Treatment Of Waste Streams Research Articles

Co-occurrence of dominant bacteria and methanogenic archaea and their metabolic traits in a thermophilic anaerobic digester.

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) represents a promising biotechnology for both methane energy production and waste stream treatment. However, numerous critical microorganisms and their metabolic characteristics involved in this process remain unidentified due to the limitations of culturable isolates. This study investigated the phylogenetic composition and potential metabolic traits of bacteria and methanogenic archaea in a TAD system using culture-independent metagenomics. Predominant microorganisms identified in the stable phase of TAD included hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina) and hydrogen-producing bacteria (Coprothermobacter, Acetomicrobium, and Defluviitoga). Nine major metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with the dominant genera were selected to infer their metabolic potentials. Genes related to thermal resistance were widely found in all nine major MAGs, such as the molecular chaperone genes, Clp protease gene, and RNA polymerase genes, which may contribute to their predominance under thermophilic condition. Thermophilic temperatures may increase the hydrogen partial pressure of Coprothermobacter, Acetomicrobium, and Defluviitoga, subsequently altering the primary methanogenesis pathway from acetoclastic pathway to hydrogenotrophic pathway in the TAD. Consequently, genes encoding the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway were the most abundant in the recovered archaeal MAGs. The potential interaction between hydrogen-producing bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens may play critical roles in TAD processes.

Double-layered cellulosic interfacial evaporator via upcycling of waste cotton fabrics for efficient solar desalination

Constructing efficient solar-driven interfacial evaporators (SDIEs) derived from biomass or waste stream materials (e.g., cellulose) is still challenging due to their less elaborate porous structure. Herein, we showed waste cotton fabrics could be dissolved and regenerated into aerogels with tunable channels suitable for constructing a double-layered SDIE. The evaporator consists of a polypyrrol-coated top layer featuring vertical channels with larger pores and a hydrophilic bottom layer featuring smaller pores. With such design, the photothermal and pro-evaporative capabilities of the top layer was coupled with the strong capillary effect of the bottom layer to drive effective evaporation. A desirable evaporation rate of 3.20 kg m−2h−1, 80.0% solar-to-vapor conversion efficiency under 1 sun irradiation, and a reduced evaporation enthalpy of 962 J g−1 was achieved. The SDIE also exhibits high purification efficiency (exceeding 99%) during long-term operation of seawater desalination and shows great potential in treatment of waste streams of high salinity dyeing effluent. In summary, this work demonstrates a case of upcycling waste cotton fabrics for water desalination.

Development of novel hybrid pre-separation/extractive reactive distillation processes for the separation of methanol/methyl acetate/ethyl acetate

The treatment of waste streams is an important research topic for the sustainable development of chemical process. Recently, reactive distillation-based (RD) processes with ethylene oxide hydrolysis have been developed to separate water-containing azeotropic mixtures. To separate Serafimov’s class 2.0–2b mixtures containing methanol/methyl acetate, a methyl acetate transesterification reaction between propylene glycol monomethyl ether is introduced to convert methyl acetate to methanol and coproduce produce propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate as advanced solvents. Three-column reactive-extractive distillation (TCRED) and extractive-reactive distillation (TCERD), and double-column pre-separation-reactive distillation (DCPSRD) processes, are proposed. Then, we use a parallel genetic algorithm to optimize processes to maximize total net revenue. The case study is methanol/methyl acetate/ethyl acetate. Though TCRED is not suitable due to the occurrence of ethyl acetate transesterification reactions, to compare economic performances of three RD-based processes, TCRED is regarded as a pseudo process. The total net revenue of three RD-based processes is relatively larger than (∼20 % increase) that of the conventional extractive distillation process. Compared with TCRED process, TCERD and DCPSRD can achieve $582336 and $1045995 increase in TNR, 27.43 % and 49.99 % TAC reduction, respectively. In summary, proposed RD-based processes are promising to separate Serafimov’s class 2.0–2b mixtures containing methanol/methyl acetate, especially TCRED and DCPSRD.

Towards Sustainable H2O2 Photogeneration: Advancements, Challenges, and Future Prospects

AbstractHydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has emerged as a versatile and environmentally friendly oxidant, showing wide applications in diverse sectors such as fine chemical synthesis, waste stream treatment, precious metal extraction, and textile bleaching. With an escalating demand, H2O2 has now become one of the most essential chemicals worldwide. Efficient photocatalytic generation of H2O2 from water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) has been a long‐standing challenge, presenting a promising prospect to replace existing production methods. This review presents a framework aimed at achieving highly efficient and continuous H2O2 production via photocatalysis. The key aspects include photocatalyst design, selectivity for redox reactions, stability issue and reactor design. Through a comprehensive inspection and comparison of state‐of‐the‐art research, the most viable pathways for H2O2 photogeneration are identified, ensuring optimal solar‐to‐fuel conversion efficiency and high selectivity for target products. The ultimate goal is to establish H2O2 photogeneration as a sustainable and efficient method for producing this valuable chemical, contributing to a greener and more sustainable future.

Comparative life cycle assessment of anaerobic digestion, lagoon evaporation, and direct land application of olive mill wastewater

Olive mill wastewater is a prominent waste stream in the Mediterranean countries, with its uncontrolled disposal in water recipients causing significant environmental issues. Anaerobic digestion has been extensively studied for the treatment of various agricultural waste streams. The scope of the present study was the environmental evaluation of the anaerobic digestion of three-phase olive mill wastewater for energy production in an anaerobic bioreactor. Regarding the environmental assessment of the process, the results indicate a lead in the proposed process compared with the baseline scenarios. Moreover, several environmental issues in terrestrial acidification and water eutrophication midpoint categories were exhibited by the digestate utilization. The implementation of the anaerobic digestion method averts an overall environmental damage of 5 mPt per 1000 kg of waste treated. For this reason, the implementation of the proposed method could be a sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment in olive oil production regions, aiming to circular economy.

Removal of water pollutants using plant-based nanoscale zero-valent iron: A review.

Nanotechnology has been increasingly explored for the treatment of various waste streams. Among different nanoparticles, nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) has been extensively investigated due to its high reactivity and strong reducing power. However, conventional methods for the synthesis of nZVI particles have several limitations and led to the green synthesis of nZVI using plant-based materials. Plant extracts contain various reducing agents that can be used for nZVI synthesis, eliminating the need for toxic chemicals, and reducing energy consumption. Additionally, each plant species used for nZVI synthesis results in unique physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles. This review paper provides an overview of plant-based nZVI particle synthesis, its characteristics, and its application for the removal of different classes of pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, nutrients, and trace organic pollutants from water. The review shows that continued research on plant-based nZVI particles to fully understand its potential in wastewater treatment, especially for the removal of a wider variety of pollutants, and for improving sustainability and reducing the cost and environmental impact of the process, is necessary.

High-rate upflow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor for the treatment of olive mill effluents: Laboratory and pilot scale systems investigation

Olive mill effluents are amongst the most prominent waste streams produced in Mediterranean countries, with their uncontrolled disposal in soil, without any prior treatment, having significant environmental and social effects. Anaerobic digestion has been extensively studied for the treatment of various waste streams, from industrial waste to agricultural and livestock residues. Some of the major advantages of anaerobic digestion relate to energy and soil fertilizer production. The scope of this work was the experimental optimization of the organic loading rate of anaerobic UASB digesters processing olive mill wastewater effluents. The optimization procedure was performed in a laboratory and a pilot scale set-up. The results showed that the maximum organic loading rate that could be applied to such a system was 5–6 gCOD/LR/d, without the need for any pretreatment. Moreover, it was exhibited that the large period of inoculum acclimatization to the olive mill effluents improved the phenols degradation inside the reactor, which reached 59%.

Multiscale techno-economic analysis of orange hydrogen synthesis

The conversion of hydrogen sulphide into value-added products, hydrogen and elemental sulphur, might be a promising route for the treatment of H2S waste streams and for a circular production of hydrogen. This work investigates the thermal splitting of H2S at different scales: the kinetic scale through dedicated experimental campaigns, the reactor scale with a combined experimental and modelling approach, and the process scale in a commercial simulation environment. The system was tested in a lab-scale reactor at 1 bar and in a temperature range going from 640 °C up to 1100 °C. H2S conversion was measured and used to validate a kinetic scheme implemented in a customized simulation suite. These results were then used for process design and scale-up in Aspen HYSYS, which, considering a feed of 10 t/h of pure H2S, estimated a production of 590.8 kg/h of hydrogen. An economic analysis was performed and the production cost of hydrogen resulted to be 2.23 $/kg.

Effects of inorganic ions on autotrophic denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans and on heterotrophic denitrification by an enrichment culture

Salinity of nitrate-laden wastewaters, such as those produced by metal industries, tanneries, and wet flue gas cleaning systems may affect their treatment by denitrification. Salt inhibition of denitrification has been reported, while impacts of individual ions remain poorly understood whilst being relevant for wastewaters where often the concentration of a single ion rather than the salts varies. The aim of this study was to determine the inhibition by inorganic ions (Na+, Cl−, SO42− and K+) commonly present in saline wastewaters on denitrification and reveal its potential for the treatment of such waste streams, like those produced by NOx-SOx removal scrubbers. The inhibitory effects were investigated for both heterotrophic (enrichment culture) and autotrophic (T. denitrificans) denitrification in batch assays, by using NaCl, Na2SO4, KCl and K2SO4 salts at increasing concentrations. The half inhibition concentrations (IC50) of Na+ (as NaCl), Na+ (as Na2SO4) and Cl− (as KCl) were: 4.3 ± 0.3, 7.9 ± 0.5 and 5.2 ± 0.3 g/L for heterotrophic, and 1–2.5, 2.5–5 and 4.1 ± 0.3 g/L for autotrophic denitrification, respectively. Heterotrophic denitrification was completely inhibited at 20 g/L Na+ (as NaCl), 30 g/L Na+ (as Na2SO4) and 30 g/L Cl− (as KCl), while autotrophic at 8 g/L Na+ (as NaCl), 10 g/L Na+ (as Na2SO4) and 15 g/L Cl− (as KCl). In both cases, Cl− addition had the most important role in decreasing denitrification rate, while Na+ at 1 g/L stimulated autotrophic denitrification but rapidly inhibited the rate at higher concentrations. Nitrite reduction was less inhibited by the ions than nitrate reduction and both the osmotic pressure and the toxicity of the single ions played key roles in the overall inhibition of denitrification. Eventually, both autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification showed potential for the treatment of a saline wastewater from a NOx-SO2 removal scrubber from a pulp mill.

Isolation and characterization of Rhodococcus sp. GG1 for metabolic degradation of chloroxylenol

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly increased the demand of disinfectant use. Chloroxylenol (para-chloro-meta-xylenol, PCMX) as the major antimicrobial ingredient of disinfectant has been widely detected in water environments, with identified toxicity and potential risk. The assessment of PCMX in domestic wastewater of Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) showed a positive correlation between PCMX concentration and population density. An indigenous PCMX degrader, identified as Rhodococcus sp. GG1, was isolated and found capable of completely degrading PCMX (50 mg L−1) within 36 h. The growth kinetics followed Haldane's inhibition model, with maximum specific growth rate, half-saturation constant, and inhibition constant of 0.38 h−1, 7.64 mg L−1, and 68.08 mg L−1, respectively. The degradation performance was enhanced by optimizing culture conditions, while the presence of additional carbon source stimulated strain GG1 to alleviate inhibition from high concentrations of PCMX. In addition, strain GG1 showed good environmental adaptability, degrading PCMX efficiently in different environmental aqueous matrices. A potential degradation pathway was identified, with 2,6-dimethylhydroquinone as a major intermediate metabolite. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was found to play a key role in dechlorinating PCMX via hydroxylation and also catalyzed the hydroxylated dechlorination of other halo-phenolic contaminants through co-metabolism. This study characterizes an aerobic bacterial pure culture capable of degrading PCMX metabolically, which could be promising in effective bioremediation of PCMX-contaminated sites and in treatment of PCMX-containing waste streams.

Co-Producing Phycocyanin and Bioplastic in Arthrospira platensis Using Carbon-Rich Wastewater.

Microalgae can treat waste streams containing elevated levels of organic carbon and nitrogen. This process can be economically attractive if high value products are created simultaneously from the relatively low-cost waste stream. Co-production of two high value microalgal products, phycocyanin and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), was investigated using non-axenic Arthrospira platensis MUR126 and supplemental organic carbon (acetate, oxalate, glycerol and combinations). All supplemented cultures had higher biomass yield (g/L) than photoautotrophic control. All cultures produced PHB (3.6-7.8% w/w), except the control and those fed oxalate. Supplemented cultures showed a two to three-fold increase in phycocyanin content over the eight-day cultivation. Results indicate co-production of phycocyanin and PHB is possible in A. platensis, using mixed-waste organic carbon. However, supplementation resulted in growth of extremophile bacteria, particularly in cultures fed glycerol, and this had a negative impact on culture health. Refinement of the carbon dosing rate is required to minimise impacts of native bacterial contamination.

New perspectives for bio-technical treatment of oxalate-containing waste streams from bauxite processing

Alumina is typically produced from bauxite ore using the Bayer process, in which the ore is mixed with alkaline liquor under elevated temperatures. Australian bauxite ore contains a wide range of organics, which detrimentally affect the Bayer process. Therefore, the removal of organic compounds from the alkaline Bayer process liquor is critical in maintaining process efficiency and alumina quality. Oxalate (C2O42−) is a key organic impurity in the Bayer process liquors that requires removal as it increases in concentration in the processing circuit as the Bayer liquor is continually recycled. Compared to conventional physiochemical or physical methods (e.g., chemical precipitation, wet-oxidation, liquor burning), microbial bioreactor treatment processes have the potential to be more economical and environmentally sustainable for oxalate removal. Some Australian alumina refineries have implemented full-scale bioreactors such as moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) and aerobic suspended growth bioreactors (ASGB). While these bioreactors are robust and effective in removing oxalate, they have some limitations, such as the need for pre-acidification of influent and the loss of ammonia (nutrient) through volatilization. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an overview of the fundamentals and recent advances in biotechnical processes for the treatment of alkaline oxalate-containing liquor. Laboratory-scale studies on promising new biotreatment concepts, such as the use of bioelectrochemical systems to facilitate concurrent oxalate degradation and caustics recovery, as well as the utilization of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms to obviate the requirement for external nutrient dosage, are discussed. Perspectives for further research on oxalate-containing waste streams are also proposed.

Breaking water carbon nexus by the natural biological system: ultimate solution for ESG challenges

Clean water supply has become an enormous challenge in pursuance of the global warming process. Water technologies have traditionally created carbon emissions and chemical reactions that pollute the landscape, aquifers, and the air. The need for carbon footprint reduction and corporate ESG consideration has led to adopt a more environmentally friendly water treatment and management system. The Natural Biological System (NBS) is a nature-based technology for sewage and waste stream treatment and management, rehabilitating affected water bodies, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and rebalancing eco-systems. The NBS is a patent-tailored solution with the ability of large-scale water treatment and a negative carbon footprint promoting the user ESG rating. From Chile to India, the NBS is changing the global water-energy equation, reducing dependence on energy and maintenance, freeing up valuable water resources for on-site usage, and restoring nature's ability to preserve and protect itself and to stop the escalating climate change effects.

Beyond U/Pu separation: Separation of americium from the highly active PUREX raffinate

This review provides a comprehensive overview of published hydrometallurgical chemical processes capable of separating americium from curium and the lanthanides. A search for highly selective and robust americium separation methods is motivated by the fact that americium isotopes contribute significantly to the long-term heat load and residual radiotoxicity of high level waste originating from the PUREX process, nowadays still the key reprocessing technology to recycle uranium and plutonium from spent nuclear fuel. The separation (partitioning) and subsequent nuclear transmutation (or burning) of americium would allow a substantial improvement in the construction of an underground final repository and provide safety benefits – highly relevant for the exploitation of such a facility over extended periods of time. Besides the discussion of basic properties of the various separation methods, an evaluation of their compatibility with upstream and downstream processes as well as the treatment of secondary waste streams is also provided.

Heavy metal removal by the photosynthetic microbial biomat found within shallow unit process open water constructed wetlands

Nature-based solutions offer a sustainable alternative to labor and chemical intensive engineered treatment of metal-impaired waste streams. Shallow, unit process open water (UPOW) constructed wetlands represent a novel design where benthic photosynthetic microbial mats (biomat) coexist with sedimentary organic matter and inorganic (mineral) phases, creating an environment for multiple-phase interactions with soluble metals. To query the interplay of dissolved metals with inorganic and organic fractions, biomat was harvested from two distinct systems: the demonstration-scale UPOW within the Prado constructed wetlands complex (“Prado biomat”, 88 % inorganic) and a smaller pilot-scale system (“Mines Park (MP) biomat”, 48 % inorganic). Both biomats accumulated detectable background concentrations of metals of toxicological concern (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Ni) by assimilation from waters that did not exceed regulatory thresholds for these metals. Augmentation in laboratory microcosms with a mixture of these metals at ecotoxicologically relevant concentrations revealed a further capacity for metal removal (83–100 %). Experimental concentrations encapsulated the upper range of surface waters in the metal-impaired Tambo watershed in Peru, where a passive treatment technology such as this could be applied. Sequential extractions demonstrated that metal removal by mineral fractions is more important in Prado than MP biomat, possibly due to a higher proportion and mass of iron and other minerals from Prado-derived materials. Geochemical modeling using PHREEQC suggests that in addition to sorption/surface complexation of metals to mineral phases (modeled as iron (oxyhydr)oxides), diatom and bacterial functional groups (carboxyl, phosphoryl, and silanol) also play an important role in soluble metal removal. By comparing sequestered metal phases across these biomats with differing inorganic content, we propose that sorption/surface complexation and incorporation/assimilation of both inorganic and organic constituents of the biomat play a dominant role in metal removal potential by UPOW wetlands. This knowledge could be applied to passively treat metal impaired waters in analogous and remote regions.

The Impact of Salt Accumulation on the Growth of Duckweed in a Continuous System for Pig Manure Treatment

Duckweed (Lemna) is a possible solution for the treatment of aqueous waste streams and the simultaneous provision of protein-rich biomass. Nitrification-Denitrification effluent (NDNE) from pig manure treatment has been previously used as a growing medium for duckweed. This study investigated the use of a continuous duckweed cultivation system to treat NDNE as a stand-alone technology. For this purpose, a system with a continuous supply of waste streams from the pig manure treatment, continuous biomass production, and continuous discharge that meets the legal standards in Flanders (Belgium) was simulated for a 175-day growing season. In this simulation, salt accumulation was taken into account. To prevent accumulating salts from reaching a toxic concentration and consequently inhibiting growth, the cultivation system must be buffered, which can be achieved by altering the depth of the system. To determine the minimum depth of such a system, a tray experiment was set up. For that, salt accumulation data obtained from previous research were used for simulating systems with different pond depths. It was found that a depth of at least 1 m is needed to prevent a significant relative growth inhibition at the end of the growing season compared to the start. This implies a high water consumption (5-10 times more than maize). As a response, a second cultivation system was investigated for the use of more concentrated NDNE. For this purpose, salt tolerance experiments were conducted on synthetic and biological media. Surprisingly, it was observed that duckweed grows better on diluted NDNE (to 75% NDNE, or EC of 8 mS/cm) than on a synthetic medium (EC of 1.5 mS/cm), indicating the potential of such a system.

Biosorption and biomagnetic recovery of La3+ by Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 biomass

Biosorption is a simple, efficient, and eco-friendly method for aqueous waste stream treatment. However, the main drawback is the need for biomass removal after adsorption, which can be expensive and energy intensive. In the present study, biomass from the magnetotactic bacterium Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 is evaluated for trivalent lanthanum (La3+) removal and recovery from an aqueous solution, as this naturally magnetic biomass can be easily separated from solution after adsorption using an external magnet. This is the first report of this common magnetotactic strain utilized for biosorption of a rare earth element. The adsorption capacity is 6.0 ± 0.15 mg La3+/g wet biomass (37.2 ± 1.2 mg La3+/g dry biomass) using 10 g/L AMB-1 wet biomass (1.6 g/L dry basis) in a 100 mg/L La3+ solution at pH 6.0, which is greater than that reported for some other bacterial species. Only a minor decrease in biosorption is observed when the salinity is increased to 1.5 M NaCl, and temperature variations up to 50 °C have little to no impact, suggestive of potential applications for biosorption from saline waste streams. The equilibrium biosorption data best fits the Langmuir isotherm model, and thermodynamic analysis indicates thermodynamically favorable lanthanum binding to AMB-1. Binding of La3+ to the AMB-1 biomass occurs through carboxyl, phosphate, and amide functional groups naturally present in the biomass. AMB-1 biomass can be used for at least five rounds of La3+ adsorption and desorption, as well as the separation and concentration of a mixture of rare earth elements. Rapid adsorption and desorption times of 8 min, as well as a simple magnetic separation, make M. magneticum AMB-1 biomass a promising biosorbent for rare earth metals in aqueous waste streams.

Treatment of agro-food industrial waste streams using osmotic microbial fuel cells: Performance and potential improvement measures

Osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC) is an emerging wastewater treatment technology which incorporates multiple functions such as bioelectricity generation, organic substrate removal, and wastewater reclamation. This study firstly reported the performance and potential improvement measures of OsMFCs in treating selected agro-food industrial waste streams, i.e., brewery wastewater (BW), sweetener process wastewater (ST), and swine wastewater (SW). BW and SW wastewaters with good biodegradability, showed high power density (11.1 and 9.3 W/m 3 ) and soluble chemical oxidation demand (sCOD) removal (89.2 ± 4.1 and 70.9 ± 3.8%) in OsMFCs. In contrast, OsMFC showed low performance with ST wastewater despite its high sCOD load. Possibilities in improving the treatment performance through modifying the operational and process settings were further explored. Shortening anode hydraulic retention time (HRT) was able to improve the bioelectricity generation and water production, whereas slightly compensated the sCOD and nutrient removal efficiencies. However, this approach showed limited effect in enhancing the ST-OsMFC. A pre-fermentation process with a minimum HRT of approximately 20 h was recommended to enhance the treatability of ST wastewater by previously converting the complex organic substrates in the raw water into volatile fatty acid (VFA). • First report in OsMFC treating industrial wastewater. • Treatment of different agro-food industrial waste streams by OsMFC was demonstrated. • An anode HRT of 9 h is recommended for OsMFC treating selected agro-food waste streams. • Pre-fermentation is an option to improve the treatability of sweetener wastewater in OsMFC.

Applications of Thermal Plasmas for the Environment

Thermal processing such as incineration is most commonly used for the treatment of waste streams, whereby often-incomplete combustion of organic waste can lead to dangerous products in the exhaust gases. Thermal plasma technology with its wide temperature range is suitable to treat almost any chemical composition of wastes. It enables the efficient and environmentally friendly conversion of organic waste into energy or chemicals, as well as the pyrolysis of hazardous organic compounds The limitations of conventional technologies and stricter environmental legislation on the processing of wastes make plasma technologies increasingly attractive. Priority is given to environmental quality at affordable costs and to the use of innovative thermochemical conversion technologies (gasification and pyrolysis) to contribute to sustainable development and circular economy in which waste is managed as a resource.

Adjustable Gel Texture of Recovered Crude Agar Induced by Pressurized Hot Water Treatment of Gelidium sesquipedale Industry Waste Stream: An RSM Analysis.

A significant amount of bioactive compound-rich solid waste is released during the industrial phycocolloid-centric extraction of Gelidium sesquipedale. The impact of mild pressurized hot water extraction on repurposing this waste for the recovery of agar with an adjustable gel texture is investigated. A two-factor interaction response surface model assessed the influences of the operating temperatures (80 to 130 °C), times (45 and 150 min), pressures (1 to 70 bar), and algae concentrations (3 to 10% (w:v)). At a temperature of 100 °C, a pressure of 10.13 bar, a recovery time of 45 min, and a 10% algae concentration, the working parameters were considered ideal (w:v). Agar with a hardness of 431.6 g, an adhesiveness of −13.14 g.s−1, a springiness of 0.94, a cohesiveness of 0.63, and a gumminess of 274.46 g was produced under these conditions. A combined desirability of 0.78 was obtained for the exposed technology that retrieved gels with a minimum agar yield of 10% and thermal hysteresis between 39 ± 1 and 52 ± 0.5 °C. The fitted design can provide a high techno-commercial value to the agri-food industrial waste stream.