effect of foliar application of nano chitosan NPK fertilizer on the chemical composition of wheat grains. Foliar application of nanofertilizers showed a significant increase in total saccharide content of wheat grains grown on clay- sandy, clay and sandy soils. The magnitude of increase was most pronounced in the grains of nanofertilizered plants than in normal fertilized wheat plants, particularly at 10% nanofertilizer. As compared with control, treatment of wheat plants with increasing levels of either normal or nanofertilizer induced significant decrease in protein content and nitrogen content of the wheat grains. Treatment of wheat plants with nanofertilizers significantly increased the element content, especially potassium and phosphorus contents in the wheat grains. The magnitude of increase was most pronounced at clay-sandy soil, followed by clay soil and finally sandy soil. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms by which nano fertilizers improve the quality of wheat grains.

Foliar application of nano chitosan NPK fertilizer improves the yield of wheat plants grown on two different soils

Foliar application of nano chitosan nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer decreased the life cycle of wheat plants with the ratio of 23.5% (130 days for yield production from date of sowing). Treatment of wheat plants with nano chitosan NPK fertilizer induced significant increases in all yield parameters, as compared with control yield parameters of normal non-fertilized and normal fertilized NPK wheat plants. Transmission electron microscopy investigations showed that nanoparticles were present in phloem tissues which mean that nanoparticles were taken up and transported through phloem route from leaves to stem down to roots. Clay-sandy soil showed better results than those obtained for clay soil. Foliar application of nano fertilizer to wheat plants proved to be important to improve yield parameters of wheat plants and shorten the life cycle of the crop.

Foliar application of benzovindiflupyr shows non-fungicidal effects in wheat plants.

BACKGROUNDThe fungicide benzovindiflupyr belongs to the class of succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). Certain SDHIs have shown plant physiological effects, so‐called secondary effects, that appeared to be related to the plant water status. Therefore, the effect of benzovindiflupyr on transpiration of leaves and whole wheat plants was studied under controlled conditions. Furthermore, wheat yield trials under controlled and natural drought stress in the field were conducted.RESULTSTranspiration of detached wheat leaves was reduced by benzovindiflupyr in a dose‐dependent manner. Similarly, whole‐plant transpiration decreased for several days following application of this fungicide. In 16 field trials under drought stress conditions that were classified as disease‐free, treatment of wheat plants at the flag leaf stage or at heading with benzovindiflupyr showed a grain yield increase (+5.2%; P ≤ 0.01) that was partially attributed to an increased thousand‐grain weight.CONCLUSIONSWater saving during pre‐anthesis as a result of benzovindiflupyr application may be associated with better seed setting and filling under dry field conditions in wheat. The results of this research provide new insights into secondary effects of SDHIs that lead directly to yield improvements. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

The Multifarious PGPR Serratia marcescens CDP-13 Augments Induced Systemic Resistance and Enhanced Salinity Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

The present study demonstrates the plant growth promoting (PGP) potential of a bacterial isolate CDP-13 isolated from ‘Capparis decidua’ plant, and its ability to protect plants from the deleterious effect of biotic and abiotic stressors. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was identified as Serratia marcescens. Among the PGP traits, the isolate was found to be positive for ACC deaminase activity, phosphate solubilization, production of siderophore, indole acetic acid production, nitrogen fixation, and ammonia production. CDP-13 showed growth at an increased salt (NaCl) concentration of up to 6%, indicating its potential to survive and associate with plants growing in saline soil. The inoculation of S. marcescens enhanced the growth of wheat plant under salinity stress (150–200 mM). It significantly reduced inhibition of plant growth (15 to 85%) caused by salt stressors. Application of CDP-13 also modulated concentration (20 to 75%) of different osmoprotectants (proline, malondialdehyde, total soluble sugar, total protein content, and indole acetic acid) in plants suggesting its role in enabling plants to tolerate salt stressors. In addition, bacterial inoculation also reduced the disease severity caused by fungal infection, which illustrated its ability to confer induced systemic resistance (ISR) in host plants. Treatment of wheat plants with the test organism caused alteration in anti-oxidative enzymes activities (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, and Peroxidase) under various salinity levels, and therefore minimizes the salinity-induced oxidative damages to the plants. Colonization efficiency of strain CDP-13 was confirmed by CFU count, epi-fluorescence microscopy, and ERIC-PCR-based DNA fingerprinting approach. Hence, the study indicates that bacterium CDP-13 enhances plant growth, and has potential for the amelioration of salinity stress in wheat plants. Likewise, the results also provide insights into biotechnological approaches to using PGPR as an alternative to chemicals and pesticides.

Effect of gibberelic acid in growth and wheat yield (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was carried out during the growing season of 2013- 2014 at the trials field of the Directorate of Agricultural Research - Ministry of Agriculture, to study the effect of foliar application of gibberrelin 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg. l-1 on some growth traits and grain yield of two wheat cultivars' (Bohooth 22 and Bohooth 158). Experimental units were distributed in randomized complete block design with three replications. The result of statistical analysis revealed the Significant effect gibberellin in all studied traits where 300 mg. l-1 gave the highest average of plant height and number of grains per spike (103 cm, 55.17), respectively, while 200 mg.l-1 was gave the highest average for flag leaf area number of spikelet per spike, thousand grain weight and number of spikes per m2 (70.92 cm2, panicle 21.83, 41.10 g, 515 spike.m2 and 5.562 t. h -1), respectively. Whereas varieties did not differ against each other in most of studied traits. The combination 200 mg .l-1 gibberellic acid with cultivar Bohooth 158 was superior as gave the highest average of flag leaf area, number of spikelet per spike and grain yield by an average of 72.86 cm, 22.00 spikelet and 6.00 t. h-1, respectively. It can be recommended that the treatment of wheat plants with 300 mg. l-1 of gibberellic acid can improve the growth and grain yield of wheat.

Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity

The treatment of wheat plants with 0.05 mM salicylic acid (SA) increased the level of cell division within the apical meristem of seedling roots causing an increase in plant growth and an elevated wheat productivity. It was found that SA treatment caused accumulation of both abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) in the wheat seedlings but did not influence cytokinin content. SA treatment reduced the damaging action of salinity on seedling growth and accelerated reparation of the growth processes. SA-treatment diminished changes in phytohormones levels in wheat seedlings under salinity. It prevented any decrease in IAA and cytokinin contents and thus reduced stress-induced inhibition of plant growth. A high ABA level was also maintained in SA-treated wheat seedlings providing the development of antistress reactions, for example, maintenance of proline accumulation. Thus SA's protective action includes the development of antistress programs and acceleration of growth processes recovery after the removal of stress factors.